Цепь реки реки озер

Цепочка водоразделения реки реки Элк , широко известная как цепь озер , представляет собой водный путь длиной 75 миль (121 км), состоящий из 14 озер и соединяющих рек в северо-западной части нижнего полуострова США штата Мичиган , штат Мичиган . который опустошил в озеро Мичиган .

Водораздел включает в себя 500 квадратных миль (1300 км ² ) в округах Антрим , Чарлевуа , Гранд Траверс и Калкаска . Водораздел включает в себя серию из 14 озер и взаимосвязанных рек. С самого верхнего озера в цепи, озеро Билс в поселке Эхо , округ Антрим, вода течет 55 миль (89 км) и падает на 40 футов (12 м) на высоте. У него более 200 миль (320 км) береговой линии и почти 60 квадратных миль (160 км ² ) поверхности воды.

География

The chain of lakes system begins with the upper stage of the Intermediate River, which rises in hill country at 45 ° 00′20 ″ N 85 ° 04′45 ″ W в северо -западном углу городка Честония в Центральном округе Антрим. Отсюда водный путь пересекает ряд небольших озер, текущих на север, затем делает резкий поворот возле деревни Эллсворт , течет на юг через узкую долину, параллельно следам железной дороги Пере Маркетт , пока не опустошит в промежуточное озеро. Выход промежуточного озера сходится с рекой Сидар в деревне Беллайр , набирая значительный объем. В настоящее время река существенного потока, она продолжается на юге до 1700 акров (6,9 км ²) Lake Bellaire. Leaving the lake, the stream becomes the Grass River, winding for some two miles (3.2 km) through the scenic Grass River Natural Area before emptying into Clam Lake. Clam Lake in turn empties directly into Torch Lake. At over 18,000 acres (73 km²) in size, Torch Lake is the largest body of water in the system. The waterway, now clarified after traversing the immense depths of the lake, continues south through the Torch River, joins with the Rapid River, a major tributary, and empties into Lake Skegemog, a 2,500-acre (10 km²) lake that is studded with large stump fields, the result of the flooding of timberlands when the lake level was raised several feet by the construction of the dam at the terminus of the system. Lake Skegemog, which is the meeting point of Grand Traverse, Kalkaska and Antrim counties, is conjoined at its western end to 7,700-acre (31 km²) Elk Lake, the second-largest and final lake in the system. The outflow of Elk Lake, the Elk River, flows a short distance to a power dam in the town of Elk Rapids, then out into the east arm of the Grand Traverse Bay of Lake Michigan at 44°54′06″N 85°24′49″W. В течение большей части своей длины цепь навигается на маленькой лодке, разбитой только плотиной в Белле. Большие лодки способны перемещаться между Elk Rapids и Torch Lake.

History

See also: History of Northern Michigan

Various tribes of primarily Ojibwa Native Americans inhabited the region when the first white settlers began to arrive in the middle of the 19th century to attempt farming. The thin soils and short, cool summers made traditional farming difficult, and the region remained sparsely settled until the 1880s, when lumber interests began exploiting the region's vast tracts of white pine forests. The waterway provided an excellent means of transporting logs down to sawmills located along the way. The arrival of the railroads in the 1890s accelerated lumbering and other economic activities, and brought in visitors from distant places, who marveled at the natural beauty of lakes and rivers of the chain, turning it into a major destination for vacationers from downstate and elsewhere. Scores of resorts cropped up on the shorelines of all the major lakes of the system, catering to fisherman and wild-life enthusiasts. By 1910, the lumber era had all but passed, and many once prosperous towns and villages in the area went into decline. Many of the region's farmers, having failed to get decent yields of traditional crops, either moved on, or turned to cultivation of fruit crops, most notably cherries, as the area's sandy soil and cool lake climate were found to be favorable for growing such produce. Fruit farming and tourism became, and remain, the leading economic activities of the region.

Rivers and lakes in the watershed

The 14 lakes (numbered) and connecting waterways in the chain of lakes are highlighted in bold. Other tributaries are in normal text

• Elk River
  • 1) Elk Lake
    • Williamsburg Creek
      • Bissell Pond
        • Bissell Creek
    • Battle Creek
    • 2) Lake Skegemog
      • Barker Creek
      • Desmond Creek
      • Torch River
        • Rapid River
          • Rugg Pond (also known as Antrim Pond)
            • Little Rapid River
        • 3) Torch Lake
          • Spencer Creek
          • Eastport Creek
          • Wilkinson Creek (also Wilkenson Creek)
          • 4) Clam Lake
            • Finch Creek
              • Crow Creek
            • Grass River
              • Cold Creek
              • Shanty Creek
              • 5) Lake Bellaire
                • Grass Creek
                • Intermediate River
                  • Cedar River
                    • Blair Lake
                    • North Branch Cedar River
                    • Woolcott Creek
                  • 6) Intermediate Lake
                    • Openo Creek
                    • Fisk Creek
                    • 7) Hanley Lake
                      • Green River
                        • Ogletree Creek
                          • Kitty Ann Creek
                          • Toad Lake
                            • Toad Creek
                              • Mud Lake
                                • Little Torch Lake
                        • 8) Ben-way Lake
                          • Benway Creek
                          • 9) Wilson Lake
                            • Vonstraten Creek
                              • King Creek
                              • Eaton Lake
                            • 10) Ellsworth Lake
                              • Skinner Creek
                                • Skinner Lake
                                • Marion Creek
                              • 11) St. Clair Lake
                                • St. Clair Creek
                                  • Lyman Creek
                                    • Lymans Lake (also Lyman Lake)
                                • 12) Sixmile Lake
                                  • Liscon Creek
                                    • Ranney Creek
                                  • Vance Creek
                                  • Dingman River
                                    • Smith Creek
                                    • 13) Scotts Lake
                                      • Beal Creek
                                      • 14) Beals Lake
                                        • Intermediate River
                                          • Spence Creek
                                          • Taylor Creek
                                          • Seamon Creek
                                          • Hitchcock Creek

Cities, villages, and townships in the watershed

The Elk River Chain of Lakes Watershed includes all or portions of the following cities, villages, and townships:

• Antrim County
  • Banks Township
  • Bellaire
  • Central Lake
  • Central Lake Township
  • Chestonia Township
  • Custer Township
  • Echo Township
  • Ellsworth
  • Elk Rapids
  • Forest Home Township
  • Helena Township
  • Kearney Township
  • Mancelona Township
  • Milton Township
  • Star Township
  • Torch Lake Township
  • Warner Township

• Charlevoix County
  • Marion Township
  • Norwood Township
  • South Arm Township
• Grand Traverse County
  • Whitewater Township
• Kalkaska County
  • Clearwater Township
  • Cold Springs Township
  • Kalkaska
  • Kalkaska Township
  • Rapid River Township
• Otsego County
  • Elmira Township

See also

• Inland Waterway (Michigan)
• List of lakes in Michigan

Внешние ссылки

• Водораздел реки Элк , кончика Совета по водоснабжению рукавицы
• Цепочка реки озер, штат Мичиган , Департамент качества окружающей среды Мичигана