Циклида
| Циклида Временный диапазон: (Возможные меловые записи)
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| Диаграмма Brittaniclus Rankini (ранее Americlus Rankini ) в Ventral View | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Superclass: | Multicrustacea |
| Order: | †Cyclida Schram, Vonk & Hof, 1997 |
| Genera | |
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See text | |
| Synonyms | |
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Cyclida (ранее Cycloidea , и, таким образом, иногда известный как циклоиды ) является вымершим порядком крабовых ископаемых членистоногих , которые жили от каменноугольной до юрского периода и, возможно, мела . Их классификация неопределенна, но они, как правило, интерпретируются как ракообразные, вероятно, принадлежащие суперклассу к .
Описание
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Циклиданы имеют «поразительное» сходство с крабами , [ 1 ] с круглыми до яйцевидными панцирями, которые варьируются от плоской к куполу. [ 2 ] Панцирь покрывает все тело. [ 3 ] Самые большие члены имеют более 6 сантиметров (2,4 дюйма) по всему панцирь . [4] Their gill plates are arranged in a horseshoe shape beneath the carapace in at least some species.[3] The head and thorax were fused into a single unit, the cephalothorax.[3] The eyes, when present, were stalked, with the head also bearing two pairs of antennae, the first of which (dubbed the antennulae), are significantly longer than the second. There are at least eight pairs of appendages excluding the antennae and antennulae. The anterior appendages (including the pairs of maxillae and maxillipeds) are modified into chelae-like structures, with the posterior appendages being walking legs, which have sharp terminal segments (dactyli).[2][3] The abdomen is short with either one or two segments, which ends with a pair of posterior structures, dubbed "caudal rami".[3]
Affinities
[edit]There is considerable debate about the placement of cycloids within the Arthropoda. While they are generally considered to be crustaceans of some kind, doubts have been expressed about the homology of cycloids' respiratory structures with those of other crustaceans, and parallels drawn instead with chelicerates.[5] However, other workers have interpreted the gills as similar to those of crustaceans, and the possession of two pairs of antennae is considered characteristic for many groups of crustaceans.[2]
The first description of a cycloid was in the 1836 treatise Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire by John Phillips,[6][7] where Phillips described "Agnostus ? radialis" among the trilobites, with the text "ribs radiating, with acute puncta; abdomen mucronate".[8] In 1838, Hermann von Meyer described a species of trilobite, albeit in the genus Limulus, and later transferred it to a new genus, Halicyne, recognising that it was something different.[6] In 1841, Laurent-Guillaume de Koninck transferred Phillips' species to a new genus, Cyclus, away from the trilobites, although he later described a second species of Cyclus which was later recognised as the hypostome of a trilobite.[6] Cycloids were later considered to be members of the Xiphosura, true crabs, and branchiurans.[9]
In an unpublished dissertation, Neil D. L. Clark proposed in 1989 that cycloids were copepods.[9] In 1997, Frederick Schram and his co-authors[6] classified them as the sister group to copepods, within the Maxillopoda.[5] In 2008, Jerzy Dzik placed them as an order within the maxillopod suborder Branchiura, which previously contained only the modern fish lice,[4] however, later studies have rejected this placement, due to the similarities between the two groups only being superficial.[3] A 2020 study based on well preserved remains of Americlidae from the Carboniferous of Britain found that Cyclida had the greatest affinities with Copepoda and Malacostraca, and likely represented an independent branch of the Multicrustacea.[10]
Ecology
[edit]While most cyclidans are known from marine environments, a handful are known to have inhabited freshwater environments. Many marine species occupied reef habitats, while other are known to have lived in deep marine settings.[2] The anterior chelae like appendages are suggested to have been used for grasping and manipulating food items. Cyclidans are suggested to have had a similar ecology to modern crabs, including as detritivores, scavengers, predators and consumers of plant matter.[3] A parasitic mode of life has sometimes been suggested for cyclidans,[4] but this has been considered unlikely due to their large size and well calcified skeletons.[3]
Taxa and stratigraphy
[edit]Cycloids are known from deposits ranging from the Early Carboniferous to the very end of the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian). They are one of only three groups of "generally Palaeozoic" arthropods to survive the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the others being the freshwater-living Euthycarcinoida and the marine Thylacocephala.[4]
Families and genera
[edit]After Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020.[2]
- Family Schraminidae Dzik, 2008
- Schramine Dzik, 2008[4] comprises two species from the Carboniferous of North America and three species from the Early Triassic of Madagascar, some of which were formerly included in Halicyne.
