МП 18
МП 18 | |
---|---|
Bergmann MP 18 | |
Тип | Субмахин пистолет |
Место происхождения | Германия |
История обслуживания | |
В эксплуатации | 1918–1945 (Германия) |
Используется | Смотрите пользователей |
Войны |
|
История производства | |
Дизайнер | Хьюго Шмейссер |
Спроектирован | 1917 |
Производитель | |
Производится | 1918–1920 1928 - начало 1940 -х годов (MP 28/II) |
Нет | Менее 30 000 |
Спецификации | |
Масса | 4,18 кг (9,2 фунта) 4,0 кг (8,8 фунта) (MP 28/II) |
Длина | 832 мм (32,8 дюйма) |
ствола Длина | 200 мм (7,9 дюйма) |
Картридж |
|
Действие | Открытый удар |
Скорость огня | примерно 350-500 раундов/мин (MP 18) 550-600 раундов/мин (MP 28/II) |
Скорость дуло | 380 м/с (1247 футов/с) |
Система кормления |
|
Достопримечательности | V-Notch и Front Post |
MP 18 представляет собой немецкий субмахин -пистолет , спроектированный и изготовленный Бергманном Ваффенфабриком . Введено на службу в 1918 году немецкой армией во время Первой мировой войны , MP 18 был предназначен для использования Sturmtruppen , штурмовые группы, специализирующиеся на траншеи , в качестве наступательного оружия с краткосрочным диапазоном, которое предоставило бы отдельных солдат повышенной огневой мощью над пистолом Полем
Хотя производство MP 18 закончилось после Первой мировой войны, оно оказало большое влияние на последующий дизайн стрелкового оружия; Он сформировал основу большинства субмахиновых орудий, изготовленных в период с 1920 по 1960 год. [ 3 ]
История
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То, что стало известно как « субмахиновое оружие », имело свое генезис в начале 20 -го века и развивалось вокруг концепций огня, движения и тактики проникновения , особенно для задачи очистки траншей вражеских солдат, среда, в которой были вряд ли возникают взаимодействия. За пределами диапазона нескольких футов.
В 1915 году Германская комиссия по тестированию на стрельбу в Spandau решила разработать новое оружие для Trench Warfare. Попытка изменить существующие полуавтоматические пистолеты (в частности, Luger и C96 Mauser ), так как точный прицельный огонь в полном автоматическом режиме был невозможным из-за их легкого веса и высокой скорости пожара в 1200 раундов в минуту. Комиссия определила, что необходим совершенно новый вид оружия. Хьюго Шмейссер , работающий на Бергманн Ваффенфабрик , был частью команды, состоящей из Теодора Бергманна и нескольких других техников. Они разработали новый тип оружия для выполнения требований, которые были обозначены Maschinepistole 18/i. I означает номер 1. Четыре разных версии MP 18 были оценены немецкой армией, известной как модели I, II, III и IV. Они разделили тот же базовый дизайн, но демонстрировали различия в системе кормления. [ 4 ]
MP 18/I использовал тот же барабан Trommelmagazin, что и артиллерия Luger. В отношении MP 18/II нет подробностей, однако известно, что MP 18/III и MP 18/IV, поданные из прямой, 90 -й журнальной подачи, который принимал журналы Mauser Pattern Box, того же типа, используемого в Экспериментальный пистолет Mauser C06/08 и C17 'Траншевая карабин (последний был, возможно, соперником MP 18/I.), а затем и Sig Bergmann. [ 5 ] Полномасштабное производство началось в начале 1918 года. [ 4 ]
MP 18 часто считается самым первым субмахиновым пистолетом, поскольку некоторые источники сбрасывают на виллос Perosa , что он был первоначально выставлен в качестве легкого опорного оружия на горе. Разрушается ли MP 18 на самом деле первым подводным пистолетом. [ 5 ]
В октябре 1915 года австро-венгерский Страндютцен-Батталиониен проверил ламб-оружейную камеру в картридже Рот 8x18 мм, известный как Машиненгевер Хелригель . Это было проверено как опорное оружие, выпущенное с лежащего в положении, и штурмовое оружие, выстрелимое из бедра. когда они попросили разработать одноцепочечную виллу В конце 1916 года Корпус военной авиации итальянской армии создал первый официальный спрос на пистолет для субмахина , Automatica OVP , с 500 выпущенным для наблюдений. Дизайнер виллера Пероса, полковник Вефиль-Абиэль Ревелли, уже задумал принципы пистолета-субмахин в сентябре 1915 года, когда он написал, что его пистолет может быть преобразован в единую версию, которая может быть установлена в манере винтовка, чтобы ее можно было уволить с плеча » . [ 5 ]
