Питтсбургское соглашение
Питтсбургское соглашение было меморандумом о понимании , завершенном 31 мая 1918 года между членами Чешских и Словацких общин экспатриантов в Соединенных Штатах Америки . Он заменил Кливлендское соглашение от 22 октября 1915 года. [ 1 ]
Он назван в честь города Питтсбург , штат Пенсильвания , где было заключено соглашение. Соглашение предписывало намерение Cosignatories создать независимую чехословакию . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Это было достигнуто 18 октября 1918 года, когда основной автор соглашения, Томаш Гарриг Масарик , объявил независимость Чехословакии. Масарик был избран первым президентом Чехословакии в ноябре 1918 года.
Фон
[ редактировать ]Исторической обстановкой соглашения Питтсбурга стало предстоящее роспуск австро-венгерской империи за несколько месяцев до окончания Первой мировой войны . К сентябрю 1918 года стало очевидно, что силы Габсбургской монархии , правителей Австрии-Венгрии , будут побеждены союзниками : Великобритания, Франция и Россия. [ 4 ] В период с 1860 по 1918 год около миллиона человек Словацкой и чешской этнической принадлежности мигрировали в Соединенные Штаты и другие страны. В то время эти иммигранты были официально зарегистрированы как австрийцы или венгры (мадьяры) , которые не отражали их фактическое этническое происхождение. [5] However, the United States allowed Czech and Slovak nationalist groups to form and operate.[6] On October 22, 1915, at the Bohemian National Hall on Broadway, Cleveland, Ohio the Slovak League of America and the Bohemian (Czech) National Alliance signed the Cleveland Agreement. With this, the two groups agreed to work together towards a united and independent state for Czechs and Slovaks.[7] Вступив в чехи и словацкие группы населения помогли словаки отрываться от венгерского государства австро-венгерской империи и создали государство с явным славянским большинством, чтобы преодолеть крупное немецкоязычное население богемии .
Meeting
[edit]On Friday, May 31, 1918, a meeting of the Czecho-Slovak National Council under the presidency of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk was called into order at the Loyal Order of Moose Building, 628-634 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States of America. Present were representatives of fraternal organizations including the Slovak League of America;[8] the Czech National Federation; the First Slovak Evangelical League and the Association of Czech Catholics.[9] These associations represented immigrants to America from Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, and Czech Silesia.[10] (Thursday, May 30, 1918, the Memorial Day public holiday saw many Czech and Slovak residents of Pittsburgh come downtown to fete Masaryk's arrival).[2]
The signed document bring data 30 May 1918.[11][clarification needed]
Agreement
[edit]An agreement was drafted which read:
- "1. We approve (sanction) the political program, which endeavors to bring about a Union of the Czechs and Slovaks in an independent state comprising the Czech Lands, (the lands of the Bohemian Crown) and Slovakia.
- 2. Slovakia will have its own administration, its Diet and its courts.
- 3. The Slovak language will be the official language in schools and in public life in general (in Slovakia).
- 4. The Czecho-slovak state will be a republic, its Constitution will be democratic.
- 5. The organization of the collaboration of the Czechs and the Slovaks in the United States will be amplified and adjusted according to the needs and according to the changing situation, by mutual agreement.
- 6. Detailed rules concerning the organization of the Czecho-Slovak State are left to the liberated Czechs and Slovaks and their legal representatives (to establish)."[9]
Signatories
[edit]Slovak
[edit]Ivan Bielek (1886–1941)
[edit]Bielek, born in Slovakia, was vice president and director of the Czecho Slovak Commercial Corp. of America, an import company founded in 1918.
Michal Bosák (1869–1937)
[edit]Bosák, born in Okruhle, Slovakia, was a banker and shipping agent who, during World War I, raised funds for the campaign for an independent Slovak nation.[12]
Ivan Daxner (1860–1938)
[edit]Daxner was born in Nagykallo, the son of political activist, Stefan Marko Daxner.[6] He became a banker and continued this profession upon emigrating to the United States.[13] He became the executive secretary of the Slovak League of America. He said,
- "Away from the Magyars, but not into Czech subservience; we want to join Czechs as equals."[14]
Ján Adolf Ferienčík (1863–1925)
[edit]Ferienčík[15][better source needed] was the editor of Slovenský hlásnik (Slovak Herald), the weekly publication of the Slavonic Evangelical Union of America.[16]
Matúš Gazdík
[edit]Ignác Gessay (1874–1928)
[edit]Gessay, born in the Orava region, Slovakia, to a peasant family, became a school teacher before emigrating to the United States. In the United States, he worked as a journalist with Ján Pankúch.
Milan Alexander Getting (1878–1951)
[edit]Milan Getting was a Slovak journalist and politician and later a diplomat. He emigrated to the United States in 1902. He was a publisher of the newspaper of the Slovak Sokol.
