Phalaenopsis
| Phalaenopsis | |
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| Phalaenopsis philippinensis | |
Научная классификация 
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| Королевство: | Plantae |
| Клада : | Трахеофиты |
| Клада : | Покрытосеменные |
| Клада : | Монокоты |
| Заказ: | Аспарагал |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Tribe: | Vandeae |
| Subtribe: | Aeridinae |
| Genus: | Phalaenopsis Blume[1] |
| Type species | |
| Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume (1825)
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| Species | |
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About 70; see List of Phalaenopsis species | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Phalaenopsis ( / ˌ f æ l ɪ n ɒ p s ɪ s / ) , также известный как моль , [ 2 ] является родом около семидесяти видов растений в семействе Orchidaceae . Орхидеи в этом роде представляют собой моноподиальные эпифиты или литофиты с длинными, грубыми корнями, короткими, листовыми стеблями и длинными плоскими цветами, расположенными в цветущем стебеле, который часто распространяется ближе к концу. Орхидеи в этом роде являются родными в Индии, Тайване, Китае, Юго -Восточной Азии, Новой Гвинее и Австралии с большинством в Индонезии и Филиппинах.
Описание
[ редактировать ]Орхидеи в роде Phalaenopsis являются моноподиальными эпифитными, иногда литофитическими травами с длинными, грубыми корнями с пневматодами [ 3 ] [ 4 ] и короткие листовые стебли, скрытые путем перекрывающихся оснований листьев. Листья обычно расположены в двух рядах, относительно большие и кожистые, продолговатые до эллиптических, а иногда и сочные. От нескольких до многих, от маленьких до больших, долговечных, плоских, часто ароматных цветов расположены на вершине висящих растворов или метелок . Чашелистики . и лепестки свободны и широко распространяются друг от друга чашелистики Боковые обычно больше, чем дорсальный чапаль, и лепестки намного шире, чем чашелистики. Labellum колонкой жестко соединен с . и имеет три доли Боковые доли прямо и более или менее параллельны друг другу, а средняя доля иногда имеет пару придатков или антенн. [2][5][6][7]
Taxonomy and naming
[edit]The genus Phalaenopsis was first formally described in 1825 by Carl Ludwig Blume and the description was published in Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië.[1][8] The name Phalaenopsis is derived from the Ancient Greek word φαλαινα (phalaina) meaning 'a kind of moth'[9]: 535 with the suffix -opsis meaning 'having the appearance of' or 'like'.[9]: 483 [10]
The genus name is abbreviated Phal. horticulturally.[11]
Infrageneric structure
[edit]The large monophyletic genus "Phalaenopsis" is divided into several sub-units. They are either regarded as subgenera or as sections. Not all of them are monophyletic.
The subgenus Polychilos is monophyletic and it is divided into two subclades. The subgenus Phalaenopsis is paraphyletic under its current definition. Likewise the evidence shows that the subgenera Aphyllae and Parishianae, as currently defined, are not monophyletic. The position of the monotypic subgenus Proboscidioides, which only consists of Phalaenopsis lowii, suggests a close relationship with the subgenus Aphyllae.[12]
The following phylogenetic tree is a simplified tree to show the general placement of the main infrageneric groups. It is meant to give an overview, despite the contended monophyly of some of the respective groups.[13][14][15][16]
| Phalaenopsis |
|
2 pollinia clade 4 pollinia clade | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ornithochilus
[edit]The former genus Ornithochilus was merged with Phalaenopsis and is considered by some to be a subgenus. Its members have distinctly 4-lobed, fringed labella with a short, curved spur situated near the middle of the lip as opposed to the base. Ornithochilus formerly had three known species, native to China, the Himalayas and Southeast Asia:[17][18]
- Ornithochilus cacharensis Barbhuiya, B.K.Dutta & Schuit. - Assam
- Ornithochilus difformis (Wall. ex Lindl.) Schltr. - Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Assam, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia
- Ornithochilus yingjiangensis Z.H.Tsi - Yunnan
Hygrochilus
[edit]The former genera Sedirea and Hygrochilus were incorporated into Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus. The interspecific relationships within the subgenus Hygrochilus are poorly understood and are a source of confusion. The type species of the subgenus is Phalaenopsis hygrochila.[14] The species of this subgenus are morphologically distinct from the other subgenera, due to their four pollinia and spurred flowers, as well as their unusually long stems.