Остается противоречия относительно того, сделал ли он оружие, соответствующее этому описанию, но оно доказано [ кем? ] что MP 18/I был просто одним из многих концепций Submachine Gun, которые были разработаны в то время, и что его нельзя упомянуть с какой -либо уверенностью как первое. MP 18/I был первым массовым фармашином, который обширно использовал роль в пехотной роли в войне. [ 5 ]
Первая мировая война
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MP 18 служил на последних этапах Первой мировой войны в 1918 году. Вопреки распространенному мнению, [ Цитация необходима ] MP Bergmann MP 18/I не достиг фронта в начале 1918 года, и немецкая стрельба не использовалась в Spurmtruppen в течение весеннего наступления. [ 5 ] Он был выставлен только во второй половине 1918 года, когда немцы были в защите от наступления сотни дней . [ 5 ]
Первым подразделением, получившим МП 18/I 237 -й пехотной бригады , 119 -й пехотной дивизии которая состояла из 46 -й и 58 -й пехотной полки, 46 -го резервного пехотного полка и 119 -й штормовой дивизии. Бригада получила 216 MP 18/1 Submachine Guns для полевых испытаний в июле 1918 года - после того, как весеннее наступление закончилось. [ 5 ]
Вскоре после достижения фронта MP 18/I использовался в битве при Амьенах . Канадские войска из 13 -го батальона «Королевские горцы Канады» были сфотографированы с захваченным депутатом 18/I из немецких линий 11 августа. Общее количество MP 18/производится во время войны, и число, принятое немецкой армией, остается спорным. [ 5 ]
Генерал-майор Эрнст Фон Врусберг, директор министерства прусской войны, написал вскоре после окончания войны, что около 17 000 орудий было доставлено к октябрю 1918 года. Эта оценка подкреплена военными марками принятия, достигнув 17 000 серийных отметков. Существующие серийные номера имеют большее число, в диапазоне 30 000. Одна оценка, основанная на серийных количествах выживших оружия, составляет около 35 000 человек, сделанных в течение 1918 года и, возможно, 1919 года. Подавляющее большинство фактически не были приняты в эксплуатацию и, вероятно, оставались на заводе, пока в межвоенные годы не было создано нового спроса. Согласно французскому отчету, сделанному после войны, немцы произвели 50 000 единиц в 1918 году, но было доставлено только 8 000–10 000. [ 5 ]
Число, которое на самом деле достигло фронта, вероятно, ниже. Лучшим показателем является серийный диапазон номеров примеров, запечатленных союзниками во второй половине 1918 года. Все были захваченными MP 18, были низкими серийными числами, как правило, в сотнях, разумная оценка заключается в том, что около 4000 орудий видели боевые действия. [ 5 ] Присутствие члена парламента 18/I в музее Сарсраба в Дюзсе , Турция, который, как говорят, проследит его происхождение до турецкой войны за независимость , предполагает возможность того, что некоторые депутаты 18 -е были предоставлены османам в конце первого мира Война. [5]
Treaty of Versailles
[edit]A common claim is that the gun proved so effective that it was banned by the Treaty of Versailles. Restrictions are laid out in Tables No. II & No. III of the treaty which gives the number of rifles, carbines, heavy machine guns, and light machine guns. A clause that appears in some copies reads "Automatic rifles and carbines are to be counted as light machine guns".[citation needed] This does not constitute a ban, but a restriction to 1,134 guns. The number is so low that it would have stunted the German Army's distribution of weapons of this type, but it does not say the MP 18/I would be banned.[5] There is nothing in the treaty that says that Germany was not allowed to manufacture submachine guns.
Post-war service
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The MP 18 proved to be an excellent weapon. Its concept was well-proven in trench fighting. The basic design directly influenced later submachine gun designs and showed its superiority over the regular infantry rifle in urban, mobile, and guerrilla warfare.
