Сотовая хлыная
| Сотовая хлыная | |
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Научная классификация 
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| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Животное |
| Филум: | Chordata |
| Сорт: | Хондрихти |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Superorder: | Batoidea |
| Order: | Myliobatiformes |
| Family: | Dasyatidae |
| Genus: | Himantura |
| Species: | H. undulata
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| Binomial name | |
| Himantura undulata (Bleeker, 1852)
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| Synonyms | |
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Honeycomb Whipray ( Himantura undulata )-это в семействе вид скаты Dasyatidae , широко обнаруженных в неглубоких прибрежных водах Индо -Тихоокеанского океана из Индии до малайского архипелага . Этот большой вид растет до 1,3 м (4,3 фута) в поперечнике и имеет диск в форме алмаза с округлыми углами и проецируемой заостренной мордой. Его хвост длинный и похожий на кнут, без плавных складок. Взрослые имеют поразительный дорсальный цветовой рисунок, состоящий из больших темно -коричневых колец и сетчатых, очерченных тонкими желтыми линиями, в то время как у юрилов есть рисунок больших темных пятен. Этот луч также можно отличить от его аналогичных родственников увеличенным жемчужным кожным зубным зубцом в центре спины, за которым следует несколько шипов. Международный союз сохранения природы (МСОП) оценил сотовой хнуот, находящийся под угрозой исчезновения, поскольку он сталкивается с тяжелым рыболовным давлением и деградацией среды обитания на большей части своего диапазона.
Таксономия
[ редактировать ]Голландский ихтиолог Питер Бликер впервые назвал сотовой хвиной как Trygon undulata , в списке яванских рыб 1850 года. [ 2 ] Два года спустя, официально описали виды в научных трактатах Батавиаасского общества искусств и наук ( мемуары Батавийского общества искусств и наук ), основанные на трех экземплярах, забитых от Джакарты и Семаранга . [3] Later authors assigned it to the genus Himantura. Other common names for this ray include Bleeker's variegate ray and ocellate whipray.[4]
The reticulate whipray (H. uarnak) and the leopard whipray (H. leoparda) are closely related to the honeycomb whipray. The three species are very similar in size, shape, and coloration, which has resulted in a great deal of confusion: H. undulata has often been misidentified as H. uarnak, while many references to "H. undulata" are in fact of H. leoparda, with the synonym H. fava used instead for the real H. undulata. The three belong to a larger 'uarnak' species complex that also contains H. astra, H. fai, H. gerrardi, H. jenkinsii, and H. toshi.[5]
Description
[edit]
The honeycomb whipray has a diamond-shaped, rather thin pectoral fin disc slightly wider than long, with broadly rounded outer corners and concave leading margins converging on a pointed, protruding snout. The eyes are small and immediately followed by much larger spiracles. There is a skirt-shaped flap of skin with a finely fringed posterior margin between the long, narrow nostrils. The mouth is strongly bow-shaped, with shallow furrows at the corners, and contains a pair of papillae (nipple-shaped structures) on the floor. The teeth are small and have a low, transverse ridge on the crown. The pelvic fins are small and roughly triangular.[4][6][7]
The tail is thin and whip-like, measuring about twice as long as the disc, and lacks fin folds. Usually a single serrated, stinging spine is placed on the dorsal surface, relatively close to the tail base. Adults have a broad band of small, flattened dermal denticles running centrally from before the eyes, over the back, onto the tail. At the center of the disc, there is an enlarged, round "pearl" denticle trailed by 2–3 smaller thorns along the midline; there are no enlarged denticles on the base of the tail. Newborns have large, well-spaced dark spots covering the disc. With age, the dorsal coloration becomes a honeycomb-like pattern of large, nearly black rings (ocelli) and reticulations, that are separated from each other by thin yellow lines.[4][6] The tail is covered by alternating dark and light bands or other markings past the sting. The underside is white. This species has been reported to a disc width of 1.3 m (4.3 ft).[4][6]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The range of the honeycomb whipray is not well-defined due to confusion with other species. It seems to occur widely in the tropical Indo-Pacific region, from India to Taiwan to New Guinea, but not off Australia (all Australian records of H. undulata appear to be H. leoparda). This benthic species inhabits inshore waters and prefers habitats with soft substrates, including sandy and muddy flats, lagoons, and brackish estuaries and mangrove swamps.[4][8][9]