Species list
[edit]See List of Phalaenopsis species
Intergeneric hybrids
[edit]See List of Phalaenopsis species
Distribution
[edit]Species of Phalaenopsis are found from India to southern China, Indochina, Malaysia and from Indonesia to the Philippines and New Guinea. There is a single species, Phalaenopsis rosenstromii, endemic to Queensland, Australia.[19] The greatest diversity of Phalaenopsis occurs in Indonesia and the Philippines.
Conservation
[edit]Many species are highly threatened. For instance Phalaenopsis lindenii is categorized as endangered,[20] Phalaenopsis violacea is categorized as vulnerable[21] and Phalaenopsis micholitzii is categorized as critically endangered.[22] Some species, like Phalaenopsis javanica, are even believed to be extinct in the wild.[23][24]
Pollination and reproduction
[edit]Pollination of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima through bees, specifically Amegilla nigritar, has been recorded in China.[25] This species employs a deceptive pollination strategy. The orchid does not provide rewards to pollinators. It benefits from blooming in the same period as rewarding species. Amegilla is the most important pollinator, but diurnal insects – such as four species of bees, two species of butterflies, one species of moth and two other unidentified insects – have also been observed to interact with the flowers.[26]
Unlike most other angiosperms, the development of the ovules is triggered by pollination. Therefore a temporal mismatch of male and female gametes exists (i.e. the male structures are ready but the female structures have not yet been fully developed). In orchids, fertilisation occurs within days or months after the pollination event. After pollination occurs, the stigmatic cavity is often closed through swelling of the column. As a result, the pollinia are completely enclosed. The pollen germinates after enclosure and tubes are produced. In Phalaenopsis aphrodite, pollen tubes entered the ovary within 3 days after pollination. Within 15 days, pollen tubes evenly spread throughout the placental cavities. Within 60 days after the pollination event, 30.6% of the tips of the pollen tubes started to enter the micropyles (i.e. entry points) of the ovules. Finally, 65 to 70 days after the pollination event, fertilisation occurred.[27]
Phalaenopsis are unique in that in some species of the subgenus Polychilos, the flowers turn into green leaves after pollination. As in many other plants, the petals of the orchid flowers serve to attract pollinating insects and protect essential organs. Following pollination, petals usually will undergo senescence (i.e. wilt and disintegrate) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them. However, in many Phalaenopsis species, such as P. violacea, the petals and sepals find new uses following pollination, thus escaping programmed cell death. In producing chloroplasts, they turn green, become fleshy, and start to photosynthesize, as leaves do.[28]
Phytochemistry
[edit]Floral fragrance has been analysed for several species. The fragrance of Phalaenopsis bellina has been shown to be composed of about 79 compounds, primarily of the terpenoid class. It was most intense in the morning.[29]
In Phalaenopsis, phenylpropanoid enzymes are enhanced in the process of plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux.[30]
Use in horticulture
[edit]
Phalaenopsis, abbreviated Phal in the horticultural trade,[31] are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants, owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in Victorian collections. Since the advent of the tetraploid hybrid Phalaenopsis Doris, they have become extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. Their commercial production has become an industry.
If very healthy, a Phalaenopsis plant may have up to ten or more leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. If kept in the home, the flowers may last two to three months after which a Phalaenopsis orchid will need to conserve energy for further leaf, bud, and root development.[32]
In nature, Phalaenopsis species are typically fond of warm temperatures, thriving in temperatures around 20 to 35 °C (68–95 °F), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30 °C or 59–86 °F); at temperatures below 18 °C (64.4 °F) overwatering causes root rot and the plants will also drop their leaves if they experience temperatures below 60 °F for extended periods. Phalaenopsis prefer moderate humidity (60–70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 lux. However, Phalaenopsis orchids can adapt to the lower humidity found in most homes. They are also typically hardier than other species of orchids, and this makes them particularly popular among first-time orchid growers.[33]
The flower spikes appear from the pockets near the base of each leaf. The first sign is a light green "mitten-like" object that protrudes from the basal leaf tissue. Over approximately three months the spike elongates until it begins to swell fat buds that will bloom.
