Шри Викрама Раджасинха
| Шри Викрама Раджасинха | |
|---|---|
| Тризинхаладхейшвара [ 1 ] Ланкешвара Бхупати | |
 Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, King of Kandy. | |
| King of Kandy | |
| Reign | July 17, 1798 – February 10, 1815 |
| Coronation | 1798 |
| Predecessor | Rajadhi Rajasinha |
| Successor | Kingdom abolished (George III as King of British Ceylon) |
| Born | 1780 Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Died | 30 January 1832 (aged 51) Vellore Fort, India |
| Spouse | Sri Venakatha Rangammal Devi
(m. 1798)
|
| Issue |
|
| House | Nayaks of Kandy |
| Father | Sri Venkatha Perumal |
| Mother | Subbamma Nayak |
| Religion | Buddhism Hinduism |
| Signature |  |
Шри Викрама Раджасинха ( сингала : ශ්රී වික්රම රාජසිංහ, тамильский : ஸ்ரீ ராஜசிங்கன் ராஜசிங்கன் Телугу : శ్రీ విక్రమ రాజసింహ; 1780 - 30 января 1832 года), родился Каннасами , был последним из четырех царей, чтобы править королевством Канди в Шри -Ланке . Будучи коронованным королем в 1798 году благодаря поддержке Пиламаталаве Адикарам, его захват британцев в 1815 году фактически завершил 2300-летнюю сингальскую монархию на острове. Короли Наяка были происхождения телугу и практиковали шавита индуизм и были покровителями буддизма Травады . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Правители Наяка сыграли огромную роль в возрождении буддизма на острове. [ 4 ] Они говорили на телугу и тамильском языке и использовали тамильский язык в качестве суда в Канди вместе с сингальской . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
Король в конечном итоге был свергнут британским правительством в соответствии с условиями Кандианской конвенции в 1815 году, что заканчивалось более 2300 лет доминирования сингальской короной на острове . Остров был включен в Британскую империю , а Шри Викрама Раджасинья был сменен Георгом III , как монарх британского Цейлона .
Early life
[edit]Prior to his coronation in 1798, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha was known as Prince Kannasamy Naidu.[10] He was a member of the Madurai Nayak Dynasty and the nephew of Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha. He succeeded his uncle as the King of Kandy in 1798 at the age of eighteen.
Reign
[edit]
Early reign
[edit]There was a rival claimant to succeed Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha, the brother of Queen Upendrama, Muthuswamy, who had a stronger claim. However, Pilimatalauwa, the first Adigar (prime minister), chose Prince Kannasamy, reportedly with deep-seated plans to usurp the throne to set up a dynasty of his own. Sri Vikrama Rajasinha was faced with numerous conspiracies to overthrow him and reigned through one of the most turbulent periods in Sri Lanka's history.
Internal conflict
[edit]During his time, the British who had succeeded the Dutch in the Maritime Provinces had not interfered in the politics of the Kingdom of Kandy. But Pilimatalauwa, the first Adigar of the King, desiring British control over the island, covertly worked with the British administration to provoke the King to acting aggressively towards them in order to give Britain a casus belli against the Kandyian Kingdom. The Adigar manipulated the King into starting a military conflict with the British, who had gained a strong position in the coastal provinces. War was declared and on March 22, 1803, the British entered Kandy with no resistance, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha having fled. The Adigar massacred the British garrison in Kandy in June and restored the King to the throne. Pilimitalava plotted to overthrow the King and seize the crown for himself, but his plot was discovered, and, having been pardoned on two previous occasions, he was executed.
The disgraced Adigar was replaced by his nephew, Ehelepola Nilame, who soon came under suspicion of following his uncle in plotting the overthrow of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha. A rebellion instigated by Ehalepola was suppressed, after which he then fled to Colombo and joined the British. After failing to surrender (after 3 weeks of notice), the exasperated King dismissed Ehelepola, confiscated his lands, and ordered the imprisonment and execution of his wife and children. A propagandised account of the execution was widely circulated by sympathisers.
Drawn by William Daniell in the 1800s.
Ehelepola fled to British-controlled territory, where he persuaded the British that Sri Vikrama Rajasinha's tyranny deserved a military intervention. The pretext was provided by the seizure of a number of British merchants, who were detained on suspicion of spying and were tortured, killing several of them. An invasion was duly mounted and advanced to Kandy without resistance, reaching the city on February 10, 1815. On March 2, the Kingdom was ceded to the British under a treaty called the Kandyan Convention.
