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Формирование Мольтрасио

Координаты : 46 ° 00′N 9 ° 06′E / 46,0 ° N 9,1 ° E / 46,0; 9.1
Формирование Мольтрасио
Стратиграфический диапазон средний синемурийский плавник :
~ 196-188 и
Обнажение
Тип Геологическое образование
Единица Бассейн Generoso
Суб-единицы Остено обнаруживается
Лежит в основе Формирование жилья
Overlies
Thickness200 m
Lithology
PrimaryLimestone
Location
Coordinates46°00′N 9°06′E / 46.0°N 9.1°E / 46.0; 9.1
Approximate paleocoordinates33°12′N 15°36′E / 33.2°N 15.6°E / 33.2; 15.6
RegionLombardy
Country
Type section
Named forMoltrasio
Named byAntonio Stoppani[1]
Year defined1857
Формирование Moltrasio расположена в Италии
Формирование Мольтрасио
Moltrasio Formation (Italy)

Формирование Moltrasio, также известное как формация Lombardische Kieselkalk, является геологическим формированием в Италии и Швейцарии. Эта формация в основном развивалась в нижней или средней синемурийской стадии нижней юры, где на тектонической активности бассейна Ломбарда модифицировала нынешнюю морскую и наземную среду обитания. [ 2 ] Здесь он разработал серию морских настройки осаждения, представленные обнажением 550–600 м серых кальцильенитов и кальцилютитов с линзами Chert и Marly Interbeds, которые восстанавливают формации Sedrina , Moltrasio и Domaro . [ 2 ] Это было в основном из-за пост-триасового кризиса, который был связан локально с тектоникой. [ 3 ] Формирование Moltrasio считается продолжением известняка седрины и формированием Hettangian Albenza и, вероятно, была неглубокой водным преемником, развитой на пассивном краю самой западной южной Альпы. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Это известно из -за изысканного сохранения, наблюдаемого на обнажении в Остено , где было восстановлено несколько видов морской биоты. [ 5 ]

Exceptional fossilization

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Exposed Moltrasio Fm in Southern Switzerland

Apart from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, the Sinemurian of Osteno is the only fossil deposit in Italy in which soft bodies are preserved. The Osteno site was discovered in 1964. It was recovered from a series of 6 metres (20 ft) package of fine laminated, gray, spongiolitic, micritic limestone.[6] Coroniceras bisulcatum allowed to date the outcrop as the Bucklandi zone, lower Sinemurian.[6] The outcrop is a good documentation of a particularly complete fauna and flora of the Lower Jurassic which is not exactly common in the Southern Alps.[6] The Osteno outcrop, part of the formation, is worldwide known due to the exceptional preservation of mostly marine biota, including rare fossilized components, helping to understand the ecosystems of the local Sinemurian margin of the Monte Generoso Basin.[7] The high local variety of fossils found is most likely due to unique conditions of preservation, where phosphatized soft tissues have not been observed in any fish or polychaetes, but they are common in crustaceans (33%) and also occur in a smaller percentage of teuthids (14%).[8] Soft part preservation through phosphatization in this deposit includes the muscles and branchia of Crustaceans, fish tissues, and the digestive tracts of coleoids, polychaetes, and nematodes. These fossils are interpreted as having been preserved in a stagnant, restricted basin with anoxic conditions likely within the sediment pore waters.[5]

Structural scheme illustrating the syn-rift setting of the western Lombardian Basin during late Triassic and early Jurassic (most of the early jurassic terms belong to the calcare di Moltrasio and secondarily to Calcare di Domaro and Rosso Ammonitico Lombardo). The approximated location in the context of Osteno lagerstätte is indicated. References in the image.