It previously was believed that flowering is triggered by a night-time drop in temperature of around 5 to 6 degrees over two to four consecutive weeks, usually in the fall, and a day-time drop in temperature to below 29 °C (84 °F). Using two Phalaenopsis clones, Matthew G. Blanchard and Erik S. Runkle (2006) established that, other culture conditions being optimal, flower initiation is controlled by daytime temperatures declining below 27 °C (81 °F), with a definite inhibition of flowering at temperatures exceeding 29 °C (84 °F). The long-held belief that reduced evening temperatures control flower initiation in Phalaenopsis was shown to be false. Rather, lower daytime temperatures influence flowering, while night time temperatures do not appear to have any effect.[34]
The effect of fertilizer source and medium composition on vegetative growth and mineral nutrition has been studied.[35]
Award of Garden Merit
[edit]
In cultivation in the United Kingdom, the following have been awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
- Brother Pico Sweetheart gx.[36]
- Phalaenopsis amabilis[37]
- Yellow Lightning gx.[38]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Phalaenopsis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 440. ISBN 978-1877069123.
- ^ 李嘉慧, & 李哖. (1991). 台灣蝴蝶蘭根和葉的形態與解剖的特性. 中國園藝, 37(4), 237-248.
- ^ Chomicki, Guillaume; Bidel, Luc P. R.; Ming, Feng; Coiro, Mario; Zhang, Xuan; Wang, Yaofeng; Baissac, Yves; Jay-Allemand, Christian; Renner, Susanne S. (2015). "The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV-B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the Cenozoic". New Phytologist. 205 (3): 1330–1341. doi:10.1111/nph.13106. PMID 25345817.
- ^ Chen, Xinqi; Wood, Jeffrey James. "Phalaenopsis". Flora of China. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
- ^ Jones D.L.; et al. (2006). "Phalaenopsis". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ "Genus Phalaenopsis". Orchids of New Guinea. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
- ^ Blume, Carl Ludwig (1825). Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië (Part 7). Batavia. p. 294. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- ^ Coombes, Allen J. (1994). Dictionary of Plant Names. London: Hamlyn Books. ISBN 978-0-600-58187-1. p. 140
- ^ "Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society.
- ^ Tsai, C. C.; Chiang, Y. C.; Huang, S. C.; Chen, C. H.; Chou, C. H. (2010). "Molecular phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Blume (Orchidaceae) on the basis of plastid and nuclear DNA". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 288 (1–2): 77–98. Bibcode:2010PSyEv.288...77T. doi:10.1007/s00606-010-0314-1. S2CID 29984034.
- ^ Deng, HUA; Zhang, GUO-Qiang; Liu, Zhong-Jian; Wang, YAN (2015). "A new species and a new combination of Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Aeridinae): Evidence from morphological and DNA analysis". Phytotaxa. 238 (3): 243. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.238.3.3.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Li, Ming-HE; Gruss, Olaf; Liu, Zhong-Jian (2016). "Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Vandeae) based on DNA evidence". Phytotaxa. 275: 55. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.6.
- ^ Tsai, C. C.; Chou, C. H. (2007). "Molecular phylogenetics of Phalaenopsis taxa: an updated review". Orchid Science and Biotechnology. 1 (2): 44–50.
- ^ Tsai, C. C. (2003). Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and evolutionary trends of the genus Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae). PHD dissertation.
- ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Flora of China v 25 p 448, 羽唇兰属 yu chun lan shu, Ornithochilus (Wallich ex Lindley) Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Gen. Pl. 3: 478, 581. 1883.
- ^ "Factsheet - Phalaenopsis rosenstromii". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ "Phalaenopsis lindenii". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Phalaenopsis violacea". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Phalaenopsis micholitzii". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ Garvita, R. V.; Handini, E. (2011). "Pengaruh penambahan berbagai kadar pisang dan ubi jalar pada pertumbuhan kultur tiga jenis phalaenopsis". Buletin Kebun Raya. 14 (2): 9–18.
- ^ Adie, M. Muchlish; Krisnawati, Ayda (1970). "Identification of soybean genotypes adaptive and productive to acid soil agro-ecosystem". Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. 17 (2). doi:10.13057/biodiv/d170217.
- ^ Pramanik, Dewi; Dorst, Nemi; Meesters, Niels; Spaans, Marlies; Smets, Erik; Welten, Monique; Gravendeel, Barbara (2020). "Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis species". Evodevo. 11: 16. doi:10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z. PMC 7418404. PMID 32793330.
