✖


Jump to content

Пеллала

(Перенаправлено из Неохеппии )

Пеллала
Пеллала Эуплока
Научная классификация Измените эту классификацию
Домен: Эукариота
Королевство: Грибы
Разделение: Ascomycota
Сорт: Lichinomycetes
Заказ: Lichinales
Семья: Peltulaceae
Бюдельс (1986)
Genus: Peltula
Nyl. (1853)
Type species
Peltula radicata
Nyl. (1853)
Synonyms[1]

Пеллала - это род маленьких темно -коричневых до оливковых или темно -серых к сквомулозу лишайников . Эти лишайники обычно растут на скалах в засушливых и полузасушливых условиях по всему миру. Они состоят из гриба, живущего в симбиозе, с партнером по фотосинтезам , в частности, цианобактерии рода Chroococcidiopsis . Peltula - единственный род в семействе Peltulaceae , [ 5 ] который принадлежит личиномицетам , классу грибов, которые образуют лишайники. Род включает в себя около 50 узнаваемых видов, которые демонстрируют различные формы роста, начиная от плоских и похожих на корки до более сложных, похожих на листообразных структур. Лишайны Пелла играют важную экологическую роль в суровых условиях, способствуя стабильности почвы и велосипедным велосипедам .

Чтобы справиться со своей сложной средой обитания, виды Peltula эволюционировали различные адаптации. К ним относятся специализированные защитные слои и способность противостоять как засухе, так и наводнениям. Талли , как правило , лишайников Пеллала небольшие, с стратифицированной структурой, состоящей из верхнего эпинеценного слоя , слоя фотобионта , мозговой продолжительности и обычно нижней коры . Peltulaceae, как правило, не имеют вторичных метаболитов , которые отличают их от многих других семей лишайников. Род имеет космополитическое распределение , причем члены обнаружены на различных континентах, занимающие различные субстраты, включая породы, почву и иногда кору дерева. Исследования молекулярной филогенетики значительно изменили классификацию этих лишайников. Ранее отдельные роды в настоящее время включены в Пеллала , что делает Peltulaceae моногенной семейства.

Systematics

[edit]

Historical taxonomy

[edit]

Genus Peltula was circumscribed by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1853. He assigned the desert soil lichen Peltula radicata as the type, and at that time, only species. In his original description of Peltula radicata, Nylander characterised it as having a rust-brown, peltate thallus measuring at least 3 mm wide, with an irregularly and sparsely grooved surface. He noted that the thallus had a centrally depressed, umbilicate attachment, fixed to the substrate by a few pale, long, and strong rhizines. Nylander described the apothecia as disc-shaped and the same colour as the thallus, initially almost endocarpoid, but expanding significantly with age and featuring a depressed thalline margin. He observed that the asci contained numerous spores, 8–48 or possibly more. The type (biology) was found growing on sandy soil near Biskra, Algeria, alongside Lecanora endocarpa. In establishing the new genus Peltula, he distinguished it from other Lecanorine genera by its thallus being attached below with long, central rhizines.[6] In 1890, Vainio proposed that Peltula should be considered a section of the genus Heppia rather than an independent genus.[7]

For decades, the genus Peltula saw limited use. Many species now classified under Peltula were previously placed in Heppia.[8] Vilmos Kőfaragó-Gyelnik added some species to Peltula in 1935.[9] The family was Peltulaceae proposed by the German lichenologist Burkhard Büdel in 1986.[10] He identified four types of growth morphologies in the family: leaf-like, squamulose, crustose and fruticose.[11] The genera Phyllopeltula and Neoheppia were created as segregates of Peltula to contain species with differences in their cortex morphology and substratum. Neoheppia was introduced by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1909 for N. brasiliensis, which had a crustose thallus attached to its substrate by all parts of its lower surface.[2] Phyllopeltula differed from the typical Peltula morphology with subfoliose-compound thalli.[4] These genera were included as part of the Peltulaceae.[12][4]

Phylogenetics

[edit]
Cladogram showing the phylogeny of some species in the family Peltulaceae, based on analysis by Kauff et al. in 2018.

