Покинуть

Покинуть
	Спутниковое изображение Nukunubu
	Nukunonu Location of Nukunonu AtollShow map of TokelauShow map of OceaniaShow map of Pacific OceanShow all
Geography
Archipelago	Tokelau
Total islands	30
Area	5.5 km2 (2.1 sq mi)
Administration
	New Zealand
Dependent territory	Tokelau
Largest settlement	Nokunonu Village
Faipule (leader)	Alapati Tavite
Pulenuku (mayor)	Petelo Patelesio
Demographics
Population	531
Languages	Tokelauan, English

Nukunonu , ранее известный как герцог острова Кларенс , является крупнейшим атоллом в Токелау , зависимостью Новой Зеландии в южной части Тихого океана . Он состоит из 30 островков, окружающих центральную лагуну , ^{[ 2 ]} с 5,5 км ² (2,1 кв. Миль) площади земли и площадь поверхности лагуны 109 км ² (42 кв. МИ). Мотухага - единственный остров, который имеет жителей. ^{[ Цитация необходима ]} Он имеет предполагаемое население 531.

История

Первым европейским судном, известно, на Nukunonu был Королевского флота корабль HMS Pandora , в 1791 году, чей капитан Эдвард Эдвардс , названный герцог острова Кларенс ^{[ 3 ]} В честь принца Уильяма, герцога Кларенса и Сент-Эндрюса (1765-1837), третьего сына короля Георга III , а затем и самого короля, как Уильям IV. В то время Пандора искала мятежников из HMS Bounty . В начале 19 -го века жители Нукунону были преобразованы в римско -католицизм соанными миссионерами. ^[2]

In 1859, the U.S. Guano Company claimed Duke of Clarance along with a number of other Tokelauan atolls under the U.S. Guano Islands Act. The U.S. State Department bonded the claim in 1860. However, many of these islands were not worked by the company and in 1889 they were claimed by Great Britain as part of the Union Islands.^[4] In 1916, the Union Islands were annexed to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony and then, in 1925, reassigned to the Dominion of New Zealand under the administration of Territory of Western Samoa.^[5] In 1979, as part of the Treaty of Tokehega, the U.S. formally renounced its prior claim on Nukunonu and the other Tokelauan islands now under New Zealand sovereignty, and a maritime boundary between Tokelau and American Samoa was established.^[6]

Demography

The main settlement on the atoll is located on Nukunonu Island at the southwestern edge of the lagoon with a concrete bridge joining the two areas of settlement. The island's residents depend upon coconuts, pandanus, and marine life for subsistence. Fresh water is scarce; concrete water tanks are incorporated into the bases of newly built houses to collect rainwater from the roofs. Shipping is hampered by the lack of an adequate anchorage.^[2] Satellite TV dishes are beginning to appear on some houses in the village.^{[citation needed]}

Tokelau has one hotel, the Luana Liki Hotel, and one resort, Falefa Resort, both situated on Nukunonu. Few tourists visit the country and tourism is not widely promoted. There is ambivalence about tourism, with some Tokelauans wanting to keep the country unaffected by the outside world. Despite this, visitors are greeted with traditional Polynesian hospitality. The Luana Liki Hotel functions mainly to accommodate official visitors, which have included the New Zealand Prime Minister and Governor General. There is one main shop in Nukunonu which sells a limited range of products. Due to the vagaries of shipping schedules, it is at times short of goods.^{[citation needed]}

Local administration consists of a Taupulega (Council of Elders), made up of heads of family groups and two elected members.^[2] According to the 2006 census 426 people live on Nukunonu, of which more than 95% belong to the Catholic Church.^[7]

The most recent population count of 2019 found the population at 531.^[8]

Environment

Important Bird Area

Some 60 ha of the eastern side of the atoll has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because the site supports breeding colonies of brown and black noddies and common white terns, with about 20,000 breeding pairs estimated in 2011.^[9]

