Черный Импетром

Черный Кроуберри
Научная классификация
Королевство:	Plantae
Клада :	Трахеофиты
Клада :	Покрытосеменные
Клада :	Eudicots
Клада :	Звездочки
Заказ:	Эрикал
Семья:	Ericaceae
Genus:	Empetrum
Species:	E. nigrum
Binomial name
	Empetrum nigrum; L.
Synonyms
	Chamaetaxus nigra (L.) Bubani; Empetrum arcticum V.N.Vassil.; Empetrum crassifolium Raf.; Empetrum eamesii subsp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) D.Löve; Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup; Empetrum hermaphroditum var. americanum V.N.Vassil.; Empetrum medium Carmich.; Empetrum nigrum f. cylindricum Lepage; Empetrum nigrum var. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) T.Sørensen; Empetrum nigrum subsp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Böcher; Empetrum nigrum f. purpureum (Raf.) Fernald; Empetrum nigrum var. purpureum (Raf.) A.DC.; Empetrum purpureum Raf.;

Черный Импетром , Кроуберри ; ^{[ 3 ]} Черный Кроуберри , Орегон, на западной Аляске, Blackberry , является цветущим видом растений в семействе Heather Ericaceae с почти окружным распределением в северном полушарии . Обычно это диологично , но есть бисексуал ^{[ 4 ]} Тетраплоидный подвид, Empetrum nigrum subsp. Гермафродитум , который происходит в более северных местах и на большей высоте. ^{[ 5 ]}^{[ 6 ]}

Описание

Empetrum nigrum - это низкорастущий, вечнозеленый кустарник с ползучей привычкой. ^{[ 7 ]} Листья есть 3–6 миллиметров ( 1 ~ 8 - 1 ~ 4 дюйма), попеременно расположено вдоль стебля. Стебли красные, когда молоды, а затем исчезают до коричневого цвета. Это расцветает в период с мая по июнь. ^{[ 8 ]} Цветы маленькие и не очень заметные, ^{[ 7 ]} с зелеными розовыми чапалами, которые становятся красноватыми фиолетовыми. ^{[ 9 ]} Круглые фрукты - Drupes , 4–6 мм ( 1 ~ 8-1 ~ 4 дюйма . ) шириной, обычно черный или пурпурный черный, но иногда красный ^{[ 10 ]}

The metabolism and photosynthetic parameters of Empetrum can be altered in winter-warming experiments.^[11]

The yellow-leaved cultivar *Empetrum nigrum* 'Lucia'

Subspecies

Empetrum nigrum subsp. asiaticum (Nakai ex H.Ito) Kuvaev – Korean crowberry^[12]
Empetrum nigrum subsp. subholarcticum (V.N.Vassil.) Kuvaev (synonym: Empetrum subholarcticum V.N.Vassil.)^[13]

Distribution and habitat

The species has a near circumboreal distribution in the Northern Hemisphere.^{[citation needed]} It is also native in the Falkland Islands.^[14]^[15]

Evolutionary biologists have explained the striking geographic distribution of crowberries as a result of long-distance migratory birds dispersing seeds from one pole to the other.^[16]

Empetrum nigrum grows in acidic soils in shady, moist areas.

Ecology

The moth species Glacies coracina, Zygaena exulans, and Hadula melanopa feed on the plant.^[8]

Uses

The fruit is edible and can be dried.^[17] However, it has an acidic taste. It is abundant in Scandinavia and treasured for its ability to make liqueur, wine, juice, or jelly. In subarctic areas, the plant has been a vital addition to the diet of the Inuit and the Sami. The Dena'ina (Tanaina) harvest it for food, sometimes storing in quantity for winter, sometimes mixed with lard or oil.

The species can also be grown as a ground cover,^[18] or as an ornamental plant in rock gardens, notably the yellow-foliaged cultivar 'Lucia'. The fruit is high in anthocyanin pigment and can be used to make a natural dye.^[18]

Culture

The Scottish Highlands Clan Maclean's badge is believed to be E. nigrum; cuttings of it would be raised on standards to denote clan identity and allegiance.