One of the most notable post-war users of the MP 18/I were the Freikorps who armed themselves with weapons appropriated from military depots. After the armistice, Germany found itself embroiled with domestic strife in the form of the Spartacist Uprising. Many submachine guns that had not been sent to the front were issued to Freikorps volunteers; the government collaborated closely with the Freikorps to crush the uprising and initially did little to stop these guns from falling into paramilitary hands. The MP 18/I proved to be particularly popular among these irregular forces.[5]
The MP 18/I was gradually retired from military service and allocated to police forces, particularly the Sicherheitspolizei. The government's implementation of the Treaty of Versailles in 1924 approved the distribution of maschinenpistole by the Ordnungspolizei (uniformed police, though probably meaning the SiPo), provided that they were not issued at a rate any higher than one gun for every twenty men. These weapons were stamped '1920' to signify that they had been approved for government issue. These guns were in legal possession of the state, but many more of the c. 50,000 guns that had been produced fell into the hands of unofficial paramilitaries or criminal elements.[5]
In 1922 Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau was assassinated by ultranationalists armed with a stolen MP 18/I.[5]
During the failed 1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt, the MP 18 was used to defend the Tallinn barracks from Communist militants; some of which were armed with Thompson submachine guns. This was possibly the first engagement where submachine guns were used on both sides.[6]
All the limited conflicts between 1920 and 1940 saw an increasing use of this new class of weapons, first in South America during the Chaco War,[7] then in Europe during the Spanish Civil War, and in China during the Warlord Era[8] and the Second Sino-Japanese War, where its use by well-trained Chinese troops was costly for the invaders as in the Battle of Shanghai.[citation needed] It was also used during World War II by various partisans and resistance forces.[3]
From the MP 28,II, a variant of the MP 18/I was born, which is sometimes called the 'MP 18/Iv' ( 'v' supposedly standing for 'verbessert' or 'improved'). The guns themselves are marked 'M.P.18,I SYSTEM SCHMEISSER'. The so-called MP 18/Iv was a conversion of the MP 18/I from a 45° Trommelmagazin feed to a 90° Schmeisser box magazine feed. These conversions were carried out at C.G. Haenel on the request of German police forces.. It is commonly assumed that the conversions were undertaken from 1920 onward, predating the MP 28,II. This derives from confusion over the '1920' property stamps that were added after the Treaty of Versailles. In fact, the conversions were not undertaken until the 1930s. It was merely a cheap and economical way for the German police to update their existing stocks of submachine guns to feed from the new Schmeisser box magazine without having to purchase entirely new orders of MP 28,IIs.[5]
Old stocks of MP 18/I submachine guns were distributed as foreign aid to allies of the Third Reich in neighboring countries. These predominantly fell into the hands of fascist groups in France, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. In France, deliveries of the MP 18/I, MP 28,II, and MP 35/I submachine guns were made to the far-right nationalist organization La Cagoule. Several arms dumps were discovered by the French police and destroyed prior to the Second World War.[5]
MP 18/I and MP 28,II submachine guns were distributed to the Austrian SS during their exile from their home country. The Austrian Nazi Party was banned after their attempted coup in 1934 and many members of the militant wing of the party went to Germany to receive training by the SS. The intent was to send these militants back to Austria, but a second coup never materialized.[5]
In Czechoslovakia, police confiscated several MP 18/Is that had been smuggled into the country by the SS to arm Henleinist sabotage squads. Some of these guns saw use during the Sudeten Uprising of 1938. These weapons were sourced from old military stocks and still had their original feed systems taking the TM 08 Trommelmagazin. Bergmann MP 35/Is were also supplied to the Henleinists.[5]
The MP 18 remained in limited service with the German armed forces during the Second World War, specifically with the Sicherheitsdienst, later eastern foreign divisions of the Waffen SS and also with Kriegsmarine coastal artillery units.
Evolution
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Bergmann sold the license of the MP 18. 1 to SIG Switzerland; the Swiss made model was known as the SIG Bergmann 1920. It existed in .30 Luger and 7.63 mm Mauser. The Bergmann MP 18.1 represents a milestone both in terms of armament technology and warfare tactics. It opened the way for a whole new class of weapons and triggered the research for lighter automatic firearms to be used by mobile troops. Its first direct competitors did not see service in World War I, but most of them saw use in all the limited conflicts taking place in the inter-war period.