Economy

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is an important food source here.^[10] The Black Rat (Rattus rattus) arrived with European exploration and can take 50% of the yield, but the native Polynesian Rat (R. exulans) will do the same amount of damage anywhere the Black Rat has not become dominant.^[10] Rodent control and research on rodent control are important to deal with the problem.^[10]

Islands

Avakaukilikili 9°06′49″S 171°47′04″W / 9.1135°S 171.7845°W / -9.1135; -171.7845
Matalapa
Niualemu
Hini Ailani
Te Palaoa
Apia 9°07′37″S 171°47′20″W / 9.1269°S 171.7889°W / -9.1269; -171.7889
Haumagalu
Niututahi 9°07′47″S 171°47′22″W / 9.1297°S 171.7894°W / -9.1297; -171.7894
Lalohumu
Olomoana
Tuigaika
Tima
Vaivaimai
Te Nonu
Patiku
Tuatiga
Tagamako
Hilakehe
Na Taulaga
Punalei 9°12′57″S 171°46′13″W / 9.2157°S 171.7703°W / -9.2157; -171.7703
Motu Fala
Motu Akea
Fulumahaga
Na Hapiti
Fatigauhu 9°13′35″S 171°48′33″W / 9.2265°S 171.8092°W / -9.2265; -171.8092
Te Afua o lafu
Te Puka i Mua 9°13′04″S 171°50′00″W / 9.2177°S 171.8333°W / -9.2177; -171.8333
Motuhaga 9°12′12″S 171°50′46″W / 9.2033°S 171.8460°W / -9.2033; -171.8460
Te Kamu 9°09′28″S 171°51′34″W / 9.1578°S 171.8594°W / -9.1578; -171.8594
Fakanava Tau Loto
Vini
Te Puka i Muli
Te Fakanava 9°08′55″S 171°51′30″W / 9.1486°S 171.8584°W / -9.1486; -171.8584

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Results are in for the 2023 Tokelau national election". www.rnz.co.nz. RNZ. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Nukunonu at the Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Quanchi, Max (2005). Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810853957.
^ Skaggs, Jimmy M. (1994). The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 135–136, 236. ISBN 9780312103163.
^ Rogers, E.S. (9 January 1933). The Sovereignty of Guano Islands in the Pacific Ocean (Report). Washington, D.C.: Department of State, Office of the Legal Advisor. pp. 226–228.
^ Treaty on the delimitation of the maritime boundary between Tokelau and the United States of America (with map), United Nations Treaty Series, 1998.
^ "2006 Census Tabular Report" (PDF). Retrieved 5 April 2008.
^ "Final Count: 2019 Tokelau Population Count" (PDF). 20 January 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
^ "Nukunonu". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c
- Buckle, A. P.; Smith, Robert H. (2015). Rodent Pests and Their Control. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. pp. x+422. ISBN 978-1-78064-129-4. OCLC 909425458. ISBN 9781845938178.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)^: 59
- Вуд, BJ; Плата, Чунг -походка (2003). «Критический обзор развития контроля крыс в сельском хозяйстве Малайзии с 1960 -х годов». Защита от урожая . 22 (3). Международная ассоциация по охране растений ( Elsevier ): 445–461. Citeseerx 10.1.1.1057.5230 . doi : 10.1016/s0261-2194 (02) 00207-7 . ISSN 0261-2194 . S2CID 54674521 .
- Брукс, Джо Э.; Джексон, Уильям Б. (сентябрь 1973 г.). «Обзор комменсальных грызунов и их контроль». Критические обзоры CRC в контроле окружающей среды . 3 (1–4). Тейлор и Фрэнсис : 405–453. doi : 10.1080/10643387309381607 . ISSN 0007-8999 .
- Водзицки, К. (1972). «Влияние повреждения крыс на производство кокоса на атолл Нукунону, острова Токелау». Oleagineux (27): 309–314. S2CID 83175332 . CABI ISC : 19720303207 . Agris : id US201302312753 . GS Cluster: 8860962206915520733 .

