Ибрагим ибн Муса аль-Казим
Ибрагим ибн Муса аль-Казим Ибрагим бен Муса Аль -Казим | |
|---|---|
| Рожденный | 763 |
| Умер | 825 / после 837 Багдад , Аббасид Халифат |
| Дети |
|
| Родительский | Муса аль-Казим (отец) |
| Губернатор Мекки | |
| В офисе 817–820 | |
| Монарх | Аль-Мамун |
| Preceded by | Ubaydallah ibn al-Abbas ibn Ubaydallah |
| Succeeded by | Ubaydallah ibn al-Hasan al-Talibi |
| Amir al-Hajj | |
| In office 818 | |
| Monarch | al-Ma'mun |
| Governor of Yemen | |
| In office 817 | |
| Monarch | al-Ma'mun |
| Preceded by | Hamdawayh ibn Ali |
| Succeeded by | Hamdawayh ibn Ali |
Ибрахим ибн Муса аль-Кашим ( арабский : Ибрагим бен Муса аль-Казим ), известный как аль-Муртаха ( арабский : аль-Муртади , горит . «Достигатель удовольствия Бога»), [ 1 ] Умер 825 или после 837 года, был лидером Алида в девятом веке , который возглавил восстание против Аббасид Халифат в Йемене после четвертого Финтна . Позже он захватил контроль над Меккой в ок. 817, и впоследствии был признан юридическим губернатором города Халифом аль-Мамун .
Фон
[ редактировать ]Алид по рождению, Ибрагим был одним из восемнадцати или девятнадцати лет [ 2 ] Сыновья седьмого шиитского имама Муса аль-Казима (ум. 799) и пра-пра-пра-пра-пра-пра-пра-пра-пра-пра-прап-внук Али . Он был братом восьмого имама Али Аль-Рида (ум. 818), который был кратко назначенным наследником Аббасид Халифа аль-Мамун (р. 813–833). [ 3 ]
Восстание в Йемене
[ редактировать ]Ibrahim became active as a rebel following the damaging civil war of 811–813 between the rival caliphs al-Amin and al-Ma'mun, which had greatly weakened the ability of the Abbasid government to maintain its authority in Baghdad and the provinces of the empire.[4] While in Mecca in 815, he was appointed by Abu al-Saraya al-Sari ibn Mansur, who had launched a pro-Alid revolt in southern Iraq and seized the cities of al-Kufah, al-Basrah, Mecca, and Medina, to conquer the Yemen on his behalf, and he accordingly marched south toward the province with a large force. Upon learning of his advance, the governor of the Yemen, Ishaq ibn Musa ibn Isa al-Hashimi, decided against putting up any resistance and instead withdrew with his troops for the Hijaz, in effect surrendering the province to Ibrahim. The latter was consequently able to enter the Yemen without facing any significant resistance, and he proceeded to occupy Sana'a in September 815 and take control of the country.[5]
Ibrahim was able to maintain his hold over the Yemen for approximately a year, during which time he minted coins in his own name. His severe administration of the province, which was characterized by frequent killings, acts of enslavement, and confiscations of private property, soon caused him to develop a reputation for brutality, and he became known by the title of al-Jazzar ("the Butcher"). Especially harsh measures were taken on behalf of his tribal allies, who assisted him in his rule of the country, and at their request he arrested several chiefs of their rivals, killing several of them and forcing others into exile.[6]
After spending several months in the Yemen, Ibrahim attempted to assert his authority over Mecca as well, and dispatched an army to the city to lead the pilgrimage of 816 in the name of the Alids. Upon their arrival at Mecca, however, his forces were unable to enter the city due to the presence of Abbasid reinforcements, and instead took to conducting raiding activities in the neighboring area until they were defeated and dispersed. Soon afterwards, Ibrahim learned that another army under the command of Hamdawayh ibn Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan was marching toward the Yemen in order to reassert government control over the province, and he set out with his own men to halt Hamdawayh's advance. In the resulting engagement, Ibrahim was defeated and put to flight, and Hamdawayh was able to enter Sana'a and establish himself as governor, putting an end to Alid rule of the province.[7]
Seizure of Mecca