China produced many copies of the SIG Bergmann at various factories, including the arsenals at Tsing Tao, Dagu, and Hanyang. The production was decentralized, and each factory's version exhibited differences from one another; the guns produced at Tsing Tao and Dagu had a bottom-mounted magazine. Large numbers of the Tsing Tao submachine gun were made, and use by Chinese Republican troops from the mid-1920s to the 1940s.[2]
During the 1920s Chicago gun dealer Vincent Daniels imported 7.65mm SIG Bergmann submachine guns and installed a two-position fire-selector behind the end cap of the receiver. This arrangement was somewhat similar to the later Lanchester submachine gun. The guns were sold under the name "Daniels Rapid-Fire Carbine" and were bought by members of the Northside Gang and the Chicago Outfit.[2]
Between 1927 and 1930 Estonia produced the Arsenal M23 submachine gun; a weapon based on the SIG Bergmann that used the 9mm Browning Long cartridge.[2]
In Germany, Hugo Schmeisser continued his work on submachine guns at C.G. Haenel.[9][5] This work was undertaken independently of Theodor Bergmann or SIG. Around the mid-1920s, Schmeisser built a series of prototypes - possibly no more than ten - known as the MP Schmeisser. These were essentially no different from the MP 18,III MP 18,IV or the SIG Bergmann), except for the addition of a fire selector above the trigger group, which took the form of a push-in button which, when depressed, would produce only single shots. This was an improvement over the MP 18, which had no semi-automatic function. The magazine housings of these guns were stamped 'M.P. Schmeisser I.'[5] It is occasionally claimed that the design of the MP Schmeisser was undertaken in secrecy, though this is questionable as a surviving prototype is marked with the Haenel factory stamp and Schmeisser was photographed holding the weapon. The gun was reportedly tested by the Reichswehr in 1925, along with a design by Heinrich Vollmer known as the VMP. These trials yielded no decision and there was only limited interest in submachine guns from the Reichswehr at that time.[5]
An improved version of the MP Schmeisser appeared in the late 1920s. This was called the 'MP Schmeisser Mod. 28/II'. The suffix indicates that this was the second iteration after the earlier 'I' prototype. The fire selector was retained but many additional improvements were also made in the magazine feed and recoil spring. This was the first model Schmeisser to abandon the Trommelmagazin and Mauser pattern magazines in favour of a new magazine of Schmeisser's own design. The Schmeisser magazine was double stack but had a single-position feed opening. The feed lips were reinforced with a strengthened bracket which was intended to prevent the deformation of the magazine opening (a common problem with the Mauser magazines). However this change to a single-position feed resulted in a far less reliable feed.[5]
The MP Schmeisser was not adopted by the Reichswehr; export sales were Haenel's main source of interest in this weapon. Prior to the Nazi regime, Germany was still subject to export restrictions. Haenel came into an arrangement with two foreign companies, Pieper in Belgium and Veland in the Netherlands. Pieper served as the "manufacturer" of these early model MP Schmeissers, which were distinguishable by their rounded charging handle. Some of these early guns were "sanitized", with no markings on the magazine housing except for a serial number, and occasionally they were fitted with a bayonet mount that screwed onto the ventilation holes of the barrel jacket. Later, the marking "ANCIENS ETABLISSMENTS PIEPER S.A. HERSTAL" was added, in addition to proofing stamps by Woit Nicolas Cominoto. Pieper did not actually manufacture any of these guns: all of these ''Belgian-made' Schmeissers were made at Haenel and the parts were sent to Pieper for assembly.[5]
By 1933, with the Nazis gaining power and the Inter-Allied Commission of Control no longer enforcing the Versailles restrictions, Haenel was free to openly manufacture the MP Schmeisser. These guns were now stamped 'M.P.28,II', giving rise to the common name of this gun: the MP 28. Export sales of the MP 28,II were made to many countries. The MP28 was copied by the Second Spanish Republic under the codename Avispero. The Avispero was chambered in 9mm Largo and had a 36-round magazine.[10][11][5]
The French immediately launched studies based on captured MP 18s. In 1921, the Section Technique de l'Artillerie (S.T.A.) was asked to develop a prototype for the country's first submachine gun. It is often said that the weapon copied the M.P.18,I, it maybe also be derived from the French Ribeyrolles automatic carbine and the Italian Revelli-Beretta carbine. The S.T.A., did not chamber a French cartridge but instead used 9×19mm Parabellum. After trials in 1924, it was adopted on the 11 August 1925 as the Pistolet Mitrailleur Modèle 1924. The role of a light support weapon was already filled by machine guns, and with the end of World War I, there was no immediate requirement for an assault weapon. The only use the Army could ultimately find for the S.T.A. was to arm personnel whose job did not require a rifle. The S.T.A. saw limited use in the Moroccan Rif War, but these issues led to the Army cancelling the 8,000-gun order in 1928 after only 1,000 had been delivered. The S.T.A. was retired by the early 1930s. It has been said that some S.T.A. submachine guns (As well as captured MP 18s) were used during the defence of France in 1940, probably in very small numbers.[3][12][13]

The Austrian Steyr MP 34 was created by a team of technicians led by Louis Stange who designed a submachine gun for Rheinmetall in 1919 and used Bergmann's MG 15 to design the MG 30. The SIG Bergmann 1920 was used by Finland, Japan, and Estonia and was the inspiration for the Estonian Tallinn 1923, the Japanese Type 100 submachine gun and the Finnish Suomi model 31, which in turn inspired Degtyarev for his PPD 34.
