Меньшая черная чайка

Меньшая черная чайка
	Larus Dark Graellsii
Статус сохранения
	; Наименьшее беспокойство ( МСКН 3.1 )
Научная классификация
Домен:	Эукариота
Королевство:	Животное
Филум:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Laridae
Genus:	Larus
Species:	L. fuscus
Binomial name
	Larus fuscus; Linnaeus, 1758

Меньшая чашка с черным голосом ( Larus fuscus )-это большая чайка , которая размножается на атлантических побережьях Европы. Это мигрирует , зимуется с Британских островов на юг в Западную Африку. Тем не менее, это резко возросла в Северной Америке, особенно вдоль восточного побережья. Ранее только зимний посетитель Северной Америки, он увеличился и встречается в большом количестве, некоторые зимы и птицы теперь регистрируются круглый год. ^{[ 2 ]} Тем не менее, существует серьезная обеспокоенность по поводу снижения во многих частях его диапазона. Вид находится в списке янтаря в Великобритании ^{[ 3 ]} Поскольку Великобритания является домом для 40 процентов европейского населения, и более половины из них встречаются менее чем на десять мест размножения. ^{[ 3 ]}

Таксономия

Меньшая чашка, поддерживаемая черными, была одним из многих видов, первоначально описанных Карлом Линнеусом в его 10-м издании Systema Naturae 1758 года , и она все еще носит свое первоначальное название Larus Fuscus . ^{[ 4 ]} Научное название от латыни . Ларус , по -видимому, ссылался на чайку или другую большую морскую птицу, а Фускус имел в виду черный или коричневый. ^{[ 5 ]}

Subspecies

The five recognized subspecies are:

L. f. graellsii Brehm, 1857: Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, British Isles, western Europe - mantle dark grey
L. f. intermedius Schiøler, 1922: Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, southwest Sweden and western Norway - mantle sooty black
L. f. fuscus Linnaeus, 1758: northern Norway, Sweden and Finland to the White Sea - mantle jet black
L. f. heuglini Bree, 1876: northern Russia to north-central Siberia, known as Heuglin's gull, this was previously considered a separate species.
L. f. barabensis Johansen, 1960: central Asia

Description

The lesser black-backed gull is smaller than the European herring gull. The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull complex is very complicated; different authorities recognise between two and eight species. This group has a ring species distribution around the Northern Hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species. The lesser black-backed gull measures 51–64 cm (20–25 in), 124–150 cm (49–59 in) across the wings, and weighs 452–1,100 g (0.996–2.425 lb), with the nominate race averaging slightly smaller than the other two subspecies.^[6] Males, at an average weight of 824 g (1.817 lb), are slightly larger than females, at an average of 708 g (1.561 lb). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 38 to 45 cm (15 to 18 in), the bill is 4.2 to 5.8 cm (1.7 to 2.3 in), and the tarsus is 5.2 to 6.9 cm (2.0 to 2.7 in).^[7]^[8]^[9] A confusable species is the great black-backed gull. The lesser is a much smaller bird, with slimmer build, yellow rather than pinkish legs, and smaller white "mirrors" at the wing tips. The adults have black or dark grey wings (depending on race) and back. The bill is yellow with a red spot at which the young peck, inducing feeding (see fixed action pattern). The head is greyer in winter, unlike great black-backed gulls. Annual moult for adults begins between May and August and is not complete on some birds until November. Partial prebreeding moult occurs between January and April.^[10]

Young birds have scaly black-brown upperparts and a neat wing pattern. They take four years to reach maturity. Identification from juvenile herring gulls is most readily done by the more solidly dark (unbarred) tertial feathers.

Their call is a "laughing" cry like that of the herring gull, but with a markedly deeper pitch.

Distribution

Lesser black-backed gulls have expanded their range westwards, first colonising Greenland in the 1980s. The species has not yet bred in the United States, although hybrid pairs with American herring gulls have been recorded twice.^[2]

Breeding

This species breeds colonially on coasts and lakes, making a lined nest on the ground or a cliff. Normally, three eggs are laid. In some cities, the species nests within the urban environment, often in association with herring gulls.^[11]

Feeding

They are omnivores like most Larus gulls, and they eat fish, insects, crustaceans, worms, starfish, molluscs, seeds, berries, small mammals, eggs, small birds, chicks, scraps, offal, and carrion.

