Ettore Ovazza
Ettore Ovazza | |
|---|---|
 Black and white photograph of Ettore Ovazza and his wife Nella Sacerdoti | |
| Born | 21 March 1892 |
| Died | 11 October 1943 (aged 51) |
| Cause of death | Execution by shooting |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupation | Banker |
| Known for | Financer and political supporter of Italian fascism |
| Political party | National Fascist Party |
| Relatives | Jean-Paul Elkann Gianni Agnelli John Elkann |
Ettore Ovazza (21 March 1892 – 11 October 1943) was an Italian Jewish banker.[1] He was an early financer of Benito Mussolini, whom he was a personal friend of, and a strong supporter of Italian fascism,[2] . He founded the journal La nostra bandiera.[3] Believing that his position would be restored after the war, Ovazza stayed on after the Germans occupied Italy. Together with his wife and children, shortly after the Fall of Fascism and Mussolini's government during World War II, he was killed near the Swiss border by SS troops in 1943.[4][5]
Early life and family
[edit]One out of three sons, he was born in a wealthy and influential Jewish family of bankers, resident in Turin, Italy.[6][7] His father and his three sons voluntarily enlisted to fight in World War I. While following Jewish traditions, such as celebrating Passover, the family was well integrated into Italian high society. His father served as the leader of Turin Jewish community.[8]
World War I
[edit]After graduated in Law, Ovazza moved to Germany aspiring to a diplomatic career. At the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, he volunteered and trained as an officer, only to suffer the humiliating defeat in the Battle of Caporetto. His patriotic letters from the front were published in 1928, and received general praise. After the war, the city of Turin was affected by the turmoil of the Biennio Rosso (Two Red Years) with repeated strikes, lockouts and violent demonstrations. The Ovazza family was alarmed by these developments.[8]
Between war years
[edit]Ovazza was a committed fascist from the start. He participated in the March on Rome in October 1922; in 1929, he was invited to meet Benito Mussolini as a part of a delegation of Jewish war veterans.[9] He later described the encounter thusly: "On hearing my affirmation of the unshakeable loyalty of Italian Jews to the Fatherland, His Excellency Mussolini looks me straight in the eye and says with a voice that penetrates straight to my heart: 'I have never doubted it'. When Il Duce bids us farewell with a Roman salute, I feel an urge to embrace him, as a fascist, as an Italian, but I can't; and approaching him at his desk I say: 'Excellency, I would like to shake your hand'. It is not a fascist gesture, but it is a cry from the heart ... Such is The Man that Providence has given to Italy."[8][9]
National Fascist Party's attitudes to the Jewish population, began to change when Adolf Hitler took the leadership of Germany. Although Mussolini rejected Nazi racial theories, they influenced some leading Fascists in Italy. In 1934, several Jews were arrested in Turin for anti-fascist activity, because of spying of a Jewish writer, nicknamed "Pitigrilli", converted to catholicism. Ovazza reacted by doubling his efforts to flank the Fascist Italy regime. He founded the newspaper La nostra bandiera (Our Flag), to remind at the Italians the Jewish people sacrifice in the WWI. Taking a leading role in the hebrew community in Turin, Ovazza ensured that all the key positions were held by Fascists. When Mussolini kicked off the invasion of Abyssinia and the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, he immediately volunteered for service, but he was discarded. Despite the beginnings of antisemitism, Ovazza was still being rewarded for his patriotism. In 1935, he was honoured for his contribution to Libya's colony, and the following year to be a fellow of the honour guard at the tomb shrine of the royal family at Superga.[8]
World War II