Egea (1989) and Büdel (1987) made early attempts to establish phylogenetic lineages within Peltula based on morphology.[13][14] Egea identified two major evolutionary lineages based primarily on substratum fixation, while Büdel described two groups of closely related species based on thallus morphology. However, these classification attempts remained controversial due to the morphological variability within the genus.[15]

Early molecular phylogenetics work (2001) showed that the family was monophyletic.[16] More recent molecular studies have led to a significant revision of the family's taxonomy. A comprehensive study by Kauff and colleagues (2018) analysed six genetic loci from 37 of the 47 species classified within Peltulaceae at the time. The results of this analysis revealed that Phyllopeltula and Neoheppia are not monophyletic and are nested within the genus Peltula. As a consequence of these findings, Phyllopeltula and Neoheppia have been subsumed into Peltula, making Peltulaceae a monogeneric (single-genus) family. The family now includes about 50 recognised species, all within the genus Peltula. The study also highlighted significant challenges in species delimitation within Peltula. Traditional morphological characters, such as growth forms and thallus anatomy, which were previously used to delimit genera and species within the family, have been shown to be unreliable indicators of phylogenetic relationships. Significant differences in thallus shape and structure were seen within several species, further complicating classification efforts based on morphology alone.[15]

Naming

[edit]

The genus name is derived from the Latin pelta, 'small shield', alluding to the shape of the squamules.[17] In North America, the colloquial name "rock olives" refers to members of this genus, highlighting both their colour and typical substrate. Several North American species with common names include the cylindrical, powdery, common, stuffed, and giant rock-olives.[18]

Description

[edit]

Peltulaceae members exhibit a diverse range of thallus morphologies. Thalli are typically small, ranging from minute squamules to larger compound structures. Most species possess a stratified (heteromerous) thallus structure, consisting of an upper epinecral layer, a photobiont layer, a medulla, and usually a distinct lower cortex. The epinecral layer, often yellowish to brown, provides protection and its development is influenced by light intensity. The medulla in many species contains air spaces of various sizes, while some taxa lack a lower cortex or medullary cavities.[15]

Closeup of a squamule of Peltula patellata

The growth forms of Peltulaceae can be categorised into six types based on morphology and anatomy. Peltate-umbilicate forms are often singular thalli, rarely compound, attached by an umbilicus or central strand of hyphae. Squamulose-semifruticose forms are characterised by large medullary cavities. Squamulose-compound forms are rarely singular. Subfoliose, compound forms lack medullary cavities and a lower cortex. Crustose-areolate forms have no medullary cavities or lower cortex, but possess a deeply penetrating cyanobiont layer. Finally, a unique crustose form is found in P. inversa, which exhibits an inverse thallus anatomy.[15]

Peltulaceae are exclusively associated with unicellular cyanobacterial photobionts, predominantly of the genus Chroococcidiopsis. Apothecia are common in most species, with a few exceptions,[15] and they are zeorine in form and typically immersed in the thallus.[19] The family is characterised by uniform reproductive structures across all species, including polysporous asci with a distinctive gelatinous sheath, and simple, single-celled, colourless spores.[15] The ascospores range in shape from more or less spherical, to ellipsoidal, to bacilliform, and measure 3–12 by 2–6 μm.[17] The asci are unitunicate-rostrate, which means have they a single-layered wall with a beak-like tip.[19] Pycnidia, conidiophores, and pycnospores are also consistent in structure throughout the family;[15] the conidia are htaline, oval to fusiform in shape, and have dimensions of 1.5–4.3 by 0.5–2.5 μm. Vegetative reproductive structures such as soredia and isidia occur in a small number of species.[15]

Unlike many other lichen families, Peltulaceae generally lack secondary metabolites (lichen products). An exception is Peltula langei, which produces a yellow pigment similar to myeloconon C.[15] The thallus structure of Peltulaceae species shows various adaptations to their predominantly arid and semi-arid habitats.[20] The epinecral layer shields the photobiont from intense sunlight, while different growth forms are associated with varying water availability. Some species, particularly those with squamulose to semifruticose thalli and large medullary cavities, are adapted to temporarily inundated habitats. These morphological and anatomical features reflect the family's successful adaptation to challenging environmental conditions, allowing them to grow in a range of ecological niches from desert rocks to occasionally submerged surfaces.[15]

Habitat and distribution

[edit]
Peltula placodizans

The Peltulaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution, with members found across various continents. These lichens are particularly well-adapted to arid and semi-arid environments, where they play important ecological roles. Despite their preference for dry habitats, some species have been documented in areas with more moderate climates, including locations as far north as Sweden and as easterly as the Baikal region of Siberia.[15]

