Тангу перемирие
Прус Тангу , перемирие ( японское : 塘沽 , Хепберн : Кётеи , neped -то вы традиция : ; : 塘沽 какое Токо wint 定 упрощенный wind 定 nepd Тангу , Тяньцзинь , 31 мая 1933 года. Официально он закончил японское вторжение в Маньчжурию , которое началось в сентябре
Фон
[ редактировать ]После инцидента с Мукденом 18 сентября 1931 года японская армия Квантунга вторглась в Маньчжурию , и к февралю 1932 года она захватила весь регион. Последний император династии Цин , Пуйи который жил в изгнании на иностранных уступках в Тяньцзине , был убежден японцами принять престол новой империи Манчукуо , которая оставалась под контролем имперской японской армии .
В январе 1933 года, чтобы обеспечить южные границы Манчукуо, совместные японские и манчукоо -силу вторглись в Рех . После победы над этой провинцией к марту она привела оставшиеся китайские армии на северо -востоке за пределами Великой стены в Хэбэй провинцию .
From the start of hostilities, China had appealed to its neighbors and the international community but received no effective support.[1] When China called an emergency meeting of the League of Nations, a committee was established to investigate the affair. The Lytton Commission's report ultimately condemned Japan's actions but offered no plan for intervention. In response, the Japanese simply withdrew from the League on March 27, 1933.[1][2]
The Japanese army was under explicit instructions from Japanese Emperor Hirohito, who wanted a quick end to the China conflict and for Japan not to venture beyond the Great Wall. Japan's negotiating position was very strong, as the Chinese Nationalists were under severe pressure from the simultaneous full-scale civil war against the Chinese communists.[1]
Negotiations
[edit]On May 22, 1933, Chinese and Japanese representatives met to negotiate the end of the conflict. The Japanese demands were severe: a demilitarized zone extending 100 km south of the Great Wall from Beijing to Tianjin was to be created, with the Great Wall itself under Japanese control. No regular Kuomintang military units were to be allowed in the demilitarized zone, but the Japanese were allowed to use reconnaissance aircraft or ground patrols to ensure that the agreement was maintained. Public order within the zone was to be maintained by a lightly armed Demilitarized Zone Peace Preservation Corps.
Two secret clauses excluded any of the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies from the Peace Preservation Corps and provided for any disputes that could not be resolved by the Peace Preservation Corps to be settled by agreement between the Japanese and the Chinese governments.[citation needed]
Harried by their civil war with the communists and unable to win international support, Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese government agreed to virtually all of Japan's demands.[1]
Furthermore, most of the new demilitarized zone was within the remaining territory of a discredited Manchurian warlord, Zhang Xueliang.[3]
Aftermath
[edit]
The Tanggu Truce de facto resulted in the recognition of Manchukuo by the Kuomintang government and its acknowledgement of the loss of Rehe.[4] It provided for a temporary end to the combat between China and Japan, and relations between both countries briefly improved. On May 17, 1935, the Japanese legation in China was raised to the status of embassy, and on June 10, 1935, the He-Umezu Agreement was concluded. The Tanggu Truce gave Chiang Kai-shek time to consolidate his forces and to concentrate his efforts against the Chinese Communist Party albeit at the expense of North China.[4]
However, Chinese public opinion was hostile to terms that were so favorable to Japan and so humiliating to China. Although the truce provided for a demilitarized buffer zone, Japanese territorial ambitions towards China remained, and the truce proved to be only a temporary respite until hostilities erupted again in 1937 by the Second Sino-Japanese War.
See also
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Kitchen, pp. 140–141.
- ^ Van Ginneken, p. 115.
- ^ Fenby, p. 282.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Bix, p. 272.
General sources
[edit]- Bix, Herbert P. (2001). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-093130-2.
- Fenby, Jonathan (2003). Chiang Kai-shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1318-6.
- Hane, Mikiso (2001). Modern Japan: A Historical Survey. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3756-9.
- Kitchen, Martin (1990). A World in Flames: A Short History of the Second World War in Europe and Asia, 1939–1945. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-03407-8.
- Van Ginneken, Anique H. M. (2006). Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810865136.
External links
[edit]- "JAPAN-CHINA: Breathing Spell"—Time magazine, June 12, 1933