Jozef Hušek (1880–1947)
[edit]Husek, a Catholic, was born in Okolicne, Slovakia. He emigrated to the USA in 1903 and worked in journalism and the Slovak League of America.
Ján Janček Jr. (1881–1933)
[edit]Janček, born in Ruzomberok, Slovakia, was a writer, news editor, and later, a politician and the mayor of Ruzomberok.
L. Jozef Karlovský (1887–1964)
[edit]Ján Kubašek (1885–1950)
[edit]Rev. Kubašek emigrated from Slovakia to Yonkers, the United States, in 1902 and was ordained in 1914. He became president of the Association of Slovak Catholics.
Albert Mamatey (1870–1923)
[edit]Mamatey, born in Kláštor pod Znievom, Slovakia, was the president of the National Slovak Society and the Slovak League of America.[17] He advocated the preservation of Slovak culture while also assisting Slovak immigrants to be well-regarded in their new land.[18]
Gejza H. Mika
[edit]Jozef Murgaš (1864–1929)
[edit]Rev. Murgaš was a Roman Catholic priest born in Tajov, Slovakia. In 1896, he emigrated to the United States to a Slovak parish in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. He was a founding member of the Slovak League of America.
Ján Pankúch (1869–1951)
[edit]Pankúch emigrated to the United States from Slovakia in 1885 and worked for the Slovak League of America. He was a journalist in Cleveland, Ohio.
Andrej Schustek
[edit]Schustek was chairman of the first district of the Slovak League of America. In Chicago, on the second anniversary of the independence of Czechoslovakia,
- "He assured us, the Bohemians, that every Slovak is a sincere brother of ours, a son of one mother - Slovakia. He referred to the frequently overlooked fact that until recently, the Slovaks did not have their own Slovak schools, that ever since childhood they were brought up to hate Bohemians and everything Slavic. Therefore, it is not surprising that many of them are still against us today, especially when they are continually instigated by hired or voluntary agents."[19]
Pavel Šiška
[edit]Rev. Šiška was the financial secretary of the Slovak League of America.[20]
Czech
[edit]Vojta Beneš (1878–1951)
[edit]Beneš was born in Kožlany as the brother of Edvard Beneš. Vojta Beneš was an organizer of the Bohemian National Alliance of America. In 1917, he published How Bohemians Organised, reflecting the nationalist movement.[21]
Hynek Dostál (1871–1943)
[edit]Dostál was the editor of the Hlas newspaper of St. Louis[22] and the editor of the journal of the Saint John Nepomuk Chapel, the first Czech Catholic newspaper in the United States.[23]
Ludvík Fisher (1880–1945)
[edit]Fisher was president of the Czech National Alliance.
Innocent Kestl
[edit]Rev. Kestl was a Czech Catholic priest who became the vice president of the Czechoslovak National Council.[24]
Josef Martínek (1889–1980)
[edit]Martinek, born in Poděbrady (nowadays Palackého Street 130), a small town east of Prague, emigrated to Cleveland, Ohio, as a metal worker. He became a newspaper editor, socialist, and Czech nationalist.[25][26][27]
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937)
[edit]Masaryk was a member of the Austrian government and a philosopher at the University of Prague. He was key in securing the Czech people's independence and became Czechoslovakia's president.[28]
Joseph P. Pecivál
[edit]Karel Pergler (1882–1954)
[edit]Pergler, born in Liblin, Bohemia, emigrated to the United States in childhood. He became a lawyer and a journalist. Pergler was head of the Slav Press Bureau (founded in May 1918) and a member of the Bohemian National Alliance and the Bohemian Chapter of the Socialist Party of America. He later became the Czechoslovak ambassador to the United States.
B. Simek
[edit]Bohumil Shimek was a Czech-American botanist who was active in the campaign for Czechoslovak independence in the United States.
Jan Straka
[edit]Oldřich Zlámal (1879–1955)
[edit]Rev. Zlámal was born in Korkory, Moravia. He was ordained in the Catholic Church in Cleveland, Ohio in 1904.[29]
Jaroslav Joseph Zmrhal (1878–1951)
[edit]Zmrhal was a principal and superintendent in the Chicago Public Schools system.[30][31]
Outcome
[edit]On October 18, 1918, a Czech provisional government in Paris announced the Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence.
Archive
[edit]A calligraphic lithograph of the agreement was signed after the meeting. On September 9, 2007, the item was donated to the Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh.[2] Other copies are archived elsewhere worldwide.
References
[edit]- ^ Sabol, J.T.; Alzo, L.A. (2009). Cleveland Slovaks. Images of America. Arcadia Pub. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7385-5242-2. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Votruba M. "Pittsburgh Agreement" University of Pittsburgh, Slovak Studies Program. Accessed October 28, 2013.