Biology and ecology
[edit]Little is known of the natural history of the honeycomb whipray. It is typically encountered lying still on the bottom, often partially or completely buried in sediment.[9] Presumably, it feeds on crustaceans and small fishes. Reproduction is aplacental viviparous as in other stingrays, with the mother provisioning her developing embryos with histotroph ("uterine milk").[4] Newborns measure about 26–27 cm (10–11 in) across, comparable to H. uarnak and larger than H. leoparda. Also like H. uarnak but unlike H. leoparda, by a disc width of 50 cm (20 in) juvenile rays have a well-developed dorsal denticle band.[5] Males reach sexual maturity at 60–70 cm (24–28 in) across.[4]
Human interactions
[edit]Intensive commercial and artisanal fisheries throughout Indonesia and elsewhere catch the honeycomb whipray, using tangle nets, bottom trawls, and Danish seines, and occasionally also longlines.[1] It is mainly marketed for its meat, though the skin and cartilage may also be utilized.[4] Fishing pressure is intensifying in many portions of its range, such as the Gulf of Thailand, with this species particularly susceptible due to its inshore habits. Its habitat preferences also expose it to habitat degradation from coastal development, water pollution, and destructive fishing practices (i.e. blast fishing). Because of these threats, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) suspects the population of the honeycomb whipray has declined, and has assessed it as endangered.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c Sherman, C.S.; Bin Ali, A.; Bineesh, K.K.; Derrick, D.; Dharmadi; Fahmi; Fernando, D.; Haque, A.B.; Maung, A.; Seyha, L.; Tanay, D.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Vo, V.Q.; Yuneni, R.R. (2020). "Himantura undulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T161621A124516589. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161621A124516589.en. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ Bleeker, P. (1850). "Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Midden- en Oost-Java, met beschrijving van eenige nieuwe species". Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. 23: 1–23.
- ^ Bleeker, P. (1852). "Bijdrage tot de kennis der Plagiostomen van den Indischen Archipel". Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. 24 (12): 1–92.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Last, P.R.; W.T. White; J.N. Caire; Dharmadi, Fahmi; K. Jensen; A.P.F. Lim; B. Mabel-Matsumoto; G.J.P. Naylor; J.J. Pogonoski; J.D. Stevens & G.K. Yearsley (2010). Sharks and Rays of Borneo. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 216–217. ISBN 978-1-921605-59-8.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Last, P.R.; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M. (2008). "Himantura leoparda sp. nov., a new whipray (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) from the Indo–Pacific". In Last, P.R.; W.T. White; J.J. Pogonoski (eds.). Descriptions of New Australian Chondrichthyans. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. pp. 292–302. ISBN 978-0-1921424-1-2. (corrected) ISBN 1-921424-18-2 (invalid, listed in publication).
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в Аннандейл, Н. (май 1909). «Отчет о рыбах, взятых бенгальским рыболовным пароходом« Золотая корона ». Часть I, Batoidei». Мемуары индийского музея . 2 (1): 1–60.
- ^ Последнее, PR; Compagno, LJV (1999). "Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae". В Карпентере, Ке; Niem, VH (ред.). Руководство по идентификации ФАО для рыболовных целей. Живые морские ресурсы западной центральной части Тихого океана . Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация Организации Объединенных Наций. п. 1492. ISBN 978-92-5-104302-8 .
- ^ Белый, wt; PR Последний; JD Стивенс; GK Yearsley; Fahmi & Dharmadi (2006). Экономически важные акулы и лучи Индонезии . Австралийский центр международных сельскохозяйственных исследований. С. 238–239. ISBN 978-1-86320-517-7 .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Ferrari, A.; А. Феррари (2002). Акулы . Книги огня. п. 221 ISBN 978-1-55209-629-1 .