Emil Bergmann, Theodor Bergmann's son, designed the MP 32 that evolved into the MP 34 as adopted by Denmark before receiving the MP35 name when adopted by nascent Wehrmacht in 1935. This submachine gun is often mistaken for the Mitraillette 34, an MP 28 made in Belgium by Pieper Bayard, former Bergmann licensed manufacturer or with the MP34 made by Steyr. It is easy to identify the Bergmann MP 32/34/35 or its final version 35/1 since the cocking lever works exactly like a rifle bolt.
In 1940, with a pressing need for individual automatic weapons, the British copied the MP 28 and developed the Lanchester submachine gun for the Royal Navy. Solidly built with the use of brass for the magazine well, and a bayonet mount, it entered service in 1940. The magazine and the bolt of the MP 28 could be used in the Lanchester. The British Sten used the side-mounted magazine configuration and a simplified version of the open-bolt firing operating system of the MP 28.
The OVP 1918, an offspring of Revelli's Villar Perosa 1915, inspired[citation needed] Heinrich Vollmer for his telescopic bolt used in the VPM 1930, EMP, MP 38, MP 40 and MP 41.
The Soviet Union made a similar use of MP 28 design in their PDD-34 sub machine gun in 1934. Further development of the PPD-34 led to the simplified PPD-40 and PPSh-41.[14]
Design details
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The MP 18 was a heavy weapon, weighing over 5 kg (11.0 lb) when fully loaded. The receiver tube was very thick (around 3 mm), compared with later World War II submachine guns with half that thickness or less, such as the Sten gun or MP 40.
Though Schmeisser designed a conventional 20-round-capacity "box" magazine for the weapon, the testing commission, for practical reasons, insisted that[citation needed] the MP 18 be adapted to use the 32-round TM 08 Luger "snail" drum magazine that was widely used with the long-barreled version of the Luger pistol.[3]
Like many other open-bolt designs, the MP 18 was prone to accidental discharge. If the buttstock of a loaded gun was given a hard knock while the bolt was fully forward, the gun could accidentally fire because of the bolt overcoming the action spring resistance and moving rearward enough to pick up a round, chamber it and fire. Soldiers liked to leave the bolt of their firearm in this closed or forward position, so dirt and debris would not enter the barrel and chamber. This "bolt-closure" practice acted as a dust cover for the weapon's chamber, preventing a malfunction from occurring because of the presence of debris, but making accidental discharge more likely.
The German police asked for external safeties on their MP 18s, and universal bolt-locking safeties were added on all the submachine guns used by the police. Later submachine gun designs like the Sten and the MP 40 were modified to allow the cocking handle to be pushed inwards to lock the closed bolt to the tubular receiver casing. This design change prevented accidental discharges when the bolt was left forward and a loaded magazine was inserted.
Operation
[edit]
The MP 18 submachine gun is a simple blowback operated weapon firing from the open bolt. The original MP 18.1 was designed to use the snail drum magazine of the Luger Artillery model pistol. This rotary design type of magazine holds 32 rounds of 9 mm Parabellum,[3] the user having to load the magazine with a proprietary loading tool. A special sleeve was required when the snail drum was used on the MP 18 to stop the snail drum from being inserted too far in the magazine well.
After 1920, the MP 18 was modified to use a straight magazine similar to those used in the later developed MP 40 submachine gun. The MP 18 could only fire in the fully automatic mode. Its successor, the MP 28/2, received a modified mechanism with a selector for single shot or fully automatic fire.