[edit]In 1938, when the Italian racial laws, a series of antisemitic laws, were approved, Ovazza family was hit hard. Jews were no longer allowed to marry Aryan Italians, to send their children to State schools, to teach at every grade of education, and to work, in any duty, as State Officials. Further, the new Act forbade that an Hebrew could employ over 100 people, or could own valuable land or buildings. In 1939, Jews were banned from nearly all type of jobs. Jewish organizations were disbanded and many Jews converted to Catholicism or emigrated abroad. This put an end to the Ovazza business and banking operations. Ovazza was expelled from the Fascist party, and his brother from the Army.[8]
Ovazza's two brothers left the country and advised him to do the same; he was reluctant to leave the country, hoping that Mussolini would change his mind.[10] He wrote an anguished letter to Mussolini in which he expressed his pain. He stated: "Was it all a dream we nurtured? I can't believe it. I cannot consider changing religion, because would be a betrayal – and we are fascists. And so? I turn to You – DUCE – so that in this period, so important for our revolution, you do not exclude that healthy Italian part from the destiny of our Nation."[10]
Death
[edit]After the surrender of Italy to Anglo-Americans, in 1943, Ovazza moved to Valle d'Aosta, with the hope to cross the Swiss Border, but in an attempt to do so, he was captured by SS, and murdered, along with the rest of his family, except the daughter Carla, who had found shelter in Paris, France.[11] Their bodies were burned in a boiler, or in a wood stove, at Intra, Italy.[4][5]
Legacy
[edit]His nephew, Alain Elkann, wrote a fictionalized version of his life. His great-grandson is John Elkann.[2]
Works
[edit]- E. Ovazza, Il diritto internazionale e la conflagrazione bellica. La proprietà privata. Turin: Tipografia Baravalle e Falconieri, 1915.
- L. Perigozzo, O bionda creatura (canto e piano), text of E. Ovazza. Turin: Perosino, 1915.
- E. Ovazza, L'uomo e i fantocci. Verità in tre momenti. Milan: Modernissima, 1921.
- E. Ovazza, Ghirlande (liriche). Milano: Modernissima, 1922.
- E. Ovazza, In margine alla storia. Riflessi della guerra e del dopoguerra (1914-1924), preface by V. Buronzo. Turin: Casanova, 1925.
- L. Perigozzo, Quattro impressioni, text of E. Ovazza. Bologna: Bongiovanni, 1925.
- E. Ovazza, Diario per mio figlio. Turin: Sten, 1928.
- E. Ovazza, Lettere dal campo (1917-1919), with explanatory notes, preface by D.M. Tuninetti. Turin: Casanova, 1932.
- E. Ovazza, Politica fascista. Turin: Sten, 1933.
- E. Ovazza, Sionismo bifronte. Rome: Pinciana, 1935.
- E. Ovazza, L'Inghilterra e il mandato in Palestina, preface by A. Pozzi, Rome: Pinciana, 1936.
- E. Ovazza, Sita (poemetto indiano), woodcut by B. Bramanti. Florence: Rinascimento del Libro, 1937.
- E. Ovazza, Il problema ebraico. Risposta a Paolo Orano. Rome: Pinciana, 1938.
- E. Ovazza, Guerra senza sangue (Da Versaglia a Monaco). Rome: Pinciana, 1939.
References
[edit]- ^ Ettore Ovazza (1892-1943), un ebreo fascista a oltranza (in Italian), National Library Service of Italy.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Schiavazzi, Vera (4 September 2004). "L'altra famiglia di John Elkann all'ombra delle sinagoghe". La Repubblica (in Italian). Rome: GEDI Gruppo Editoriale. ISSN 0390-1076. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ Foa, Anna (5 May 2011). "Fascismo. Ebrei in camicia nera l'assurda alleanza". Avvenire (in Italian). Milan. ISSN 1722-7860. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Straziante fine di una famiglia ebraica" (in Italian). Rome: ANPI. 2003. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ Jump up to: a b NovellI, Massimo (25 April 2007). "'Questi ebrei non hanno più bisogno di ombrello'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. ISSN 2499-0817. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
- ^ Sullam, Simon Levis (2014). "Ovazza, Ettore". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 80. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana fondata da Giovanni Treccani. Retrieved 24 February 2023 – via Treccani.