Peltulaceae species occupy a diverse array of substrates. Many members of the family are saxicolous, growing on rock surfaces. These rock-dwelling species can be found on various geological formations, from exposed cliff faces to small stones. Some Peltulaceae have evolved to grow on soil, while others, such as Peltula corticola, have adapted to a corticolous lifestyle, growing on tree bark. In an example of niche specialisation, P. inversa exhibits a hypolithic habit, growing on the underside of quartz rocks.[15] In India, burnt clay tiles, commonly used for roofing, support both Peltula euploca and P. patellata. Under constant sun exposure for most of the day, the lichens develop a thickened upper cortex that both helps to retain moisture and acts as a photoprotectant.[21]

The family's adaptability is further exemplified by the range of specific microhabitats they occupy. Some species prefer inclined rock surfaces, while others colonise flat rock expanses. Certain Peltulaceae species have developed the ability to withstand periodic inundation, allowing them to inhabit seepage areas on rocks that are occasionally flooded. This diverse range of habitats reflects the family's evolutionary success in colonising challenging environments.[15]

The morphological and anatomical features of Peltulaceae species often correspond to their specific environmental conditions. For instance, the development of the epinecral layer, which provides protection to the photobiont, is influenced by the intensity of light in the habitat. The various growth forms observed in the family, from peltate to crustose, are closely linked to water availability in their respective environments. Species that experience occasional submersion often possess large medullary cavities, an adaptation that likely aids in gas exchange and water relations during both dry and inundated periods.[15]

The habitat preferences and adaptations underscore the ecological importance of Peltulaceae in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. As primary producers in these often-sparse environments, they contribute to soil stability, nutrient cycling, and provide microhabitats for other organisms, playing a role in the biodiversity of challenging climatic regions.[15]

Five species of Peltula are known to occur in India.[22] About 20 species have been recorded in China,[8] and 18 from North America north of Mexico.[23] Fifteen species occur in Australia,[17] and eleven species were reported to occur in East Africa.[24]

Species

[edit]

As of September 2024, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 35 species in Peltula,[25] although 66 unique species names have been proposed in the genus.