Users
[edit]Belgium: MP 28 assembled under license at Pieper, later adopted as Mi 34 Schmeisser-Bayard (Mitraillette Modèle 1934)[15]
Bolivia: MP 18,[16][better source needed] MP 28,[7] SIG Bergmann[2]
Brazil: Various police agencies adopted the MP 28 in 7.63×25mm and 9×19mm; alongside SIG Bergmanns in 7.63×25mm. The São Paulo police adopted the MP 28 in 7.63×25mm in 1934; these weapons were issued 50 round magazines and were still in use in the late 1970s.[17][18][19] The Pernambuco police seized 25 Bergmanns from the Lundgren Brothers in 1931 and put them into service, a SIG Bergmann with a 50-round magazine was borrowed by Lieutenant João Bezerra of the Alagoas police and used in the 1938 Angico Raid where Lampião was killed[20][21][2] Around 8 Bergmmans were purchased for the Special Police in the Federal District. Each of its four shock detachments was armed with two Bergmanns, two Suomi KP31s, and two Thompsons[22]
Bulgaria In 1939 20 MP-18/1, and 70 MP-28/2 submachine guns were in used with the police,[23] A further 300 MP28/2s were orderd during WW2[24]
Canada: Some evidence that captured[citation needed] MP 18s in use with Alberta Provincial Police[25]
China: Imported and local-made copies of the Swiss-made SIG Bergmann in 7.63×25mm Mauser[26][27]
Estonia:The MP18 was used to defend the Tallinn barracks during the 1924 communist uprising.[6] A unknown number of SIG Bergmanns were purchased.[2] Estonian police purchased an unknown amount of guns from the Finnish Lindelöf factory[28]
Finland: 1,523 SIG M/20s in 7.65×21mm Luger were bought between 1922 and 1940[26] During the Winter War, 171 MP-28s were bought from Belgium; but they did not arrive in time. These guns were later issued in the Continuation War to units in Lapland, home front troops and supply corps.[29] The Leonard Lindelöf company started to manufacture licensed copies of the M/20 in 1922 it is estimated 60 or 70 guns were made in total; those were of inferior quality and the magazines were not interchangeable. The production suffered multiple delays, in 1925 the first guns were completed and small amounts were sold to police, coastal guard, local civil guard organizations and customs. 12 were acquired by the civil guard in 1932 as a pledge from a failed contract.[28]
France:After WW1 a small amount was surrendered by Germany; they were still in inventory in 1939[3]
Germany:
German Empire[3]
Weimar Republic: Used by the police after WWI.[30]
Nazi Germany[3]
Indonesia: ex-Japanese Swiss-made guns.[31] Captured MP28s were used during the Indonesian National Revolution[32]
Imperial State of Iran:The MP28 was purchased before WW2 and used during the Iran crisis of 1946.[33]
Empire of Japan: SIG Bergmann in 7.63×25mm Mauser adopted by the navy; 125 were ordered in 1922 and 320 in 1929. These weapons were fitted with the Type 30 bayonet and issued to Japanese Marines in China. SIG Bergmanns were also captured from Chinese forces.[2][26][34] MP28 bought for trials [5]
Latvia: approx. 6 Bergmann MP 18s in the stock of the Latvian Army by April 1936[35]
Malaya
Manchukuo: Adopted locally-made Chinese copies of the SIG Bergmann[2]
Netherlands: MP 28 adopted by KNIL[36]
Norway: The Assault Group of the Norwegian Police Service acquired 26 SIG Bergmann submachine guns in 1937[37]
Paraguay:Purchased a few MP 28s before the Chaco War,[16] later captured more from Bolivian forces[7] SIG Bergmannns captured from Bolivia[2]
Poland: MP 28 obtained for trials, possibly issued to presidential guard and police forces[38]
Portugal: Pistola metralhadora Bergmann in 7.65mm, likely SIG Bergmann. Issued to the army and public security police in 1929, under the designation m/929.[3][39]
Romania: Small numbers of MP 18 and MP 28 submachine guns adopted by police units in the interwar years.[40][5] Several thousand MP 28 submachine guns were supplied to the Iron Guard by the Sicherheitsdienst,[41] used by the army after the Iron Guard Rebellion
Slovak Republic (1939–1945): Used by Reinsurance division (Security division) in Belorussia and Ukraine against pro-Soviet partisans
South Korea: Korean Liberation Army used in Second Sino-Japanese War received by National Revolutionary Army[citation needed]
Spanish Republic: Multiple batches of MP28s bought for trials; mass-produced a copy of the MP 28 known as the 'Avispero' during the Spanish Civil War.[1] 167 MP 18s were acquired from SEPEWE in October 1936[10]
Spanish State: Captured Republican-made MP 28 'Avispero' guns pressed into service after the Civil War[42] Those weapons were retired from the regular army in the 1950s; but remained in use with colonial troops until the 1960s. Issued to native police during the Ifni War[43]
Switzerland: 25 SIG Bergmanns in 7.65mm were trialed by the army, but were not adopted. The Zurich police adopted the SIG Bergmann in 9mm Parabellum.[2]
Thailand: The SIG Bergmann in 7.65 Parabellum was adopted by police. It was also used for executions until the 1980s, when it was replaced by the MP5SD[2]
-
Soldiers of the Collaborationist Chinese Army with SIG Bergmanns
-
Members of the Alberta Provincial Police in Canada with an MP 18 and Lewis gun (1920s)
-
Photo from the Stroop Report of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943; showing MP 28s.
-
Фото из отчета Stroop о восстании Варшавского гетто, 1943; показывая MP 28.