- ^ Xiaohua, Jin; Dezhu, Li; Zongxin, Ren; Xiaoguo, Xiang (2012). "A generalized deceptive pollination system of Doritis pulcherrima (Aeridinae: Orchidaceae) with non-reconfigured pollinaria". BMC Plant Biology. 12: 67. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-12-67. PMC 3388949. PMID 22571550.
- ^ Chen, Jhun-Chen; Fang, Su-Chiung (2016). "The long pollen tube journey and in vitro pollen germination of Phalaenopsis orchids". Plant Reproduction. 29 (1–2): 179–188. doi:10.1007/s00497-016-0280-z. PMC 4909812. PMID 27016359.
- ^ Wouter G. van Doorn (October 2005). "Plant programmed cell death and the point of no return". Trends in Plant Science. 10 (10): 478–483. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.08.003. PMID 16153879.
- ^ Mus, Ahmad Asnawi; Gansau, Jualang Azlan; Kumar, Vijay Subbiah; Rusdi, Nor Azizun. "The variation of volatile compounds emitted from aromatic orchid ('Phalaenopsis bellina') at different timing and flowering stages". Plant Omics. 13 (2): 78–85.
- ^ Ali, Mohammad Babar; Khatun, Serida; Hahn, Eun-Joo; Paek, Kee-Yoeup (2006). "Enhancement of phenylpropanoid enzymes and lignin in Phalaenopsis orchid and their influence on plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux". Plant Growth Regulation. 49 (2–3): 137–146. doi:10.1007/s10725-006-9003-z. S2CID 26821483.
- ^ Стоктон, Джош (20 января 2013 г.). «Полное руководство по уходу за фалиенопсиской орхидеи» . Орхидеи плюс . Получено 19 сентября 2020 года .
- ^ «Как ухаживать за орхидеями: комплексное органическое руководство» .
- ^ Условия выращивания для орхидеев Phalaenopsis, доступ к 11/11/2012 Archived 2013-01-14 на The Wayback Machine
- ^ Бланшар, Мэтью Г; Ранкл, Эрик С. (2006). «Температура днем, но не ночью контролирует цветение орхидеев фалаенопсис» . Журнал экспериментальной ботаники . 57 (15): 4043–4050. doi : 10.1093/jxb/erl176 . PMID 17075080 .
- ^ Ван, Инь-Тун; Konow, Elise A. (2002). «Источник удобрений и средний состав влияет на растительный рост и минеральное питание гибридной орхидеи мотыльки» . Журнал Американского общества садоводства . 127 (3): 442–447. doi : 10.21273/jashs.127.3.442 . Получено 29 апреля 2020 года .
- ^ « Брат Phalaenopsis Pico Sweetheart GX» . RHS . Получено 18 января 2021 года .
- ^ " Phalaenopsis amabilis " . RHS . Получено 18 января 2021 года .
- ^ « Phalaenopsis helold Lightning gx» . RHS . Получено 18 января 2021 года .
- Сеон Ким; Клиффорд В. Морден; Yoneo Sagawa & Jae -young Kim (2003). «Филогения видов Phalaenopsis». Труды NIOC2003, Нагоя, Япония .
- Olaf Gruss & Manfred Wolf - Phalaenopsis; Издание Ulmer, ISBN 3-8001-6551-1 (на немецком языке)
- Эрик А. Кристенсон - Phalaenopsis: монография; ISBN 0-88192-494-6
- Харпер, Том (февраль 2004 г.). Культура Phalaenopsis: советы для выращивания 20 видов. Журнал Orchids 73 (2). Delray Beach, FL: Американское общество орхидеи, 2004
- Лерой-теркс, Джеральд и Джин Паризот. 1991. Орхидеи: уход и культивирование. Лондон: Cassel Publishers Ltd.
- Шозер, Густав. 1993. Орхидейские основы растущей. Нью -Йорк: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.
- Белый, Джуди. 1996. Руководство Тейлора по орхидеям. Фрэнсис Тененбаум, редактор серии. Нью-Йорк: Хоутон-Миффлин, ISBN 0395677262
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
СМИ, связанные с Phalaenopsis в Wikimedia Commons 
Данные, связанные с Phalaenopsis в Wikispecies - Орхидеи Phalaenopsis : виды и первичные гибриды
- Phalaenopsis Инструкции по уходу за орхидеи
- Phalaenopsis в Curlie
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