[edit]Ibrahim's movements in the aftermath of his defeat against Hamdawayh are reported differently by various sources; al-Yaq'ubi states that he went straight to Mecca, while Yemeni writers claim that he remained in the province until 818, during which period he undertook punitive actions against a number of tribes that opposed him. It may have been around this time that he destroyed al-Khaniq, a sixth-century dam near Sa'dah built by a mawla of Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan, and devastated the old town of Sa'dah as well.[8] At some point, however, he decided to depart from the Yemen and set out with his supporters, traveling north until he reached the outskirts of Mecca. In response to his approach, the officer in command of the city, Yazid ibn Muhammad al-Makhzumi, came out to face him, but the rebels defeated him in battle, killing him and routing his forces. With the defeat of Yazid, Ibrahim was free to enter Mecca and occupy it, and he established himself as master of the city and surrounding territory.[9]
Rapprochement with al-Ma'mun and governorship
[edit]A change in Ibrahim's relationship with the Abbasid government occurred in 817, when the caliph al-Ma'mun decided to show favoritism to the Alids and designated Ibrahim's brother Ali ibn Musa al-Rida as his heir to the caliphate, while at the same time pardoning several Alids who had rebelled against him. Toward this end, the central government reconciled with Ibrahim, who was still in Mecca, and formally gave him control of the city by recognizing him as its governor. With his rule over Mecca now legitimized, Ibrahim implemented the caliph's pro-Alid policy in the city and rendered the oath of allegiance to Ali. A short time later he headed the pilgrimage of 818 and invoked his brother in the prayers as heir to al-Ma'mun, making him, according to Al-Masudi, the first descendant of Abu Talib to lead the pilgrimage since the coming of Islam.[10]
In addition to receiving legal control over Mecca, Ibrahim was granted the governorship of the Yemen, which was still in the hands of Hamdawayh ibn Ali. When Hamdawayh refused to yield the province, however, Ibrahim decided to dislodge him by force and organized an expedition against him. He soon reached the Yemen in mid-818 and made his way toward Sana'a, but he was met by Hamdawayh and his forces as he approached the town. The battle that followed went badly for Ibrahim, whose army was routed by Hamdawayh's, and he was forced to retreat back to the Hijaz, abandoning his hopes to recover the province.[11]
Following his defeat in the Yemen, Ibrahim returned to Mecca, where he remained until 820. In that year he was dispatched to Baghdad by the military commander Isa ibn Yazid al-Juludi, and Ubaydallah ibn al-Hasan al-Talibi was appointed as governor of the city in his place.[12]
Notable descendants
[edit]- Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti
- Sayyid Ahmad al-Rifaʽi
- Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Shamsuddin Amir Kulal
- Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Alauddin Atar
- Sayyid ul Sadaat Hazrat Ishaan
- Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Moinuddin Hadi Naqshband
- Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Mir Jan
- Sayyid ul Sadaat Mir Sayyid Mahmud Saheb Agha
- Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Mir Fazlullah Saheb Agha
Death
[edit]Ibrahim died in Baghdad, reportedly from poisoning, and was buried next to his father in the graveyard of Quraysh in al-Kazimiyyah. Various dates are given for his death, including in 825 and after 837.[13]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Tazkare Khanwade Hazrat Ishaan, by Yasin Qaswari, Edare Talimat Naqshbandi, p. 62
- ^ Kohlberg 1993, p. 647.
- ^ Geddes 1963–64, p. 100; Buyukkara 2002, p. 447.
- ^ Rekaya 1991, p. 334.
- ^ Al-Mad'aj 1988, pp. 205–06; Geddes 1963–64, pp. 100–01; Bikhazi 1970, p. 25; Bosworth 1987, p. 27; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 540.
- ^ Al-Mad'aj 1988, p. 206; Geddes 1963–64, p. 101; Bikhazi 1970, p. 25; Bosworth 1987, pp. 27–8.
- ^ Al-Mad'aj 1988, p. 206; Geddes 1963–64, pp. 101–02; Bikhazi 1970, p. 25; Bosworth 1987, pp. 37–39; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 544.