Nematoida

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Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Eophasma[6][9]

  • E. jurasicum
  • A complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop

A nematode, type member of the family Eophasmidae inside Desmoscolecida.[10] A rare find, since nematode fossils are absent in most Mesozoic marine rocks.[9]

Annelida

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Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Melanoraphia[5][6][11]

  • M. maculata
  • A nearly complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop

A polychaete, member of the group Phyllodocemorpha with incertae sedis assignation. This polychaete was probably an open swimmer more than a substrate dweller.[11]

Crustacea

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Aeger[5][6][12][13]

  • A. foesteri
  • A. muensteri
  • A. robustus
  • A. rostrospinatus
  • A. elongatus
  • A. macropus

Multiple specimens fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Aegeridae. This genus is the most abundant local crustacean, and was a shrimp-like creature that was probably necrophagous.[13]

Coleia[5][6][12][14][15][16]

  • C. vialiii
  • C. medilerranea
  • C. cf. antiqua
  • C. pinnnai

Multiple specimens fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Coleiidae. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.[14]

Eryma[17][18]

  • E. sinemuriana

41 specimens, fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally identified as Pustulina sinemuriana.[19]

Glyphea[17]

  • G. tricarinata

137 complete and fragmentary specimens

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally identified as Pustulina sinemuriana.[19]

Mecochirus[17]

  • M. germari

81 complete and fragmentary specimens,

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, member of the family Mecochiridae. Rather rare compared to other local crustacean genera.

Ostenosculda[20]
  • O. teruzzii

Single Specimen fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A mantis shrimp

Palaeastacus[17][19]

  • P. meyeri

Multiple specimens fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally included in the genus Eryma as E. meyeri, although the specimens reveal morphological characters diagnostic of Palaeastacus.[19]

Phlyctisoma[17]

  • P. sinemuriana

10 specimens, in a fairly good state of preservation

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally identified as Pustulina sinemuriana.[19]

Pseudoglyphea[5][12][16]

  • P. amylochelis

7 complete specimens, in a fairly good state

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, member of the family Litogastroidae. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.[14]

Teruzzicheles[21]
  • T. popeyei

Various specimens fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod belonging to the family Polychelidae

Xiphosurida

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Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Ostenolimulus[22]

  • O. latus
  • A nearly complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop

A horseshoe crab, member of the family Limulidae. This genus represents the oldest Jurassic limulid and only the second xiphosuran known from Italy.[22] Also indicates that this family were a diverse and widespread clade during the Jurassic.[22]

Thylacocephala

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Ostenocaris[5][6][23][24]

  • O. cypriformis
  • Multiple specimens, complete and incomplete

Osteno Outcrop

A thylacocephalan, type member of the family Ostenocarididae inside Conchyliocarida. Originally Interpreted as a bizarre Cirriped. Ostenocaris is the most common fossil of the formation, and the main identified thylacocephalan from the formation. In the first interpretations, the genus was shown as a filter-feeding organism, which used the cephalic sac as a burrowing organ to ensure adhesion to the substrate. Based on the presence of Coprolites associated to the genus, with abundant masses of alimentary residues (hooks of cephalopods, vertebrates, remains of Crustacea) in the stomach of these organisms, Ostenocaris cypriformis was probably a necrophagous organism, and the cephalic sac can be tentatively interpreted as being a burrowing organ employed during the search for food, or as an organ of locomotion with intrinsic motility.[25]

Cephalopoda

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Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Arietites[5][6]

  • A. bucklandi

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, type member of the family Arietitidae inside Psiloceratoidea. The main ammonite identified locally.

Angulaticeras[5][6][16]

  • A. sp.

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, member of the family Schlotheimiidae inside Psiloceratoidea. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.

Coroniceras[5][6][16]

  • C. bisulcatum

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, member of the family Arietitidae inside Psiloceratoidea. It was less common than other ammonites, although index for some locations.

Ectocentrites[5][6][16]

  • E. sp.

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, member of the family Lytoceratidae inside Lytoceratina. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.

Ostenoteuthis[5][6][16][26][27]

  • O. siroi

Several specimens with decent preservation

Osteno outcrop

A coleoid, type member of the family Ostenoteuthidae. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location. Coleoids with ten arms each bearing pairs of hooks, Ostenoteuthis measure between 18 and 30 cm length.[27]

Oxynoticeras[5][6]

  • O. oxynotum

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, type member of the family Oxynoticeratidae inside Ammonitida. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.

