Образование на Филиппинах во время американского правления
В течение колониального периода США на Филиппинах (1898–1946) правительство Соединенных Штатов отвечало за предоставление образования на Филиппинах .
Общественная система образования
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Образование стало очень важной проблемой для колониального правительства Соединенных Штатов , поскольку оно позволило ему распространять свои культурные ценности, особенно английский язык для филиппинского народа. [ 2 ] 10 марта 1901 года, когда филиппинско-американская война пришла к выводу, Элвелл С. Отис , как военный губернатор , создал Департамент общественного обучения. [ 3 ] Ожидается, что обучение по английскому языку и американской истории приведет к формированию национальной идентичности и филиппинского национализма . [ 4 ] 20 января 1901 года Закон № 74 формализовал создание департамента. [ 5 ]
Каждый ребенок с 7 лет должен был зарегистрироваться в школах, расположенных в их собственном городе или в провинции. Студентам дали бесплатные школьные материалы. В американский период было три уровня образования. « Элементарный » уровень состоял из четырех первичных лет и 3 промежуточных лет. « Вторичный » или уровень средней школы состоял из четырех лет; и третьим был « колледж » или третичный уровень. Религия не была частью учебной программы школ, как это было в испанский период.
In some cases those students who excelled academically were sent to the U.S. to continue their studies and to become experts in their desired fields or professions. They were called "scholars" and "pensionados" because the government covered all their expenses.[6] In return, they were to teach or work in government offices after they finished their studies. Some examples of these successful Filipino scholars were Judge José Abad Santos, Francisco Benitez, Dr. Honoria Acosta-Sison and Francisco Delgado.
Many elementary and secondary schools from the Spanish era were recycled and new ones were opened in cities and provinces, among which there were normal, vocational, agricultural, and business schools. Among the most important colleges during American rule were: Philippine College of Commerce in 1904 (now Polytechnic University of the Philippines), Philippine Normal School in 1901 (now Philippine Normal University) and other normal schools throughout the country such as Colegio Filipino (1900, now National University), Silliman Institute (1901, now Silliman University, Iloilo Normal School (1902, now West Visayas State University), Cebu Normal School (1902, now Cebu Normal University), Negros Oriental High School (1902), Capiz Home School (1904, now Filamer Christian University, the Echague Farm School (1918, now the Isabela State University) St. Paul College of Dumaguete (1904, now St. Paul University Dumaguete), Zamboanga Normal School in 1904 (now Western Mindanao State University), Jaro Industrial School (1905, now Central Philippine University), Instituto de Manila (1913, now University of Manila), Philippine Women's College (1919, now Philippine Women's University), and Institute of Accountancy (1928, now Far Eastern University. Examples of vocational schools are: the Philippine Nautical School, Manila Trade School (1901, now Technological University of the Philippines) and the Central Luzon Agriculture School. The University of the Philippines was also founded in 1908.
Schools were also built in remote areas like Sulu, Mindanao, and the Mountain Provinces, where attention was given to vocational and health practice.
Thomasites
[edit]In response to the teacher shortage resulting from the creation of a centralized public education system volunteer American soldiers became the first teachers of the Filipinos. Part of their mission was to build classrooms in every place where they were assigned. In response to the teacher shortage, the Philippine Commission authorized the Secretary of Public Instruction 1,000 teachers from the United States. They began to arrive in August 1901 aboard U.S. Army Transport (ASAT) ships named Sheridan and Thomas and came to be called Thomasites.[7]
The original batch of Thomasites was composed by 365 males and 165 females, who sailed from United States on July 23, 1901. The U.S. government spent about $105,000 for the expedition.[8] More American teachers followed the Thomasites in 1902, making a total of about 1,074 stationed in the Philippines.
Pensionado Act
[edit]The word pensionado originated with the Spanish language. It means to receive pension from the government. As the Pensionado Act started in 1903, the purpose was to "Educate and bind current and future Filipino leaders to the American colonial administration."[9] Filipinos, mostly males, that were sponsored by the act were able to continue their education abroad and learn about American culture.
The United States government agreed to having Filipinos in the United States to acquire knowledge on Western culture and civilization. This program encouraged Filipinos to obtain education in the United States and return to the Philippines. The first year of the program there were about 20,000 applicants with only one hundred of Filipinos men ultimately selected to study abroad in the United States. About forty boys and eight girls were chosen each year in 1904 and 1905.[10] Students were spread across the United States to participate in higher education. ... The program, which ended in 1943 and sought to train future Philippine leaders in preparation for post-World War II independence, also fostered beliefs in the supremacy of U.S. institutions, language, and white culture as compared to traditional Philippine culture.[11]
Criticisms
[edit]Monroe Commission on Philippine Education
[edit]The Monroe Commission on Philippine Education was created in 1925 with the aim of reporting on the effectiveness of the education in the Philippines during the period of U.S. annexation. It was headed by Paul Monroe, who at the time was the Director of the International Institute of Teachers College, Columbia University, and it was composed by a total of 23 education professionals, mostly from the U.S. and some from the Philippines. During 1925 the Commission visited schools all throughout the Philippines, interviewing a total of 32,000 pupils and 1,077 teachers. The commission found that in the 24 years since the U.S. education system had been established, 530,000 Filipinos had completed elementary school, 160,000 intermediate school, and 15,500 high school.