- ^ "Pittsburgh Agreement; Slovak Studies Program, University of Pittsburgh". 2021-01-22. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ Stevenson, D. "Cataclysm: The First World War As Political Tragedy", New York: Basic Books (2004) p 380, ISBN 0-465-08184-3, OCLC 54001282
- ^ Sabo G. "Slovaks - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History" Case Western Reserve University. Accessed November 3, 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Mahoney, W. "The history of the Czech Republic and Slovakia." The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. 2011. Google Books. In English. Accessed October 30, 2013
- ^ Burik, Paul. "Cleveland Agreement of 1915". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
- ^ "Slovak League of America Collection" University of Illinois at Chicago, Special Collections. Accessed October 28, 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grinnel D. "The Pittsburgh Agreement" Archived 2013-11-02 at the Wayback Machine Penn State University. Western Pennsylvania History. Accessed 28 October 2013
- ^ "The Pittsburgh Agreement" Brookline local history website. Accessed October 28, 2013
- ^ PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná, CZ) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pp.33 - 45, 70 – 96, 110- 157, 159 – 185, 187 - 199
- ^ Bosak R. and M. "Michael Bosak, an American banker from Saris." The Michael Bosnak Society. In English. Accessed October 30, 2013.
- ^ "Ivan Daxner" Narodna Banka Slovenska. Archive website. In Slovenian. Accessed October 30, 2013.
- ^ Špiesz A. and Čaplovič D. "Illustrated Slovak History: A struggle for sovereignty in central Europe" Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2006, p 286. Google Books. In English. Accessed October 30, 2013.
- ^ "Ján Adolf Ferienčík" Wikipedia. Accessed November 3, 2013.
- ^ "N. W. Ayer & Son's American Newspaper Annual: containing a catalogue of American newspapers, a list of all newspapers of the United States and Canada." 1909, volume 2, p746. University of North Texas digital library. Accessed October 30, 2013.
- ^ Mamatey, A. "The Situation in Austria-Hungary" J. Race Dev. Vol 6 p203. Accessed October 29, 2013.
- ^ Александр Дж. «Этническая гордость, американский патриотизм». Храмовая издательство Университета. 2008. P57. Доступ 29 октября 2013 года.
- ^ Hlasatel, D. «Вчерашнее празднование фестивалей 28 октября организовано для празднования второй годовщины независимости Чехословацкой в Соколе Чикаго Холл» 29 октября 1920 года. Обследование прессы Ньюберри, иностранного языка. Доступ 29 октября 2013 года.
- ^ Ference GC "Шестнадцать месяцев нерешительности: Словацкие американские точки зрения на соотечественников и родины с 1914 по 1915 год, как просмотрел Словацкая Языковая пресса в Пенсильвании". Издательство Университета Саскуэханны, 1995. P125. Доступ 30 октября 2013 года.
- ^ Бенеш В. «Как организовали богемы». Богемный обзор . Сентябрь 1917 года. Веб -галерея Первой мировой войны. Макдональд JF на английском языке. Доступ 2 ноября 2013 года.
- ^ Уильямс С. "HLAS Интервью". Познакомьтесь с сайтом Чарльза. Доступ 31 октября 2013 года.
- ^ Соммер . Дж По-английски. Доступ 31 октября 2013 года.
- ^ И. и Краман Ф.М. Кестл
- ^ «Мартинер, Джозеф - Энциклопедия истории Кливленда». Кейс Западный резервный университет. 2010. Доступ 31 октября 2013 года.
- ^ "Джозоф Мартинех". Центральный Доступ 31 октября
- ^ Josef Martínek - место рождения , Mapy.cz.
- ^ Ford ng "Американцы все!: Солдаты иностранного происхождения в Первой мировой войне" Texas A & M University Press. 5 января 2001 года. На английском языке. Доступ 31 октября 2013 года.
- ^ «Злам, Олдрич - Энциклопедия истории Кливленда». Кейс Западный резервный университет. 2010. Доступ 1 ноября 2013 года.
- ^ Куглер Дж. «Иммигранты захватывают школы: историческое исследование меньшинств, влияющих на образовательную политику». ProQuest, 2008. P91. Доступ 31 октября 2013 года.
- ^ Zmrhal JJ "Богемия. Краткая оценка вклада Богемии в цивилизацию" Богемский национальный альянс. Чикаго, Иллинойс. 1917. Доступ 2 ноября 2013 года.
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Оригинальное соглашение Питтсбурга о Чехословакии о возвращении на веб -сайт Pittsburgh PopCityMedia.com. 27 февраля 2007 г.
- Важные даты жизни TG Masaryk, первого президента čSR. Генеральное консульство Чешской Республики в Монреале.
- История посольства Словакии Словацкой Республики в Соединенных Штатах Америки.
- Питтсбургское соглашение Университет Питтсбурга.
- Масарик и Америка - свидетельство отношений. Kovtun GJ Библиотека Конгресса, 1988.