Примечания
[ редактировать ]- ^ Jump up to: а беременный "Подфузилы гражданской войны в Испании (I): MP-28" " Orange Gehm.es (на испанском ) Получено 2024-01-0
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л м «Sig Bergmann Model 1920 Submachine Gun» . огнестрельное оружие.96.lt . Получено 2022-12-03 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Епископ, Крис, изд. (1998). "MP 18 и MP28" . Энциклопедия оружия Второй мировой войны . Orbis Publishing. п. 258. ISBN 1586637622 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Историческое огнестрельное оружие месяца, июль 2000 года: Maschinenpistole 18, i» . Cruffler.com .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л м не а п Q. ведущий с Т в v В х и С аа «Bergmann MP18, я подводной пистолет» . огнестрельное оружие.96.lt . Получено 2023-06-01 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный "Отчет стрелкового полигона: пистолет-пулемет Томпсона" . kalashnikov.media (in Russian) . Retrieved 2022-11-24 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Де Кесада, Алехандро (20 ноября 2011 г.). Чако война 1932-35: величайший современный конфликт Южной Америки . Men-At-Arms 474. Osprey Publishing. п. 24 ISBN 978-1-84908-901-2 .
- ^ Джоветт, Филипп (15 июля 1997 г.). Китайские армии гражданской войны 1911–49 . Men-At-Arms 306. Osprey Publishing . п. 43. ISBN 9781855326651 .
- ^ Quesada 2014 , с. 10
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Подразделы, пулеметы и легкие пулеметы республиканской пехоты » .
- ^ «Нанранджеро» (в испанском). Армия Армера. Архивировано из оригинальности 2011-07-2
- ^ «Режим 9 -мм машины Махаг 1924» пистолет . Wemonsfrancaises.free.fr (по -французски).
- ^ «Став 1924» . огнестрельное оружие.96.lt . Получено 2023-06-15 .
- ^ Макнаб, Крис (20 мая 2014 г.). Советские субмахиновые оружие Второй мировой войны: PPD-40, PPSH-41 и PPS . Оружие 33. Osprey Publishing . С. 8–9. ISBN 9781782007944 .
- ^ Quesada 2014 , с. 11
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «La Guerra del Chaco: Борьба с El Infierno Verde: Часть II: Танки, Самолеты, Самбин -Оружейные оружия: все сыграли роль в этом кровавом конфликте над некоторыми из самых богослужащих в мире недвижимости. - Бесплатная онлайн -библиотека» . www.thefreelibrary.com . Получено 10 марта 2023 года .
- ^ «Происхождение маршрута - раунды выставления Тобиаса де Агиара» . Ассоциация сотрудников военной полиции . Архивировано из оригинала 2022-09-28 . Получено 2022-09-24 .
- ^ «Музей военной полиции Сан -Паулу» . Онлайн оружие . 25 июня 2017 года.
- ^ «SMG и карабины в военных и использование в Бразилии» .
- ^ Mello, Frederico Pernambuco из (2011). Воины Сола: насилие и бандитризм в северо -восточной Бразилии (5 -е пересмотренное и обновленное издание издание). Сан -Паулу: жираф. п. 322. ISBN 978-85-63610-05-8 Полем OCLC 879852051 .
- ^ Wiesebron, Marianne L. (1994). «Столетие торговли оружием Бельгии в Бразилию: 1830-1930» . Science & Tropic . 22
- ^ Кастро Гомес, Анжела. Варгас и кризис 1950 -х годов .
- ^ Казиан Агоп, Оружие булгарского офицера полиции 1878-1944, IC «Святой». 1998, с. 51-54, 62 ISBN 954-8223-47-3 https://books.google.bg/books?id=1jujyweacaaj&dq
- ^ Казиан Агоп, Оружие булгарского офицера полиции 1878-1944, IC «Святой». 82-90 ISBN 954-8223-47-3 https://books.google.bg/books?id=1jujyweacaaj&dq
- ^ «Пусть правосудие будет сделано: провинциальная полиция Альберты, 1917-1932» . Провинциальные архивы Альберты . Получено 2020-08-22 . "Изображение" . Получено 2020-08-22 . [ Лучший источник необходим ]
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Томпсон, Леруа (23 марта 2017 г.). Suomi Submachine Gun . Оружие 54. Osprey Publishing . п. 8. ISBN 9781472819642 .
- ^ Ши, Бин (2018). Смол Китая во второй китайско-японской войне (1937-1945) .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Финская армия 1918 - 1945 гг . www.jaegerplatoon.net . Получено 2022-11-19 .
- ^ «Финская армия 1918 - 1945 гг . www.jaegerplatoon.net . Получено 2022-11-19 .
- ^ Willbanks, James H. (2004). Пулеметы: иллюстрированная история их воздействия . ABC Clio. п. 80 ISBN 978-1851094806 .
