Scuffletown, Северная Каролина
Scuffletown был сообществом в округе Робсон, штат Северная Каролина , США, в 1700 -х и 1800 -х годах, где доминировали Лумби коренные американцы . Точное местоположение сообщества, дата его создания и происхождение его названия неясно. Сообщество, у которого не было официального правительства, охватывало болотистую территорию, усеянную небольшими фермами и простыми каютами. Большинство мореходов были бедны и проживали жизни, выращивая урожай, охоту и рыбалку, собирая ягоды или выполняя труд для соседних фермеров.
Фон
[ редактировать ]Люди поясниц в юго -восточной части Северной Каролины возникли из различных коренных американцев /индийских групп, на которые сильно повлияли конфликты и инфекционные заболевания, начиная с периода европейской колонизации . Те, кто пережил эти сбои, сгруппировались как однородные сообщества. В 1830 году правительство Соединенных Штатов начало политику устранения индейцев , насильственно перемещая население коренных американцев на американском юге дальше на западе. Коренные американцы в округе Робсон, штат Северная Каролина , не подвергались удалению. [ 1 ] В культурном отношении эта группа не была особенно отличается от ближайших европейских американцев ; Они были в основном аграрными и обменивались похожими стилями платья, домов и музыки. Они также говорили по -английски и были в основном протестантами . Их личность была основана на родстве и общем месте. [ 2 ] Благодаря смешанным бракам они приобрели немного белого и черного происхождения. [ 3 ] Не рассматриваемые как коренные американцы штатом Северная Каролина до 1880-х годов, эти люди, как правило, называли « Мулаттос » местными жителями и в федеральных документах в середине 1800-х годов, чтобы отличить их от чернокожих. [4] They were recognized under the name "Lumbee" in the 1950s.[5]
Origins and name
[edit]The date of Scuffletown's formation is unknown.[6] According to Mary Norment, a white Robesonian and the widow of a man killed in the Lowry War, and North Carolina Adjutant General John C. Gorman, Scuffletown was created after Tuscarora farmers were forced off their land in the 1700s and retreated into sandy, swampy lands in the vicinity of the Lumber River, where they were joined by runaway enslaved Africans.[7] Conversely, one white Robesonian reported to a newspaper in the 1870s that most Scuffletonians were of a mix of white and indigenous descent, very rarely intermingling with blacks.[8] According to historian Malinda Maynor Lowery, in the early 1800s intermarriage and social interaction among blacks, whites, and Native Americans was common in the community, though this faded over subsequent decades.[9]
"Scuffletown" was a pejorative name applied to the community by white Robesonians.[10] Its own residents called it "the Settlement".[11] The origins of the name are not certain.[11] Norment suggested that one possible origin of the name was "It was generally a scuffle with the mulattos to live to live—to keep body and soul together, owing to their improvident habits."[12] Another explanation she offered was that mulattos were known to gather at a tavern at Harper's Ferry in the area owned by James Lowry (an ancestor of Lumbee outlaw Henry Berry Lowry) in the 1700s and, after becoming drunk, would do a "broad shuffle".[12] One tradition suggests that Continental Army General Burwell Vick was staying at the tavern in the 1700s after the American Revolution and named the surrounding area in homage to drunken scuffles that took place at the tavern, as a way of suggesting the lawlessness of the community.[13] Other historians have suggested that the name was a corruption of "Scovilletown", a possible allusion to the Scoville family.[11] Local residents were known as "Scuffletonians".[14]
Description
[edit]
The actual location of Scuffletown is disputed. Some scholars believe it was in the vicinity of the later town of Pembroke while others place it at Moss Neck. Historians Adolph L. Dial and David K. Eliades believed that it was a mobile community. Others still believe the name applied broadly to any concentration of Native Americans in Robeson County.[15] According to the historian Lowery, Scuffeltown encompassed many smaller locations including Prospect, Hopewell, New Hope, Union Chapel, Saddletree, Harper's Ferry, Saint Annah, Fair Grove, and Moss Neck.[13] Journalist Connee Brayboy included Moss Neck, Pates, Red Banks, Evans Crossing, and Brooks' Settlement within the area of Scuffletown. She wrote "the boundaries of 'Scuffletown' cannot be defined because it was not the custom of native people to define geographic boundaries...[the Scuffletown] designation is more an identification of families and clans, while the incorporated limits of Pembroke are recognized as the geographic, economic, and educational center of Native American country."[16]
