Тигранокерта
 Королевство Армения | |
| Расположение | Арзанена Провинция , Королевство Армения (Недалеко от Диярбакира , Турция) |
|---|---|
| История | |
| Строитель | Тигран Великий |
| Основан | 83–78 до н.э. [ 1 ] |
| Периоды | Эллинистический период [ 1 ] |
Тигранокерта ( греческий : τιγρανόκερτα , тигран -керта ; Тигранакерт ; Армянский : տիգրանակերտ ), также называемый холиммой или хломароном в древности, был городом и столицей армянского королевства между 77 и 69 г. до н.э. Это носило имя Тиграна Великого , который основал город в первом веке до нашей эры. До сих пор нет общего соглашения о точном месте Тигранакерта; Это был либо недалеко от современного Сильвана , Арзан (Арцн, в армянской провинции Арзанен или Ахдзник), [ 2 ] к востоку от Диярбакира , Турция, или в долине реки Гарзан, упомянутой Та Синклер . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Это был один из четырех городов в исторической Армении по имени Тигранакерт . Остальные были в Нахичеване , Арцах и Утике , в 4 городах были в старых армянских провинциях Альдзник , Гогтн , Утик , Арцах . [ 5 ]
История
[ редактировать ]Чтобы создать этот город, Тигран вынудил многих людей из своих домов составить население. [ 6 ] Армения в это время расширилась на восток до Каспийского моря , на западе до центральной Каппадокии и на юг к Иудее , продвигаясь до регионов, окружающих то, что сейчас является Крак -де -Шевалье .
The city's markets were filled with traders and merchants doing business from all over the ancient world. Tigranocerta quickly became a very important commercial, as well as cultural center of the Near East. The magnificent theater that was established by the Great King, of which he was an avid devotee, conducted dramas and comedies mostly played by Greek as well as Armenian actors. Plutarch wrote that Tigranocerta was "a rich and beautiful city where every common man and every man of rank studied to adorn it".[7] Эллинистическая культура во время династии Артаксии оказала сильное влияние, и греческий язык на самом деле был официальным языком суда. Тигран разделил Большую Армению - ядро империи - на четыре основных стратегических региона или вице -король.
A Roman force under Lucius Licinius Lucullus defeated Tigranes at the Battle of Tigranocerta nearby in 69 BC, and afterwards sacked the city, sending many of the people back to their original homes.[8]
After the plunder, which included the destruction of statues and temples, the city was set ablaze. An abundant quantity of gold and silver was carried off to Rome as war booty. Lucullus took most of the gold and silver from the melted-down statues, pots, cups and other valuable metals and precious stones. During the pillage most of the city's inhabitants fled to the countryside. The newly established theater building was also destroyed in the fire. The great city would never recover from this devastating destruction.[9]
During Pompey the Great's 'conquests of the east', Tigranocerta was retaken briefly by Rome, but was lost when Tigranes the Great was given parts of his kingdom back after his initial surrender to Pompey for the cost of 6,000 talents (an indemnity paid to Rome over an uncertain period). It was again taken by the Romans under Corbulo, during the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63.[10]
During late antiquity Tigranokert was commonly referred to as Chlomaron, which was either another name or the name of a more significant settlement near the ancient one. In 587 during the reign of emperor Maurice, Chlomaron and much of Armenia came under Roman administration after the Romans defeated the Sassanid Persian Empire at the Battle of the Blarathon.
During the Ottoman period, Armenians referred to the city of Diyarbekir as Dikranagerd (Western Armenian pronunciation of Tigranakert).[11]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Hovhannisian, P. (1985). "Տիգրանակերտ [Tigranakert]". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Vol. 11 (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia. p. 697.
- ^ See Thomas A. Sinclair, "The Site of Tigranocerta. I," Revue des Études Arméniennes 25 (1994-95): pp. 183-254; idem, "The Site of Tigranocerta. II," Revue des Études Arméniennes 26 (1996-97): 51-117.
- ^ Sinclair, T. A. (1989-12-31). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume III. Pindar Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-907132-34-9.
- ^ Atkinson, Kenneth (2016-09-22). A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-567-66903-2.
- ^ Karapetian, Samvel (2001). Armenian Cultural Monuments in the Region of Karabakh. Yerevan: "Gitutiun" Publishing House of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. p. 213. ISBN 9785808004689.
The data of records referring to these four towns, all of which were called Tigranakert and differed only by provinces, were often confused, if the name of the province; Aldznik, Goghtn, Utik or Artsakh...
- ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 36.2.3.
- ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 26.2.
- ^ Holmes, T. Rice, "Tigranocerta." Journal of Roman Studies 7 (1917): pp. 120-38.
- ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 29.3.
- ^ Goldsworthy, Adrian. In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won The Roman Empire, 2nd Ed.. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003.
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (2006). Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. p. 2. ISBN 9781568591537.
The city that later generations of Armenians would call Dikranagerd was actually ancient Amid or Amida (now Diarbekir or Diyarbakir), a great walled city with seventy-two towers...
Bibliography
[edit]- Khachatryan, J. D.; Hakobyan, N. F. (2010). "Տիգրանակերտ մայրաքաղաքը [Capital City of Tigranakert]". Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences: 424–432. ISSN 0320-8117.
- Hakobyan, Hayk (2007). «Столица старого армянского Тигранакерта [столица древней Армении Тигранакерт]» . -БАНАСИРАКС ПАТМА 3-29.
- Schmit, R.; Бейли, HW (1986). Иранское и иранское влияние Encycloppaedia Iranca, Vol. II, FAST. 4 стр. 445–465.