Gallery

L. f. intermedius in flight, Sweden
Gull hatching eggs in Pälkäne, Finland
Mother gull and her baby
Close up
L. f. graellsii adult, Morocco
L. f. graellsii young adult, Morocco
L. f. graellsii juvenile, Portugal
First cycle plumage
Flying in a lake near the city hall in Reykjavik
ID composite
Larus fuscus fuscus - MHNT

References

^ BirdLife International (2019). "Larus fuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22694373A155594163. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22694373A155594163.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Zawadzki, Lucinda C. (2021). "Predicting Source Populations of Vagrants Using Breeding Population Data: A Case Study of the Lesser Black-Backed Gull (Larus fuscus)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.637452.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Lesser Black Backed Gull Facts | Larus Fuscus". www.rspb.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Vol. 1. Holmiae [Stockholm]: (Laurentii Salvii). p. 136.
^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 167, 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ "Lesser black-backed gull". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
^ Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004). Gulls: Of North America, Europe, and Asia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691119977.
^ Harrison, Peter (1991). Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-395-60291-1.
^ Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
^ RSPB Handbook of British Birds (2014). UK ISBN 978-1-4729-0647-2
^ "The Urban Gull – a new phenomenon". Retrieved 15 September 2009.

External links

Lesser black-backed gull pages on www.gull-research.org
Lesser black-backed gulls in Amsterdam
BirdLife species factsheet for Larus fuscus
"Larus fuscus". Avibase.
"Lesser black-backed gull media". Internet Bird Collection.
Lesser black-backed gull photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Interactive range map of Larus fuscus at IUCN Red List maps
Audio recordings of Lesser black-backed gull on Xeno-canto.
Larus fuscus in Field Guide: Birds of the World on Flickr
Lesser black-backed gull media from ARKive

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2019). "Larus fuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22694373A155594163. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22694373A155594163.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[:0-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b Zawadzki, Lucinda C. (2021). "Predicting Source Populations of Vagrants Using Breeding Population Data: A Case Study of the Lesser Black-Backed Gull (Larus fuscus)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.637452.

[:1-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Lesser Black Backed Gull Facts | Larus Fuscus". www.rspb.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-03-08.

[Linnaeus1758-4] Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Vol. 1. Holmiae [Stockholm]: (Laurentii Salvii). p. 136.

[job-5] Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 167, 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[AAB-6] "Lesser black-backed gull". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

[Olsen2004-7] Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004). Gulls: Of North America, Europe, and Asia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691119977.

[Harrison1991-8] Harrison, Peter (1991). Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-395-60291-1.

[CRC-9] Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.

[10] RSPB Handbook of British Birds (2014). UK ISBN 978-1-4729-0647-2

[thisbrighton-11] "The Urban Gull – a new phenomenon". Retrieved 15 September 2009.

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v t e Gulls (family: Laridae)
Genus	Species († indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
Larus	Pacific gull Belcher's gull Olrog's gull Black-tailed gull Heermann's gull Common gull Short-billed gull Ring-billed gull California gull Great black-backed gull Kelp gull (or Cape gull) Glaucous-winged gull Western gull Yellow-footed gull Glaucous gull Iceland gull Thayer's gull European herring gull American herring gull Yellow-legged gull Caspian gull Vega gull (or East Siberian gull / Mongolian gull) Armenian gull Slaty-backed gull Lesser black-backed gull Heuglin's gull
Ichthyaetus	White-eyed gull Sooty gull Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull) Audouin's gull Mediterranean gull Relict gull
Leucophaeus	Dolphin gull Laughing gull Franklin's gull Lava gull Grey gull
Chroicocephalus	Silver gull Red-billed gull Huahine gull † Hartlaub's gull Brown-hooded gull Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull) Andean gull Black-billed gull Brown-headed gull Black-headed gull Slender-billed gull Bonaparte's gull Saunders's gull
Hydrocoloeus	Little gull
Rhodostethia	Ross's gull
Rissa	Black-legged kittiwake Red-legged kittiwake
Pagophila	Ivory gull
Xema	Sabine's gull
Creagrus	Swallow-tailed gull
Gull eggs as food Hybridisation in gulls