- ^ "Ovazza, Ettore" (in Italian). Centro di Documentazione Ebraica. 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "A real life in Fascist Italy: Ettore Ovazza". Schools History Project. Hodder Education. December 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Jennings, Christian (21 April 2022). Syndrome K: How Italy Resisted the Final Solution (illustrated ed.). Cheltenham: The History Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-80399-069-9. Retrieved 24 February 2023 – via Google Books.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Jennings, Christian (21 April 2022). Syndrome K: How Italy Resisted the Final Solution (illustrated ed.). Cheltenham: The History Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-80399-069-9. Retrieved 24 February 2023 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Lago Maggiore Settembre-Ottobre 1943: la prima stage di ebrei in Italia" (in Italian). Verbania: Casa della Resistenza. 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
Bibliography
[edit]- Raspagliesi, Roberta (30 September 2017). "Fascist Jews Between Politics and the Economy: Five Biographical Profiles". In Sarfatti, Michele (ed.). Italy's Fascist Jews: Insights on an Unusual Scenario. Milan: CDEC Foundation. doi:10.48248/issn.2037-741X/817 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN 2037-741X. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link) - Stille, Alexander (1992). Benevolence and Betrayal: Five Italian Jewish Families Under Fascism (hardcover ed.). New York: Summit Books. ISBN 978-0-2240-3301-5. Retrieved 24 February 2023 – via Google Books.
- G. Valabrega, "Prima notizie su "La Nostra Bandiera'". in Id., Ebrei, fascismo, sionismo. Urbino: Argalia, 1974, pp. 41–57.
- P. Spagnolo, "Aspetti della questione ebraica nell'Italia fascista. Il gruppo de 'La Nostra Bandiera' (1935-1938)". Annali del Dipartimento di scienze storiche e sociali. V, 1986–87, pp. 127–145.
- A. Stille, Uno su mille. Cinque famiglie ebraiche durante il fascismo. Milan: Mondadori, 1991.
- L. Klinkhammer, Stragi naziste in Italia. La guerra contro i civili (1943-1944). Rome: Donzelli, 1997.
- L. Ventura, Ebrei con il duce. "La Nostra Bandiera", 1934-1938. Turin: Zamorani, 2002.
- E. Holpfer, "L'azione penale contro i crimini in Austria. Il caso di Gottfried Meir, una SS austriaca in Italia". La Rassegna Mensile di Israel, LXIX, 2003, pp. 619–634.
- G. S. Rossi, La destra e gli ebrei. Una storia italiana. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2003.
- M. Angeletti, Ettore Ovazza (1892-1943), un ebreo ad oltranza. Gli scritti letterari di Ettore Ovazza. Trento: University of Trento, 2005.
- P. Lazzarotto, F. Presbitero, Sembra facile chiamarsi Ovazza. Storia di una famiglia ebraica nel racconto dei protagonisti. Milan: Edizioni Biografiche, 2009.
- Vincenzo Pinto, "Fedelissimi cittadini della Patria che è Madre comune. Il fascismo estetico e sentimentale di Ettore Ovazza (1892-1943)". Nuova Storia Contemporanea, XV, 5, 2011, pp. 51–72.
External links
[edit]- Ettore Ovazza e Nella Sacerdote Ovazza at CDEC (in Italian)
- Ettore Ovazza, Riccardo Ovazza ed Elena Ovazza at CDEC (in Italian)
- Fascismo e questione ebraica [On Fascism and Jews, literally 'Fascism and the Jewish question'] at Italian Wikipedia (in Italian)
- I grandi fascisti ebrei at Jacopobarbarito (in Italian)
- The Jewish Fascist at Toritto (in English)
- I nomi della Shoah italiana: scheda di Ettore Ovazza at Nomi della Shoah (in Italian)
- La profetica denuncia dei fascisti ebrei contro il sionismo by Italian historians of fascism at Biblioteca Fascista de ilCovo (in Italian)
- Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History. Journal of the Fondazione CDEC at Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History (in English)
- La Shoah in Italia. Temi, problemi, storiografia at Novecento.org (in Italian)
- Stories Out Of The Silence at Newsweek (in English)
- L'uomo e i fantocci at Internet Archive (in Italian)
- I volti della memoria. Le fotografie degli ebrei deportati dall'Italia[permanent dead link] at CDEC (in Italian)