Uncinoteuthis[6][27]

  • U. cuvieri

An incomplete specimen consisting of the arm crown only

Osteno outcrop

A coleoid, member of the family Ostenoteuthidae. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location.[27]

Echinoderms

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Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Hispidocrinus[28]

  • H. scalaris

Multiple ossicles

Pradalunga

An Crinoidean, member of the family Isocrininae inside Isocrinida.

Isocrinus[28]

  • I. spp.

Multiple ossicles

Ubiale - Clanezzo

An Crinoidean, member of the family Isocrininae inside Isocrinida.

Millericrinus[28]

  • M. cf. adneticus

Multiple ossicles

M. di Grone

An Crinoidean, member of the family Millericrinidae inside Millericrinida.

Palaeocoma[6][16]

  • P. milleri

Multiple specimens

Ubiale - Clanezzo

An ophiuridan, member of the family Ophiodermatidae inside Ophiodermatina. Extant tropical species like Ophioderma are benthic predators and scavengers that show the same short spines seen in Palaeocoma.[6]

Hemichordata

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Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Megaderaion[29]

  • M. sinemuriense
  • A nearly complete specimen with soft tissue

Osteno Outcrop

An acorn worm, member of the family Harrimaniidae inside Enteropneusta. It was a large sized member of its family. This genus probably lived linked to sand bottoms, where it made burrows to hide and find food.[29]

Chondrichthyes

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Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Hybodontiformes[30]

Indeterminate

Teeth

Osteno Outcrop

A shark, member of the family Hybodontiformes.

Myriacanthidae[30]

Gen et sp. nov

Virtually complete skull with associated parts of the branchial skeleton

Osteno Outcrop

A chimaerid, member of the family Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes.

Ostenoselache[6][16]

  • O. stenosoma

One complete articulated specimen

Osteno Outcrop

An euselachiian, type member of the family Ostenoselachidae inside Elasmobranchii. A unique genus of shark, only found in the Osteno Formation. With an elongated eel-shaped morphology, the specimens found measure at least 240 mm in length, with a neurocranium with a long, complex rostrum.[16] It has been suggested it was an animal able to produce electric shocks, probably to kill prey.[16]

Palaeospinax[16][31]

  • P. pinnai

A single specimen in four contiguous pieces and including parts of the dentition and squamation

Osteno Outcrop

A Shark, type member of the family Palaeospinacidae inside Synechodontiformes. Open water swimmer.

Squaloraja[16][30][32]

  • S. sp.

One complete articulated specimen

Osteno Outcrop

A chimaerid, type member of the family Squalorajidae inside Squalorajoidei. This genus belongs to a lineage of ray-like chimaeras.

Actinopterygii

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Cosmolepis[33]

  • C. ornatus
  • MSNM V617, complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive actinopterygiian, member of the order Palaeonisciformes. A late surviving representative of the family.

Dapedium[33]

  • D. sp.
  • MSNM V630, caudal fin with associated scales

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive actinopterygiian, type member of the family Dapediidae inside Holostei. Probably a Coral Environment wanderer.

Furo[33]

  • F. ("Eugnathus") sp.
  • MSNM V659, skull & anterior truncal body

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive actinopterygiian, type member of the family Furidae inside Ionoscopiformes. An enlongated Gar-alike taxon.

Pholidophorus[33]

  • P. cf.bechei
  • MSNM V621, complete specimen
  • MSNM V556, isolated complete skull
  • Multiple referred specimens

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive actinopterygiian, type member of the family Pholidophoridae inside Teleostei. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools. It is the main fish recovered on the formation.

Pholidolepis[33]

  • P. sp.
  • MSNM V409, complete specimen
  • MSNM V594, isolated complete skull
  • Multiple referred specimens

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive Actinopterygiian, member of the family Pholidophoridae inside Teleostei. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools.

Peripeltopleurus?[33][34]

  • P. sp.
  • MSNM V659, almost complete specimen lacking the tail

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive actinopterygiian, member of the family Peltopleuridae inside Neopterygii. Probably represents the only known Jurassic survivor of the order Peltopleuriformes

Pteroniscus[33]

  • Cf.P. sp.
  • MSNM V618-19, skull & toracic section specimen

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive actinopterygiian, member of the order Palaeonisciformes. A complicated genus know from younger-aged freshwater deposits, whose modern status is rather dubious.

