Джеймс WW Birch
Джеймс Уилер Вудфорд Береза | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 1 -й британский житель Перака | |
| В офисе 4774 - 2 ноября 1875 г. | |
| Предшествует | Позиция установлена |
| Преуспевает | Фрэнк А. Светтенхэм |
| 2nd Colonial Secretary of Straits Settlements | |
| In office 6 June 1870[1] – 4 November 1874 | |
| Monarch | Queen Victoria |
| Governor | Harry St. George Ord Edward Anson Harry St. George Ord Edward Anson Andrew Clarke |
| Preceded by | Ronald MacPherson |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Braddell (Acting) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 3 April 1826 |
| Died | 2 November 1875 (aged 49) Pasir Salak, Perak, British Malaya |
| Manner of death | Assassination |
Джеймс Уилер Вудфорд Береза , широко известная как JWW Birch (3 апреля 1826 г. - 2 ноября 1875 г.), был британским колониальным чиновником, который был убит в малайском штате Перак в 1875 году, что привело к вспышке войны Перака и в конечном итоге Расширение британского политического влияния на Малайский полуостров .
Фон
[ редактировать ]Родился в 1826 году, Берч проработал в течение короткого периода времени в Королевском флоте , прежде чем присоединиться к департаменту дорог на Цейлоне в 1846 году. Его карьера на Цейлоне была успешной, а 6 июня 1870 года 1870 года. [ 1 ] Он был переведен в Сингапур , чтобы занять позицию колониального секретаря поселений пролива . [ 2 ]
После участия Пангкор , в соответствии с которым Раджа Абдулла согласилась принять британского политического агента, который будет известен как «житель» в своем суде, Берч был назначен на должность 4 ноября 1874 года в качестве опекуна правительства в Султане Перак .
Assassination
[edit]
A Malay deputation entreated with Governor-General Andrew Clarke in Singapore "to prevent the Resident from interfering with religion and custom, from acting without consulting Sultan and chiefs, and from depriving them of their property, namely fugitive slaves and feudal dues." Clarke had already observed on 25 March 1875 that, "I am very much annoyed with Birch and the heads-over-heels way in which he does things; he and I will come to sorrow yet, if he does not mind." Due to unfavourable responses, on 21 July 1875 Raja Abdullah called a meeting of chiefs where after discussing poisoning Birch, they accepted Maharaja Lela's offer to stab Birch to death.[3]
Birch was killed on 2 November 1875 by followers of a local Malay chief, Maharaja Lela, including Sepuntum, who speared him to death while he was in the bath-house of his boat, SS Dragon, moored on the Perak river-bank below the Maharaja Lela's house, in Pasir Salak, near today's Teluk Intan (Teluk Anson).[4]
While experienced in the affairs of colonial government, he was never comfortable speaking Malay, he also aroused the hostility of several Perakian chiefs due to the new taxation collection system and his enforcement of public humiliation to enforce his authority such as burning homes and ordering the surrender of arms and slaves.[5]
Sultan Abdullah, who was also believed to have had some complicity in the assassination, was deposed and exiled to Seychelles. His rival Raja Yusuf[6] was installed as sultan in his place.[citation needed]
In the aftermath of the event, the administration shifted to Taiping. A new Resident, Sir Hugh Low, was appointed and went about his administration of Perak in a more diplomatic way. Whilst still banning outright slavery, he gradually phased out debt-slavery and assuaged the feelings of the ruler and chieftains by allowing for adequate monthly compensation to them.[citation needed]
Historical interpretations of Birch's assassination
[edit]Malaysian historian Cheah Boon Kheng argues that while "in present-day Malaysian school history textbooks," Birch's assassination "is presented as an anti-colonial uprising, in which almost all the Perak Malays participated", in fact the political situation in Perak was more complex, with deep divisions between supporters of the two rival claimants to the throne of Perak, Raja Abdullah and Raja Ismail.[7] Cheah argues that Maharaja Lela's actions in contributing to Birch's death must be understood in the context of Malay feudal rivalries and not as an early example of resistance to imperialism.