- Opolanka Dzik, 2008[4] contains a single species found in Late Triassic rocks at Krasiejów in Poland.[4]
- Apionicon Schram, Vonk & Hof, 1997 is known from a single species found in Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) shales in Illinois, including Mazon Creek.[6]
- Family Cyclidae Packard, 1885
- Ambocyclus Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 contains three species from the Carboniferous of Ireland, North America and Russia
- Prolatcyclus Mychko, Feldmann, Schweitzer & Alekseev, 2019 Contains two species from the lower Carboniferous of England and Russia
- Cyclus de Koninck, 1841 formerly contained 17 species found in Carboniferous deposits of Europe, Asia and North America, now defined to only include the species Cyclus radialis from the lower Carboniferous of Europe
- Carabicyclus Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 known from two species from the Lower Carboniferous of the British Isles
- Litocyclus Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 definitely two and possibly four species, known from the Lower Carboniferous of the British Isles and the Upper Carboniferous of North America
- Chernyshevine Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 known from a single species from the Lower Carboniferous of Tajikistan
- Tazawacyclus Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 known from a single species from the Lower Carboniferous of Japan
- Uralocyclus Mychko & Alekseev, 2018 contains two species from the Lower Carboniferous of the British Isles and the Earliest Permian of Chelyabinsk, Russia
- Family Halicynidae Gall & Grauvogel, 1967
- Halicyne von Meyer, 1844 contains six species from the Middle Triassic of Europe.[4]
- Carcinaspides Glaessner, 1969 contains a single species found in limestone rocks in the Isar valley of Bavaria (Germany) and is probably of Mid to Late Triassic age.[4]
- Juracyclus Schweigert, 2007 comprises a single species found in the Early Jurassic Posidonienschiefer near Tübingen, southern Germany.[1]
- Family Americlidae Dzik, 2008
- Americlus Dzik, 2008 contains A. americanus (formerly Cyclus americanus),[4] a well known species from Mazon Creek,[6] as well as two possible other species, the holotypes of which are now lost, which all known from the Late Carboniferous of North America.
- Yunnanocyclus Feldmann, Schweitzer & Hu, 2017 single species known from the Middle Triassic of China
- Brittaniclus Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 Contains three species from the Carboniferous of Britain
- Dziklus Schweitzer, Mychko & Feldmann, 2020 Contains a single species known from the Upper Carboniferous of North America
- Malayacyclus Tang et al. 2021[11] Contains one species from the Lower Carboniferous of Malaysia
- Family Alsasuacaridae van Bakel, Jagt, Fraaije & Artal, 2011 (Note: The placement of these taxa within Cyclida has been questioned, and some authors argue that these taxa may be true crabs instead).[3]
- Alsasuacaris van Bakel, Jagt, Fraaije & Artal, 2011 known from a single species found in late Albian to early Cenomanian (Cretaceous) rocks near Alsasua (Navarre, Spain).[12]
- Maastrichtocaris Fraaije, Schram & Vonk, 2003 comprises a single species found in Maastrichtian (late Cretaceous) rocks from that period's type locality in the southern Netherlands.[9]
- Family Hemitrochiscidae Trauth, 1918
- Cyclocarcinides Glaessner, 1969 comprises 5 species known from the Upper Triassic of Europe
- Hemitrochiscus Schauroth, 1854 known from one species found in Late Permian dolomite near Wünschendorf/Elster (Germany).[4]
- Oonocarcinus Gemmellaro, 1890 is known from 3 species from the Permian of Sicily and 1 species from the Late Triassic of Slovakia
- Paraprosopon Gemmellaro, 1890 is known from one species from the Permian of Sicily (Italy).[4]
- Skuinocyclus Mychko & Alekseev, 2018 comprises one species from the earliest Permian of Bashkortostan, Russia
- Incertae sedis
- Anhelkocephalon Bill, 1914 known from a single species found in the Middle Triassic of France, originally classified as an isopod.[13]
- Magnitocyclus Mychko et al. 2022, comprises a single species from the Lower Carboniferous of Russia.[14]
Further reading
[edit]
- Alpheus Spring Packard (1885). "The Syncarida, a group of Carboniferous Crustacea". The American Naturalist. 19 (7): 700–703. doi:10.1086/274005. JSTOR 2450109.