Sarcopterygii

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Undina[6][33]

  • U. (Holophagus) cf. gulo
  • MSNM V587, isolated scales

Osteno Outcrop

A Coelacanth, member of the family Latimeriidae inside Coelacanthiformes. Isolated 20 mm scales of coelacanths analogous to the genus Holophagus are quite frequent on the Osteno deposits, suggesting a taxon up to 75 cm long.

Plants

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Brachyphyllum[6][35]

  • B. sp. A
  • B. sp. B
  • B. sp. C
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A coniferophytan, member of the family Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinopsida.

Equisitites[6][35]

  • E. bunburyanus
  • Stems

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A Horsetail, member of the family Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. A freshwater-related plant, that grew as fast as modern bamboo on tropical settings.

Otozamites[6][35]

  • O. bunburyanus
  • O. sp.
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A spermatopsidan, member of the family Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.

Pachypteris[6][35]

  • P. cf. rhomboidalis
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A tree fern, member of the family Umkomasiaceae inside Peltaspermales. Fronds of large tree ferns, related to humid ecosystems.

Pagiophyllum[6][35]

  • P. sp. A
  • P. sp. B
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A coniferophytan, member of the family Araucariaceae inside Pinopsida.

Williamsonia[6][35]

  • W. sp.
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A spermatopsidan, member of the family Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.

Zamites[6][35]

  • Z. sp.
  • Fronds

Osteno Outcrop.[33]

A spermatopsidan, member of the family Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Stoppani A. (1857). Studi geologici e paleontologici sulla Lombardia. 461 pp. Tipografia Turati, Milano
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  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Jadoul, F.; Galli, M. T. (2008). "The Hettangian shallow water carbonates after the Triassic-Jurassic biocalcification crisis: The Albenza Formation in the western Southern Alps". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 114 (3): 453–470. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
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  29. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Arduini, P.; Pinna, G.; Teruzzi, G. (1981). «Megaderaion Sinemuriense Ngn sp., Новый ископаемый энтеропнест синемурия Остено в Ломбардии» . Акты итальянского общества естественных наук и Гражданского музея естественной истории в Милане . 122 (2): 104–108 . Получено 2 мая 2023 года .
  30. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Duffin, CJ (1991). «Мирикантид Голоцефалан (хондрихти) из синемурийского (нижнего юрского периода) Остено (Ломбарди, Италия)» . Труды Итальянского общества естественных наук и Гражданского музея естественной истории Милана . 132 (23): 293–308 . Получено 3 мая 2023 года .
  31. ^ Даффин, CJ (1987). « Palaeospinax pinnai n. Sp. , Новая палеоспинацидная акула из синемувийской (нижней юры) осено (Lombardy, Италия)». Труды Итальянского общества естественных наук и Гражданского музея естественной истории Милана . 128 (1): 185–202.
  32. ^ Даффин, Кристофер Дж.; Гарассино, Алессандро; Пасини, Джованни (2023). «Squaloraja; Riley 1833 (Holocephala: Squalorajidae) из нижнего юрского периода Остено-Консерват-Лагерстаттт (Como, NW Италия)» . Науки естественной истории . 10 (1). doi : 10.4081/nhs.2023.642 . ISSN   2385-0922 . S2CID   258822179 .
  33. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л м не а Даффин, CJ; Паттерсон, С. (1993). «Окаменечная рыба Остено: новое окно в жизни нижней юры» . Мочевой пузырь . 34 (2): 18–38 . Получено 3 мая 2023 года .
  34. ^ Франчески, Ф.; Marramà, G.; Карнавал, Г. (2023). «Удовлетворение предполагаемой рыбы питоплеуридов от синемурия (нижняя юрская точка) Остено (Комо, Италия): предварительные результаты» (PDF) . Палеодайс-Абстракт Книга. XXIII издание «Дней палеонтологии-2013» . 23 (1): 51.
  35. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин Бончи, MC; Vanucci, G. (1986). «Синемурийские растения Остено (Ломбардия)». Труды Итальянского общества естественных наук и Гражданского музея естественной истории Милана . 127 (2): 107–127.
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