Внешние ссылки

9 ° 10′06 ″ S 171 ° 48′35 ″ W / 9,16833 ° S 171,80972 ° W / -9,16833; -171.80972

[2023_election-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Results are in for the 2023 Tokelau national election". www.rnz.co.nz. RNZ. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.

[britannica-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Nukunonu at the Encyclopædia Britannica

[3] Quanchi, Max (2005). Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810853957.

[4] Skaggs, Jimmy M. (1994). The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 135–136, 236. ISBN 9780312103163.

[5] Rogers, E.S. (9 January 1933). The Sovereignty of Guano Islands in the Pacific Ocean (Report). Washington, D.C.: Department of State, Office of the Legal Advisor. pp. 226–228.

[treaty-6] Treaty on the delimitation of the maritime boundary between Tokelau and the United States of America (with map), United Nations Treaty Series, 1998.

[7] "2006 Census Tabular Report" (PDF). Retrieved 5 April 2008.

[8] "Final Count: 2019 Tokelau Population Count" (PDF). 20 January 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2023.

[bli-9] "Nukunonu". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.

[Wodzicki-1972-bundle-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c
Buckle, A. P.; Smith, Robert H. (2015). Rodent Pests and Their Control. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. pp. x+422. ISBN 978-1-78064-129-4. OCLC 909425458. ISBN 9781845938178.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)^: 59
Вуд, BJ; Плата, Чунг -походка (2003). «Критический обзор развития контроля крыс в сельском хозяйстве Малайзии с 1960 -х годов». Защита от урожая . 22 (3). Международная ассоциация по охране растений ( Elsevier ): 445–461. Citeseerx 10.1.1.1057.5230 . doi : 10.1016/s0261-2194 (02) 00207-7 . ISSN 0261-2194 . S2CID 54674521 .
Брукс, Джо Э.; Джексон, Уильям Б. (сентябрь 1973 г.). «Обзор комменсальных грызунов и их контроль». Критические обзоры CRC в контроле окружающей среды . 3 (1–4). Тейлор и Фрэнсис : 405–453. doi : 10.1080/10643387309381607 . ISSN 0007-8999 .
Водзицки, К. (1972). «Влияние повреждения крыс на производство кокоса на атолл Нукунону, острова Токелау». Oleagineux (27): 309–314. S2CID 83175332 . CABI ISC : 19720303207 . Agris : id US201302312753 . GS Cluster: 8860962206915520733 .

[11] Buckle, A. P.; Smith, Robert H. (2015). Rodent Pests and Their Control. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. pp. x+422. ISBN 978-1-78064-129-4. OCLC 909425458. ISBN 9781845938178.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)^: 59

[12] Вуд, BJ; Плата, Чунг -походка (2003). «Критический обзор развития контроля крыс в сельском хозяйстве Малайзии с 1960 -х годов». Защита от урожая . 22 (3). Международная ассоциация по охране растений ( Elsevier ): 445–461. Citeseerx 10.1.1.1057.5230 . doi : 10.1016/s0261-2194 (02) 00207-7 . ISSN 0261-2194 . S2CID 54674521 .

[13] Брукс, Джо Э.; Джексон, Уильям Б. (сентябрь 1973 г.). «Обзор комменсальных грызунов и их контроль». Критические обзоры CRC в контроле окружающей среды . 3 (1–4). Тейлор и Фрэнсис : 405–453. doi : 10.1080/10643387309381607 . ISSN 0007-8999 .

[14] Водзицки, К. (1972). «Влияние повреждения крыс на производство кокоса на атолл Нукунону, острова Токелау». Oleagineux (27): 309–314. S2CID 83175332 . CABI ISC : 19720303207 . Agris : id US201302312753 . GS Cluster: 8860962206915520733 .

[1]

[ 2 ]

[ 3 ]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]