Memorial
[edit]Birch's grave is located near the site of the British fort at Kampung Memali, about 24 km from Pasir Salak. His grave is now covered by a palm oil estate. The Birch Memorial Clock Tower was built in 1909 and still stands in front of the Ipoh State Mosque. One of the 44 figures on the clock, an image of Muhammad, was painted over in the 1990s due to religious sensitivities.[8] Roads in Kuala Lumpur and Taiping were thought to have been named after him (Birch Road), but this was for a different Birch (namely, his eldest son Ernest Woodford Birch, also a Resident of Perak). The same road was renamed Maharajalela Road (Malay: Jalan Maharajalela) after Malaya's independence in 1957. Similarly, there are Birch Roads in several towns in Malaysia (Seremban, Penang and Ipoh) and in Singapore.
Drama and film
[edit]Malaysian dramatist Kee Thuan Chye's 1994 book We Could Kill You, Mr Birch is a dramatic reinterpretation of the events around the Birch assassination.
There have been several unsuccessful attempts to make a film based on the Birch assassination. The Malaysian actor, director and politician Jins Shamsuddin, who was from Perak, announced plans in 2004 to make a film entitled The King of the River: Pasir Salak, which was to have been an epic production involving 1,500 extras.[9] However, the film was never completed: Jins Shamsuddin commented in 2009 that making a film about Birch was a lifelong dream, saying, "I hope to complete my movie on the historical events that happened in Pasir Salak before I die."[10] Malaysian director Mamat Khalid, who was also from Perak, commented in December 2016 that after 18 years of preparation, his film about Birch, Pasir Salak Pasir Berdarah (The Sand of Pasir Salak is the Sand of Blood) would soon enter production.[11] At the time of Mamat Khalid's death in 2021, the film was unfinished but the National Film Development Corporation Malaysia announced that it would support the completion of the film.[12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b "Untitled". Straits Times Overland Journal. 17 June 1870. p. 7.
- ^ Barlow, Henry S. (1995). Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. p. 63.
- ^ Winstedt, Richard Olof (1962). A History of Malaya. Marican. p. 225.
- ^ "More than just about Birch and Maharaja Lela". The Star. Malaysia. 13 November 2017.
- ^ Andaya, Barbara Watson (1982). A History of Malaysia. New York, USA: St. Martin's Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-312-38120-2.
- ^ Sultan Yusuf Sharifuddin Mudzaffar Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah I (1877–1887)
- ^ Cheah, Boon Kheng (1998). "Malay Politics and the Murder of J.W.W. Birch, British Resident in Perak, in 1875: the humiliation and revenge of the Maharaja Lela". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 71 (1): 74–105. JSTOR 41493353.
- ^ "Birch Memorial Clock Tower, Ipoh". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
- ^ "Coming: Epic English film on Perak War and Birch". New Straits Times. Singapore. 17 March 1994.
- ^ "A filmmaker who is 73 going on 20". AsiaOne News. 10 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- ^ Azizi, Mohd al Qayum (23 December 2016). "Mamat Khalid Ambil 18 Tahun Buat Kajian Filem Pasir Salak". MStar (in Malay). Retrieved 1 March 2017.
- ^ "Tributes paid to Malaysian filmmaker Mamat Khalid, who has died". nme.com. 26 October 2021.
External links
[edit]
- Главные секретари Сингапура
- Администраторы британского Сингапура
- 1826 Рождения
- 1875 Смерть
- История Перака
- Администраторы британской малайи
- Убитый британский народ
- Британский народ убит за границей
- Люди убиты в Малайзии
- Убитых малазийских политиков
- 1875 убийства в Азии
- Люди убили в 19 веке
- Политики убили в 1870 -х годах
- Сотрудники колониальной административной службы