The Commission declared that although Filipino students were on the same level as their American counterparts in subjects like Math or Science, they lagged far behind in English-language related subjects. George Counts, a Yale professor and a member of the Commission wrote in 1925 in The Elementary School Journal that "Half of the children were outside the reach of schools. Pupil performance was generally low in subjects that relied on English, although the achievement in Math and Science was at par with the average performance of American school children..." Counts also described the Filipino children of the 1920s as handicapped because not only were they trying to learn new concepts in a foreign language but they were also being forced to do so from the point of view of a different culture, due to the fact that they were using materials originally designed for pupils in the United States.[12]
The report also informed that teacher training was inadequate and that 82 per cent of the pupils did not go beyond grade 4. Many of the problems identified were attributed to the attempt to impose an English-based education system in just one generation, concluding that "Upon leaving school, more than 99% of Filipinos will not speak English in their homes. Possibly, only 10% to 15% of the next generation will be able to use this language in their occupations. In fact, it will only be the government employees, and the professionals, who might make use of English."[13]
Other recommendations of the Commission asking for a "curtailment of the type of industrial work found on schools" and the elimination of the General Sales Department that had been set up to distribute the sale of items made in schools, pushed the implementation of several changes in the educational system to try to prioritize on the instruction of the pupils to be taught over the teaching of "industrial" education that until then had been focusing on the production of handicrafts such as basketry for boys and embroidery for girls, farming techniques, and other skills deemed favorable for the future of the pupils.[14]
See also
[edit]- Education in the Philippines
- Education in the Philippines during Spanish rule
- Department of Education (Philippines)
- Cebu Normal University
- History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
References
[edit]- ^ "NHI Resolution No.7, Series 2002" Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. National Historical Institute. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ Karnow, Stanley. In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines, Ballantine Books, Random House, Inc., March 3, 1990, 536 pages, ISBN 0-345-32816-7
- ^ Suri 2011, p. 108
- ^ Suri 2011, pp. 82–121
- ^ "AN ACT ESTABLISHING A DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND APPROPRIATING FORTY THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A NORMAL AND A TRADE SCHOOL IN MANILA, AND FIFTEEN THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF AN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL IN THE ISLAND OF NEGROS FOR THE YEAR NINETEEN HUNDRED AND ONE". Philippine Commissiondate=January 20, 1901 – via Philippine Supreme Court E-library.
- ^ "Pensionados". Filipino American Heritage Website. Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ Helfenbein, R.J.; Mason, T.C. (2012). Ethics and International Curriculum Work: The Challenges of Culture and Context. Information Age Pub. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-61735-846-3.
- ^ "The Thomasites:An Army Like No Other", News.Ops.gov.ph October 12, 2003 Archived May 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lee, Jonathan H. X. (2015). History of Asian Americans: Exploring Diverse Roots: Exploring Diverse Roots. ABC-CLIO. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-313-38459-2.
- ^ Orosa, Mario. "The Philippine Pensionado Story." Journal (2007).
- ^ Panganiban, Leah L.; Bonus, Rick (2014). "Filipino Americans (Education)". In Danico, Mary Yu (ed.). Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4833-6560-2.
- ^ Counts, George (October 1925). "Education in the Philippines". The Elementary School Journal (The University of Chicago Press): 26.
- ^ Monroe, Paul. A Survey of the Educational System of the Philippine Islands. Manila: Bureau of Printing. pp. 24–25.
- ^ W. McCoy, Alfred; Scarano, Francisco Antonio (2009). Colonial crucible: empire in the making of the modern American state. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 160. ISBN 978-0-299-23104-0.
- Сури, Иереми (27 сентября 2011 г.). «Реконструкция после империи» . Самый верный опекун Либерти: Американское национальное строительство от основателей до Обамы . Саймон и Шустер. ISBN 978-1-4391-4170-0 .
Дальнейшее чтение
[ редактировать ]- Франциско Бенитес (1906). «Американское образование на Филиппинах» . Филиппинец . Филиппинская компания. С. 24–26.
- Соединенные Штаты. Управление образования (1901). Отчет Уполномоченного по образованию . Правительственная типография США. п. 1599.
- Филиппинский учитель . Филиппинская ассоциация учителей. 1907.
- Acierto, Maria Guillen (1980). «Американское влияние на формирование филиппинского среднего образования: историческая перспектива, 1898-1978 гг. Историческая перспектива, 1898-1978» . Университет Лойолы Чикаго.