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Günter Schweigert (2007). "Juracyclus posidoniae n. gen. and sp., the first cycloid arthropod from the Jurassic" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 81 (1): 213–215. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.490.9065. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[213:JPNGAS]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 131620349.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Mychko, Eduard V.; Feldmann, Rodney M. (2020-06-22). "Revision of Cyclida (Pancrustacea, Multicrustacea), with five new genera". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 296 (3): 245–303. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2020/0905. ISSN 0077-7749. S2CID 225865064.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Schram, Frederick R.; Koenemann, Stefan (2022-03-31), "Cyclida", Evolution and Phylogeny of Pancrustacea (1 ed.), Oxford University Press New York, pp. 229–C18.P63, doi:10.1093/oso/9780195365764.003.0018, ISBN 978-0-19-536576-4, retrieved 2023-01-22
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Jerzy Dzik (2008). "Gill structure and relationships of the Triassic cycloid crustaceans" (PDF). Journal of Morphology. 269 (12): 1501–1519. doi:10.1002/jmor.10663. PMID 18690662. S2CID 17617567.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Geoff A. Boxshall; Damià Jaume (2009). "Exopodites, epipodites and gills in crustaceans". Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny. 67 (2): 229–254. doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31699.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Frederick R. Schram; Ronald Vonk; Cees H. J. Hof (1997). "Mazon Creek Cycloidea". Journal of Paleontology. 71 (2): 261–284. Bibcode:1997JPal...71..261S. doi:10.1017/S0022336000039172. JSTOR 1306460. S2CID 140725375.
- ^ Frederick R. Schram; Arjan C. Boere; Natalie Thomas (2006). "Cycloids of the Mississippian Bear Gulch limestone of central Montana" (PDF). Contributions in Science. 504: 1–8. doi:10.5962/p.210567. S2CID 160017485. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-21. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
- ^ John Phillips (1836). Part 2. The Mountain Limestone District. Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. London: John Murray.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c René H. B. Fraaije; Frederick R. Schram; Ronald Vonk (2003). "Maastrichtiocaris rostratus new genus and species, the first Cretaceous cycloid". Journal of Paleontology. 77 (2): 386–388. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0386:MRNGAS>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4094744.
- ^ Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Schram, Frederick R.; Feldmann, Rodney M.; Clark, Neil D L. (2020). "Redescription of Americlus rankini (Woodward, 1868) (Pancrustacea: Cyclida: Americlidae) and interpretation of its systematic placement, morphology, and paleoecology". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 40 (2): 181–193. doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa001.
- ^ Tang, Hung Yung; Mychko, Eduard V.; Feldmann, Rodney M.; Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Shaari, Hasrizal; Sone, Masatoshi (December 2021). "Malayacyclus gen. nov., the first Southeast Asian Cyclida (Crustacea) from the Early Carboniferous of Terengganu, Malaysia". Geological Journal. 56 (12): 6022–6030. Bibcode:2021GeolJ..56.6022T. doi:10.1002/gj.4128. ISSN 0072-1050. S2CID 233522378.
- ^ Barry W. M. van Bakel; John W. M. Jagt; René H. B. Fraaije & Pedro Artal (2011). "A new family, genus and species of cyclid (Crustacea, Branchiura, Cyclida) from mid-Cretaceous reefal deposits in northern Spain" (PDF). Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum. 37: 47–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
- ^ Шедель, Марио; Хауг, Иоахим Т. (2020-05-29). «Новая интерпретация загадочного ископаемого членистоногих ангелькоцефалон законопроект Хандлирски, 1914 - важная информация о морфологии циклиды» . Палеодиверстность . 13 (1): 69. doi : 10.18476/pale.v13.a7 . ISSN 1867-6294 . S2CID 219476736 .
- ^ Mychko, Eduard v.; Алексеев, Александр С.; Zaytseva, Elena L.; Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Фельдманн, Родни М. (2022-07-29). «Новое открытие циклиды (ракообразной) из Миссисипии, а не - циклидан из Пермия России» . Новый ежегодный книга по геологии и палеонтологии - трактаты . 305 (1): 75–85. Doi : 10.1127/njgpa/2022/1077 . ISSN 0077-7749 . S2CID 250706723 .