Scuffletown had no public streets or buildings and no local government. Contemporary accounts by Norment and journalists describe it as a swampy area marked by occasional hills and log cabins of rudimentary build.[17] These one-room structures had minimal furnishings, and their occupants usually slept on dirt floors.[18] Most had no windows, though some had peepholes near their doors.[19] Most of these provided shelter to individual nuclear families.[20] These homesteads were typically surrounded by three or four acres of fields, which were plowed and planted with corn, potatoes, and rice. The poor quality of the land generated minimal agricultural yields.[17] Horses were rare, and oxen were used as draft animals.[18] Dogs were kept for hunting. Water was sourced from hand-dug wells.[19] Scuffletown residents, who were mostly poor, also provided for themselves by picking wild blackberries and whortleberries, hunting and fishing, or working as day laborers for neighboring farmers. The latter work included digging ditches, splitting shingles, harvesting sap for turpentine, and other various jobs.[17] Norment reported the Lowry and Oxendine families to have better means than other Scuffletonians, with the former having better homes owing to many family members being carpenters by trade.[19][a]
According to Norment, the Scuffletonians were notorious for loose morals and committing petty crime, including theft of neighbors' livestock and engaging in drunken brawls. She also reported that despite being Protestant Christians, many were superstitious and believed in fairies, ghosts, and spirits.[22] They attended their own churches and would sometimes listen to preaching circuit ministers.[23][24] H. W. Guion, a former director of the Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherford Railroad, testified that they were peaceful but were stubborn and lazy workers.[25] Many Scuffletonians suffered from prolonged periods of hunger, especially during the American Civil War, when Scuffletonians attempting to dodge labor conscription for Confederate fort construction hid in the swamps and did not tend to their crops.[26][27] The tension raised by the labor conscription and the subsequent murder in early 1865 of James Brantley Harris, a white Confederate Home Guardsman who had lived in Scuffletown and enforced the conscription, helped spark the Lowry War, a conflict between a mostly-Lumbee group of outlaws and the local white authorities.[28][29]
References
[edit]- ^ Ahearn 2016, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Ahearn 2016, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Lowery 2010, pp. 12–14.
- ^ Magdol 1973, p. 262.
- ^ Ahearn 2016, pp. 132, 136.
- ^ Magdol 1973, p. 261.
- ^ Magdol 1973, pp. 262–263.
- ^ Lowery 2010, pp. 285–286.
- ^ Lowery 2018, pp. 269–270.
- ^ Magdol 1973, pp. 260–261.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Evans 2015, p. 29.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Magdol 1973, p. 264.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Lowery 2018, p. 55.
- ^ Evans 2015, p. 28.
- ^ Dial & Eliades 1996, p. 48.
- ^ Brayboy 1999, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Magdol 1973, p. 263.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Evans 2015, p. 65.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Evans 2015, p. 66.
- ^ Magdol 1973, pp. 265–266.
- ^ Magdol 1973, p. 265.
- ^ Magdol 1973, pp. 266–267.
- ^ Magdol 1973, pp. 267, 276.
- ^ Lowery 2018, p. 57.
- ^ Magdol 1973, p. 267.
- ^ Evans 2015, pp. 37–38.
- ^ Magdol 1973, p. 268.
- ^ Magdol 1973, pp. 268–269.
- ^ Dial & Eliades 1996, pp. 49–50.
Notes
[edit]Works cited
[edit]- Ahearn, Lorraine (2016). Повествовательные пути сопротивления коренных американцев: отслеживание агентства и празднование в текстах журналистики в Восточной Северной Каролине, 1872–1988 (кандидатская диссертация). Университет Северной Каролины в Чапел -Хилл. OCLC 1105761379 .
- Brayboy, Connee (1999). Пемброк в двадцатом веке . Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738590370 .
- Dial, Adolph L.; Элиадес, Дэвид К. (1996). Единственная земля, которую я знаю: история индейцев поясниц (1 -я издательство Сиракузского университета издательство). Сиракузы: издательство Сиракузского университета. ISBN 9780815603603 .
- Эванс, Уильям Макки (2015). Die Game: История группы Лоури, индийских партизан реконструкции (переиздание изд.). Сиракузы: издательство Сиракузского университета. ISBN 9780815603061 .
- Лоури, Малинда Мэйнор (2018). Индейцы поясниц: американская борьба . Чапел Хилл: UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-1-4696-4638-1 .
- Лоури, Малинда Мэйнор (2010). Индейцы поясниц на юге Джима Кроу: раса, идентичность и создание нации . Чапел Хилл: Университет Северной Каролины Пресс. ISBN 978-0-8078-3368-1 .
- Магдол, Эдвард (1973). «Против Джентри: расследование южного сообщества низшего класса и культуры, 1865-1870». Журнал социальной истории . 6 (3): 259–283. doi : 10.1353/jsh/6.3.259 . JSTOR 3786541 .