Peltula farinosa, collected in Brazil
Peltula richardsii
Peltula zahlbruckneri

Peltula langei Büdel & Elix (1997), a Western Australian species described as new in 1997,[42] was not validly published.[43] The original binomial for Peltula oleifera (H.Magn.) J.C.Wei (1991) (Heppia oleifera H.Magn.) had already been reduced to synonymy with Peltula impressula in 1981,[44] a decade before Wei erroneously proposed a transfer to Peltula.[45]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Synonymy: Peltula Nyl., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 20: 316 (1853)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Zahlbruckner, A. (1909). "Lichenes (Flechten) in Ergebnisse der botanischen Expedition der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Südbrasilien 1901. II. Band. Thallophyta und Bryophyta". Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften (Wien) Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse (in German). 83: 87–211 [143].
  3. ^ Brusse, F.A. (1985). "Heppiaceae (Lichenes). Corynecystis, a new lichen genus from the Karoo, South Africa". Bothalia. 15: 552–553.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kalb, K. (2001). "New or otherwise interesting lichens. I". In McCarthy, P.M.; Kantvilas, G.; Louwhoff, S.H.J.J. (eds.). Lichenological Contributions in Honour of Jack Elix. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 78. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 141–167. ISBN 978-3-443-58057-5.
  5. ^ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [154]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:1854/LU-8754813.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Nylander, W. (1853). "Lichenes algerienses novi". Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Botanique. 3 (in Latin). 20: 315–320.
  7. ^ Wainio, Edvard August (1890). Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des Lichens du Brésil, I. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in French and Latin). Vol. 7. Helsinki: J. Simelius. p. 215.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Yang, Qiuxia; Hollinger, Jason; Leavitt, Steven D.; Wei, Xinli (2022). "Two new species and two new records of the lichen-forming fungal genus Peltula (Ascomycota: Peltulaceae) from China". Biology. 11 (10): 1518. doi:10.3390/biology11101518. PMC 9598497. PMID 36290421.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gyelnik, V. (1935). "De familia Heppiacearum, II". Feddes Repertorium. 38: 153–157, 307–313.
  10. ^ Eriksson, O.; Hawksworth, D.L. (1986). "Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 1–224". Systema Ascomycetum. 5: 113–174 [149].
  11. ^ Büdel, B. (1987b). "Taxonomy and biology of the lichen genus Peltula Nyl.". In Peveling, Elisabeth (ed.). Progress and problems in lichenology in the eighties. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 25. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 209–217. ISBN 978-3-443-58004-9.
  12. ^ Büdel, B. "The lichen genus Neoheppia". Mycotaxon. 54: 137–145.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Egea, J.M. (1989). Los géneros Heppia y Peltula (Líquenes) en Europa Occidental y Norte de Africa. Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in Spanish). Vol. 31. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 1–122 [84]. ISBN 978-3-443-58010-0.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Büdel, Burkhard (1987a). Zur Biologie und Systematik der Flechtengattungen Heppia und Peltula im südlichen Afrika. Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in German). Vol. 23. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 1–105. ISBN 978-3-443-58002-5.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Kauff, Frank; Bachran, Alexandra; Schultz, Matthias; Hofstetter, Valérie; Lutzoni, François; Büdel, Burkhard (2018). "Molecular data favours a monogeneric Peltulaceae (Lichinomycetes)". The Lichenologist. 50 (3): 313–327. doi:10.1017/S0024282918000105.
  16. ^ Schultz, M.; Arendholz, W.‐R.; Büdel, B. (2001). "Origin and evolution of the lichenized ascomycete order Lichinales: monophyly and systematic relationships inferred from ascus, fruiting body and SSU rDNA evolution". Plant Biology. 3 (2): 116–123. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12896.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b c Büdel, Burkhard (2001). Peltula (PDF). Flora of Australia. Vol. 58A. Australian Biological Resources Study/CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06713-4.
  18. ^ Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. pp. 522–525. ISBN 978-0-300-08249-4.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. p. 206. ISBN 978-3-443-01089-8. OCLC 429208213.
  20. ^ Büdel, B. (1990). "Anatomical adaptations to the semiarid/arid environment in the lichen genus Peltula". In Jahns, H.M.; Wirth, Volkmar; Poelt, Josef (eds.). Contributions to Lichenology / Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 38. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 47–61. ISBN 978-3-443-58017-9.
  21. ^ Saxena, S.; Upreti, D.K.; Singh, Ajay; Singh, K.P. (2004). "Observations of lichens growing on artifacts in the Indian subcontinent". In St. Clair, Larry L.; Seaward, Mark R.D. (eds.). Biodeterioration of Stone Surfaces. Lichens and Biofilms as Weathering Agents of Rocks and Cultural Heritage. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 181–193. ISBN 978-90-481-6724-1.
  22. ^ Upreti, D.K.; Büdel, B. (1990). "The lichen genera Heppia and Peltula in India". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 68: 279–284.
  23. ^ Esslinger, Theodore L. (10 December 2021). "A Cumulative Checklist for the Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada, Version 24". North Dakota State University. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  24. ^ Swinscow, Thomas Douglas Victor; Krog, Hildur (1988). Macrolichens of East Africa. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 203–209. ISBN 978-0-565-01039-3.
