Вурфбайния Вера
| Вурфбайния Вера | |
|---|---|
Научная классификация 
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| Королевство: | Plantae |
| Клада : | Трахеофиты |
| Клада : | Покрытосеменные |
| Клада : | Монокоты |
| Клада : | Коммулиниды |
| Заказ: | Zingiberales |
| Семья: | Zingiberaceae |
| Род: | Вурфбайния |
| Разновидность: | W. Vera
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| Биномиальное название | |
| Wurfbainia vera | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Wurfbainia Vera - травянистое растение в семье Zingiberaceae . Раньше называемый Amomum Verum , это был первый вид растений, названный женщиной, шотландской художницей Элизабет Блэквелл в 1757 году. Королевство Сиам [ А ] Получил фрукты (семена) растения из Камбоджи в 18 -м веке для экспорта как специи в Китай и Европу. Вид встречается не только в Камбодже, но и в Суматре, Таиланде и Вьетнаме. Молодой лист, фрукты и семена съедобны, семена известны как Сиам Кардамон на английском языке.
Таксономия
[ редактировать ]Таксон . ранее был известен как Amomum Verum , названный в 1757 году Элизабет Блэквелл (1707-58), шотландским художником и бизнес-оператором Это первый вид растений, названный женщиной. [ 3 ] Блэквелл теперь более известна как ботанический иллюстратор, однако ее книга Гербарий Blackwellianum содержал действительное название этого таксона. [ 4 ]
The current species was described by the Czech botanist Jana Škorničková (born 1975) and the Danish botanist Axel Dalberg Poulsen (born 1961) in 2018 in the journal Taxon.[5]
One of the botanists who described this species, Jana Škorničková, along with her colleagues with IUCN, describes this taxon as part of a species complex, which encompasses specimens from Thailand and Indonesia known as Wurfbainia testacea and Wurbainia compacta. The taxon may thus require resolution into a number of more restricted species.
Description
[edit]The species grows as a herbaceous plant/herb, some 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) high.[6] As with other Zingiberaceae the plant consists of underground rhizomes, a pseudostem made of encircled leaf-sheaths and fruit.[7]
Distribution
[edit]The species is native to an area from Sumatra to Southeast Asia.[2] Countries and regions where the taxa occurs are: Indonesia (Sumatra), Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. It is common in Thailand and Cambodia, especially in the Cardamom Mountains.[6]
Habitat and ecology
[edit]The plant grows in lowland evergreen and semi-deciduous forest.[1] It grows in dense forests of Cambodia and Thailand.[6]
Conservation
[edit]The taxa is classified as Data Deficient by the IUCN; see above right. It is common over a very wide range, is in cultivation and some wild populations occur in protected areas (Cardamom Mountains Protected Forest, Cambodia and Khlong Yai Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand).[1] However this taxa may be resolved into a number of species with a more restricted range. It is this that has led to the conservation classification.
Vernacular names
[edit]- krâva:nh (Khmer language)[6]
- cardamome (French language)[6]
- Siam cardamom (English)[7]
Uses
[edit]The plant is used as a food and in medicine.[1] In Cambodia the young leaves are consumed in Sâmlâ ("Cambodian curries").[6] The rhizomes, fruit and seeds are edible, with the seeds being used as a spice. Amongst households harvesting forest plants from Nam Nao National Park, Thailand, this species represented about 6% of the income earned from the sale of herbs and spices.[8] As well as a direct food source, W. vera is used as a fermentation starter in traditional rice wine production in Cambodia.[9]
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Siam maintained a political and economic hegemony/network in northwest Cambodia, ensuring a supply of a variety of products, including this spice species, to export to China and Europe.[10]
In the Khmer medical text The Treatment of Four Diseases palm-leaf manuscript, written in the late 19th-early 20th century, the plant is used in 3 compounds to treat hernia/constipation/sharp pains/prolapsed uterus, leprosy-ulcers, and cerebral palsy.[11]
In Cambodian traditional medicine the rhizomes are considered stimulating and useful for fever.[6] The fruits were exported to Hong Kong, where in Chinese traditional medicine they were considered a remedy against all intestinal troubles. The seeds were exported to Europe, where in older medical practice they were used against stomachache and as a tonic. Fruits are "[e]xported to Europe where it is used to flavour sausages and cordials."[12] The fruit and young leaves "gives a nice flavour".[7] Eastern Thai people use it to treat dyspepsia and flatulence caused by indigestion, in food products as a flavouring agent, and in the pharmaceutical industry in aromatherapy products for skin stimulation and as a bath product "for skin".[7] As of October 2020 there were two commercially available Traditional Chinese Medicine formulations containing W. vera, among many other ingredients, used in the management of viral pneumonia in China.[13]
Note: while there are a number of active ingredients present in the plant, the medical and pharmaceutical claims do not appear to have direct evidence.
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Depending on the year, Kingdom of Siam could have been Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767), Thonburi Kingdom (1768–1782) or Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932).
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Leong-Skornickova, J.; Tran, H.D.; Newman, M.; Lamxay, V.; Bouamanivong, S (2019). "Wurfbainia vera". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. pp. e.T202230A132696315. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T202230A132696315.en. S2CID 240308795. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Wurfbainia vera (Blackw.) Skornick. & A.D.Poulsen". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ Lindon, Heather L.; Gardiner, Lauren M.; Brady, Abigail; Vorontsova, Maria S. (2015). "Fewer than three percent of land plant species named by women: Author gender over 260 years". Taxon. 64 (2, May): 209–15. doi:10.12705/642.4. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ "Amomum verum Blackw., Herb. Blackwell. 4: t. 371 (1757)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ "Wurfbainia vera (Blackw.) Škorničk. & A.D.Poulsen, Taxon 67(1): 30 (2018)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. pp. 14, 15.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Suttiarporn, Panawan; with 4 others (2020). "Process Optimization of Microwave Assisted Simultaneous Distillation and Extraction from Siam cardamom using Response Surface Methodology". Processes. 8 (4): 449. doi:10.3390/pr8040449. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Jarernsuk, Suppanit; Dadookain, Kecha; Jongjitvimol, Touchkanin (2015). "Economic Value and Utilization of Biodiversity in Local Communities at Nam Nao National Park, Phetchabun Province" (PDF). NU. International Journal of Science. 12 (2): 1–12. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ Yamamoto, Sota; Matsumoto, Tetsuo (2011). "Rice Fermentation Starters in Cambodia: Cultural Importance and Traditional Methods of Production". Southeast Asian Studies. 49 (2, September): 192–213. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ Diepart, Jean-Christophe; Dupuis, David (2014). "The Peasants in Turmoil: State Formation, Power and the Control of Land in the Northwest Cambodia" (PDF). The Journal of Peasant Studies. 41 (4): 445–68. doi:10.1080/03066150.2014.919265. hdl:2268/169935. S2CID 53573388. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ Chhem, Kieth Rethy; Antelme, Michel Rethy (2004). "A Khmer Medical Text "The Treatment of the Four Diseases" Manuscript" (PDF). Siksācakr. 6: 33–42. Retrieved 1 April 2021.[dead link]
- ^ Usher, George (1974). A Dictionary of Plants Used By Man. London: Constable. p. 41. ISBN 0094579202.
- ^ Си, Шенгерян; с 6 другими (2020). «Роль традиционной китайской медицины в лечении вирусной пневмонии» . Границы в фармакологии . 11 (582322): 582322. DOI : 10.3389/fphar.2020.582322 . PMC 7642817 . PMID 33192523 .
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Внешние ссылки
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Данные, связанные с Wurfbainia в Wikispecies