References

^ Sp. Pl. 2: 1022. 1753 [1 May 1753] "Plant Name Details for Empetrum nigrum". IPNI. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
^ "Empetrum nigrum L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Crowberry" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 513.
^ Jepson Flora Project (ed.). "Empetrum nigrum". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley.
^ Stace, C. A. (2010) New Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition. Cambridge University press. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5. pp. 525.
^ Kråkbär (in Swedish)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Barbara Coffin; Lee Pfannmuller (1988). Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna. U of Minnesota Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8166-1689-3.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain. Reader's Digest. 1981. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-276-00217-5.
^ "Empetrum nigrum in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
^ "Jepson eFlora: Empetrum nigrum". University and Jepson Herbaria. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
^ Bokhorst, S; Bjerke, JW; Davey, MP; Taulavuori, K; Taulavuori, E; Laine, K; Callaghan, TV; Phoenix, GK (2010). "Impacts of extreme winter warming events on plant physiology in a sub-Arctic heath community". Physiologia Plantarum. 140 (2): 128–140. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01386.x. PMID 20497369.
^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 456. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
^ "Empetrum subholarcticum V.N.Vassil". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
^ "Empetrum nigrum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
^ "Empetrum nigrum L." PLANTS.
^ Magnus Popp; Virginia Mirré; Christian Brochmann (2011). Peter H. Raven (ed.). "A single Mid-Pleistocene long-distance dispersal by a bird can explain the extreme bipolar disjunction in crowberries". PNAS. 108 (16). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri: 6520–6525. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012249108. PMC 3081031. PMID 21402939.
^ United States Department of the Army (2009). The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.
^ Jump up to: ^а ^{беременный} "Empetrum nigrum - L." Растения на будущее . Получено 15 мая 2017 года .

Экология пожарной службы лесной службы

[ipni-1] Sp. Pl. 2: 1022. 1753 [1 May 1753] "Plant Name Details for Empetrum nigrum". IPNI. Retrieved 1 December 2009.

[2] "Empetrum nigrum L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2020.

[3] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Crowberry" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 513.

[4] Jepson Flora Project (ed.). "Empetrum nigrum". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley.

[5] Stace, C. A. (2010) New Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition. Cambridge University press. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5. pp. 525.

[6] Kråkbär (in Swedish)

[CoffinPfannmuller1988-7] Jump up to: ^a ^b Barbara Coffin; Lee Pfannmuller (1988). Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna. U of Minnesota Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8166-1689-3.

[Readers-8] Jump up to: ^a ^b Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain. Reader's Digest. 1981. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-276-00217-5.

[9] "Empetrum nigrum in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2020-12-30.

[jepson-10] "Jepson eFlora: Empetrum nigrum". University and Jepson Herbaria. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

[11] Bokhorst, S; Bjerke, JW; Davey, MP; Taulavuori, K; Taulavuori, E; Laine, K; Callaghan, TV; Phoenix, GK (2010). "Impacts of extreme winter warming events on plant physiology in a sub-Arctic heath community". Physiologia Plantarum. 140 (2): 128–140. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01386.x. PMID 20497369.

[12] English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 456. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.

[worldfloraonline.org-13] "Empetrum subholarcticum V.N.Vassil". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 15 February 2021.

[14] "Empetrum nigrum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 December 2017.

[15] "Empetrum nigrum L." PLANTS.

[poppmirrebrochmann-16] Magnus Popp; Virginia Mirré; Christian Brochmann (2011). Peter H. Raven (ed.). "A single Mid-Pleistocene long-distance dispersal by a bird can explain the extreme bipolar disjunction in crowberries". PNAS. 108 (16). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri: 6520–6525. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012249108. PMC 3081031. PMID 21402939.

[17] United States Department of the Army (2009). The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.

[pfaf-18] Jump up to: ^а ^{беременный} "Empetrum nigrum - L." Растения на будущее . Получено 15 мая 2017 года .

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