- ^ Блумфилд, Линкольн П.; Лейс, Амелия Кэтрин (30 июня 1967 года). Контроль местного конфликта: дизайнерское исследование по контролю вооружений и ограниченной войны в развивающихся областях . Тол. 2. Массачусетский технологический институт. Центр международных исследований. п. 149. HDL : 1721.1/85055 .
- ^ Лохнштейн, Марк; Крюк, Адам (2023). Голландская индонезийская война 1945-49 гг.: Армии Индонезийской войны за независимость . Men-At Arms. Оксфорд: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-5474-2 .
- ^ «Silah Report Podcast V33: иранские орудия субмахина (1941–1979)» . 21 июня 2021 года.
- ^ Лай, Бенджамин (29 июня 2017 г.). Шанхай и Нанкин 1937: Резня на Янцзе . Кампания 309. Osprey Publishing . п. 21. ISBN 9781472817495 .
- ^ Дам, Карл (2016). Артиллерия латвийской армии 1919-1940 гг.: Место в вооруженных силах, структуре и задачах [ Артиллерия латвийской армии (1918-1940): структура, задачи и место в вооруженных силах (кандидатская диссертация). Университет Латвии. п. 115.
- ^ «Голландские машины [война над Голландией - май 1940 года: голландская борьба]» . www.waroverholland.nl . Получено 10 марта 2023 года .
- ^ Магнар Скарет (2017). Полицейское оружие . Норвежская история истории полиции. С. 143–145. ISBN 978-82-998108-4-5 .
- ^ «Польское оружие Второй мировой войны, часть 1» . 26 июля 2019 года.
- ^ «:: Военный журнал :: - Журналы - военная промышленность и огнестрельное оружие» . 2012-03-27. Архивировано с оригинала 27 марта 2012 года . Получено 2022-12-29 .
- ^ «Часть I: Румынская мировая война: стрелковое оружие: Pusti Si Pistolul Mitraliera. - Бесплатная онлайн -библиотека» . www.thefreelibrary.com . Получено 2022-12-19 .
- ^ Марк Аксворти (1992). Румынская армия Второй мировой войны . Osprey Publishing. п. 46. ISBN 1855321696 .
- ^ Де Кесада, Александр (20 мая 2014b). Гражданская война в Испании 1936–39 (1): националистические силы . Men-At-Arms 495. Osprey Publishing. П. 38. ISBN 9781782007821 .
- ^ "Война Ифни-Сахара 1957-1958 (IV): лигер и вес с использованием "
Библиография
[ редактировать ]- De Quesada, Alejandro (2014). MP 38 и MP 40 Submachine Guns . Оружие 31. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1780963884 .
Дальнейшее чтение
[ редактировать ]- Клинтон Эзелл, Эдвард. Спускание мира , Одиннадцатое издание, Arms & Armor Press, Лондон, 1977
- Корниш, Пол (2009). Пулеметы и великая война . Pen & Sword Books Limited. ISBN 978-1848840478 .
- De Vries, G.; Martens, BJ The MP 38, 40, 40/1 и 41 Submachine Gun, серия фотографий пропаганды, том 2, Public Publicaties BV, Arnhem, Нидерланды. Первое издание 2001
- Готц, Ханс Дитер, немецкие военные винтовки и машинные пистолеты, 1871–1945 , Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1990. OCLC 24416255
- Гюнтер Воллерт; Райнер крыла; Уилфрид Копенгаген, иллюстрированная энциклопедия из винтовочного оружия со всего мира: Schützenwaffen Today (1945-1985) , Берлин: военный издатель немецкой Демократической Республики, 1988. OCLC 19630248
- Смит, WHB, Светлый оружие мира: основное руководство по военному стрелке , Гаррисберг, Пенсильвания: книги Stackpole, 1955. OCLC 3773343
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
- 1918 заведения в Германии
- 1920 -е годы в Германии
- 7,63 × 25 мм орудийные пистолеты Mauser
- 7,65 × 21 мм Parabellum Submachine Guns
- 9 -миллиметровые орудия субмахина Parabellum
- Огнестрельное оружие Хьюго Шмейссера
- Простые огнестрельное оружие
- Submachine Guns of Germany
- Оружие и боеприпасы, введенные в 1918 году
- Германская пехота Первой мировой войны
- Оружие Османской империи
- Первая мировая война
- Пехотное оружие Китая Второй мировой войны
- Пехотное оружие Второй мировой войны Германии
- Пехотное оружие Второй мировой войны в Бразилии
- Суммачины Второй мировой войны