  25. ^ "Peltula". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Swinscow, T.D.V.; Krog, H. (1979). "The genus Peltula in East Africa". Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 26 (3): 213–224.
  27. ^ Kitaura, Marcos Junji; Torres, Jean-Marc; Scur, Mayara Camila; Lorenz, Aline Pedroso; Faria, Rogério Rodrigues (2022). "New species and new records of Peltula (Lichinales, Ascomycota lichenized) from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil". Rodriguésia. 73. doi:10.1590/2175-7860202273034.
  28. ^ Schultz, M.; Porembski, S.; Büdel, B. (2000). "Diversity of rock‐inhabiting cyanobacterial lichens: Studies on granite inselbergs along the Orinoco and in Guyana". Plant Biology. 2 (4): 482–495. doi:10.1055/s-2000-5951.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Wetmore, C.M. (1971). "The lichen family Heppiaceae in North America". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 57 (2): 158–209.
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b Büdel, B.; Henssen, A. (1986). "Zwei neue Peltula-Arten von Südafrika (Lichenes)". International Journal of Mycology and Lichenology (in German). 2: 235–249.
  31. ^ Makryi, T.V. (2017). "Peltula daurica (Peltulaceae), a new lichen species from Dauria (Transbaikal Territory)". Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii. 51: 191–203.
  32. ^ Pišút I. (1967): Lichenes Slovakiae exsiccati editi a Museo nationali slovaco, Bratislava. – Fasc. V (no. 101– 125), p. 1–7, Bratislava.
  33. ^ Büdel, B.; Lange, O.L. (1994). "The role of cortical and epinecral layers in the lichen genus Peltula". Cryptogamic Botany. 4 (3): 262–269.
  34. ^ Filson, R.B. (1988). "The lichen genera Heppia and Peltula in Australia". Muelleria. 6 (6): 495–517.
  35. ^ Büdel, B.; Schultz, M. (2003). "A way to cope with high irradiance and drought: inverted morphology of a new cyanobacterial lichen, Peltula inversa sp. nov., from the Nama Karoo, Namibia". In Jensen, Manfred (ed.). Lichenological Contributions in Honour of G.B. Feige. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 86. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 225–232. ISBN 978-3-443-58065-0.
  36. ^ Yoshimura, I. (1974). "New combinations adopted in my 'Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour'". Miscellanea Bryologica et Lichenologica o Sentai chii zappo. 6 (8): 135. doi:10.18968/mbl.6.8_135_1.
  37. ^ Marques, Joana; Schultz, Matthias; Paz-Bermúdez, Graciela (2013). "A Peltula Nyl. diversity hotspot in north-east Portugal, with one species new to science and three species new to mainland Europe". The Lichenologist. 45 (4): 483–496. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000261.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Yang, Qiuxia; Cheng, Xiangmin; Zhang, Tingting; Liu, Xinzhan; Wei, Xinli (2022). "Five new species of the lichen-forming fungal genus Peltula from China". Journal of Fungi. 8 (2): 134. doi:10.3390/jof8020134. PMC 8878757. PMID 35205887.
  39. ^ Büdel, B. (1989). "New localities for Peltula rodriguesii". The Lichenologist. 21 (3): 293–293. doi:10.1017/S0024282989000514.
  40. ^ Büdel, Burkhard; Nash, Thomas H. (1993). "A new species of Peltula from the Sonoran Desert, Mexico". The Lichenologist. 25 (3): 279–284. doi:10.1006/lich.1993.1032.
  41. ^ Golubkova, N.S. 1981. Konspekt flory lishaynikov Mongol'skoy Narodnoy Respubliki. 1:1–201 [31]
  42. ^ Büdel, B.; Elix, J.A. (1997). "Peltula langei Büdel et Elix spec. nov from Australia, with remarks on its chemistry and the ascoma of Peltula clavata (Krempelh.) Wetm". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 67: 3–9.
  43. ^ "Record Details: Peltula langei Büdel & Elix, Biblthca Lichenol. 67: 4 (1997)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  44. ^ Marton, Kela; Galun, Margalith (1981). "The cyanophilous lichen population of the 'Arava Valley and the Judean Desert (Israel)". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 30 (3): 125–155. doi:10.1080/0021213X.1981.10676915.
  45. ^ Wei, Jiang-Chun (1991). An Enumeration of Lichens in China. Beijing: International Academic Publishers. p. 187.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peltula&oldid=1244692381"
Arc.Ask3.Ru: конец переведенного документа.
Arc.Ask3.Ru
Номер скриншота №: ef590f188290afb42e883ffde8735857__1725801180
URL1:https://arc.ask3.ru/arc/aa/ef/57/ef590f188290afb42e883ffde8735857.html
Заголовок, (Title) документа по адресу, URL1:
Peltula - Wikipedia
Данный printscreen веб страницы (снимок веб страницы, скриншот веб страницы), визуально-программная копия документа расположенного по адресу URL1 и сохраненная в файл, имеет: квалифицированную, усовершенствованную (подтверждены: метки времени, валидность сертификата), открепленную ЭЦП (приложена к данному файлу), что может быть использовано для подтверждения содержания и факта существования документа в этот момент времени. Права на данный скриншот принадлежат администрации Ask3.ru, использование в качестве доказательства только с письменного разрешения правообладателя скриншота. Администрация Ask3.ru не несет ответственности за информацию размещенную на данном скриншоте. Права на прочие зарегистрированные элементы любого права, изображенные на снимках принадлежат их владельцам. Качество перевода предоставляется как есть. Любые претензии, иски не могут быть предъявлены. Если вы не согласны с любым пунктом перечисленным выше, вы не можете использовать данный сайт и информация размещенную на нем (сайте/странице), немедленно покиньте данный сайт. В случае нарушения любого пункта перечисленного выше, штраф 55! (Пятьдесят пять факториал, Денежную единицу (имеющую самостоятельную стоимость) можете выбрать самостоятельно, выплаичвается товарами в течение 7 дней с момента нарушения.)