- ^ Al-Mad'aj 1988, pp. 206–07; Geddes 1963–64, p. 102; Heiss 1987, pp. 66, 67.
- ^ Al-Mad'aj 1988, p. 206; Geddes 1963–64, pp. 102–03; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 544.
- ^ Al-Mad'aj 1988, p. 207; Geddes 1963–64, pp. 103; Buyukkara 2002, pp. 445 ff., 459; Bosworth 1987, pp. 60 ff., 83; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, pp. 544–45; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 471. Al-Mas'udi 1861–1877, v. VII: p. 60; v. IX: pp. 69-70, also states that Ibrahim's leadership of the pilgrimage was undertaken without caliphal authorization.
- ^ Al-Mad'aj 1988, pp. 207–08; Geddes 1963–64, pp. 103–04; Bosworth 1987, p. 83; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, pp. 545–46. Bikhazi 1970, pp. 25–26, provides a different account of these events.
- ^ Geddes 1963–64, p. 104; Bosworth 1987, p. 98; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 553.
- ^ Buyukkara 2002, p. 447; Ja'far al-Khalili 1987, p. 18; Muhsin al-Amin 1983, p. 228.
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Бикхази, Рамзи Дж. (1970). «Монеты Аль-Ямана 132-569 ах» Аль-Абхат . 23 : 3–127 . Получено 4 июня 2016 года .
- Буйуккара, М. Али (2002). «Выбор Аль-Мамун« Али аль-Рида в качестве его наследника ». Исламские исследования . 41 (3): 445–466. JSTOR 20837211 .
- Geddes, CL (1963–64). «Политика Аль-Мамун в Йемене». Венский журнал для клиента Orient . 59/60: 445–466. JSTOR 23888344 .
- Хейсс, Иоганн (1987). «Исторические и социальные аспекты Сады, йеменский город». Труды семинара по арабским исследованиям . 17 : 63–80. JSTOR 41223043 .
- Ja'far al-Khalili (1987). Mawsu'at al-'aabat al-muqaddasah, vol. 10: Касс аль-Казимайн (на арабском языке). Бейрут: Муасасат аль-А'Лами Матбуат. OCLC 4770260659 .
- Хаалифа Ибрагим Хайят (1985). Al -Umari, Akram Diya '(ред.). Тарих Халифа Ибрагим Хайят, 3 -е изд (на арабском языке). Аль-Рианх: Дар Тайбах.
- Колберг Э. (1993). "Матери -спикер " В Босворте, ЕС ; Ван Донзел, Э .; Heinrichs, WP & Pellat, Ch. (ред.). Энциклопедия Ислама, второе издание Том VII: MIPH -NAZ . Лейден: EJ Brill. стр. 645–648. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2 .
- Al-Mad'aj, Abd Al-Muhsin Mad'aj M. (1988). Йемен в раннем исламе (9-233/630-847): политическая история . Лондон: Итака Пресс. ISBN 0863721028 .
- Аль-Масуди, Али ибн аль-Хусейн (1861–1877). Золотые луга . Полет. 9 рейсов. Ред. Чарльз Барбье де Мейнард и Абель Павет де Куртел . Париж: национальные подставки.
- Мухсин аль-Амин (1983). A'yan Al-Shi'ah, Vol. 2 (на арабском языке). Бейрут: Дар аль-Тааруф Ли аль-Матбуат. OCLC 4769945206 .
- Recaya, M. (1991). "Аль-Маджумун " В Босворте, ЕС ; Van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (ред.). Энциклопедия Ислама, второе издание Том VI: Mahk - Mid . Лейден: EJ Brill. стр. 331–339. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3 .
- Bosworth, CE , ed. (1987). История аль-Шабари, том XXXII: воссоединение аббасид Халифат: Халифат Аль-Маумуна, 813–33 гг . Серия SUNY в ближневосточных исследованиях. Олбани, Нью -Йорк: Государственный университет Нью -Йорк Пресс. ISBN 978-0-88706-058-8 .
- Аль-Я'кби, Ахмад Бн Абу Яубб (1883). Хаутсма, М. Т. (ред.). Historiae, vol. 2 (на арабском языке). Лейден: EJ Brill.