Regarding the King's reign, the historian Louis Edmund Blaze states that "He was not as ardent a patriot as his immediate successors; nor did he show those mental and moral qualities which enabled former Kings to hold their own against rebellion and invasion. To say he was cruel does not mean much, for cruel Kings and nobles were not rare in those days; and it is questionable whether all the cruel deeds attributed to Sri Vickrama Rajasinha were of his own devising or done by his authority. It might be more fair to regard him as a weak tool in the hands of designing chiefs than as the monster of cruelty, which it is an idle fashion with some writers to call him. He did a lot to beautify his capital. The lake and the Octagon in Kandy have always been considered the work of the King."
Death
[edit]On March 2, 1815, the Kingdom was ceded to Britain and Sri Vikrama Rajasinha was deposed and taken as a royal prisoner by the British to Vellore Fort in southern India. He lived on a small allowance given to him with his two queens by the British colonial administration. He died of dropsy on January 30, 1832, aged 52 years.
His death anniversary has been commemorated as Guru Pooja by descendants at Muthu Mandabam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, since 2011.[11][12]
-
Vellore Fort -
Grave of Vikrama Raja Sinha and Consort, Vellore -
Grave Headstone of Vikrama Raja Sinha, Vellore -
Family
[edit]Parents
- Lord Venakatha Perumal – father
- Lady Subbramma Nayakkar – mother
Siblings
- Prince Sri Perumal – brother
- Prince Dawala Kumara Sami – brother
Consorts
- Queen Consort Sri Venakatha Rangammal Devi – Spouse 1
- Royal Concubine Venakatha Jammal Devi – spouse 2
- Royal Concubine Venakatha Ammal Devi – spouse 3
- Royal Concubine Muttu Kannammal – spouse 4
- Royal Concubine Pilimathalawe Devi – spouse 5
- Raani Thayarammal Devi – according to some legends.
- Raani Sitammal Devi – according to some legends.
Children
- Prince Rajadhi Rajasinghe (son) + Princess Consort Savithri Devi (daughter-in-law)
- Princess Rajaratne Kamsalya Devi (daughter)
- Princess Sri Raja Nachchiyar Devi (daughter) + Lord Alagiri Sami (son-in-law)
- Princess Sinhala Gauri Devi (daughter)
- Princess Raja Lakshmi Devi (daughter) + Lord Ranga Raja (son-in-law)
- Princess MANIKA RAJASINA
Grandchildren
- Prince Sri Dharmaraja (grand son), son of Princess Sri Raja Nachchiyar Devi. + Lady Muttu Krishnal Ammal Devi (grand daughter-in-law)
- Princess Chaya Devi (grand daughter), daughter of Princess Raja Nachchiyar Devi.
- Prince Tyaga Raja (grand son), son of Princess Sri Raja Nachchiyar Devi.
- Prince Sri Alagia Manawala Sinhala Raja (grand son), son of Princess Raja Lakshmi Devi.
Great-grandchildren
- Prince Sri Vikrama Raja (great-grandson), son of Prince Sri Alagia Manawala Sinhala Raja. + Lady Snagavalli Tyagar Ammal (great-granddaughter-in-law)
Great-great-grandchildren
- Two children of Prince Sri Vikrama Raja.
Legacy
[edit]
The current Flag of Sri Lanka incorporates Sri Vikrama Rajasinha's Royal Standard. In September 1945 it was proposed in an address to the State Council that the flag be adopted as Sri Lanka's national flag:
"This House is of opinion that the Royal Standard of King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha depicting a yellow lion passant holding a sword in its right paw on a red background, which was removed to England after the Convention of 1815, should once again be adopted as the official flag of Free Lanka."
Kandy Lake, an artificial lake overlooking the palace in Kandy, was commissioned by Sri Vikrama Rajasinha.
The Paththirippuwa or Octagon of the Sri Dalada Maligawa, is widely regarded as the epitome or the most admired symbol and representation of Kandyan Sinhalese Architecture. It was built in 1802 A.D. by Devendra Mulachari, Master Craftsman and Royal Architect, on the instructions of King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha.
During Sri Vikrama Rajasinha's time as a royal prisoner in Vellore Fort he received a privy purse, which his descendants continued to receive from the Government of Ceylon until 1965. Muthu Mandapam is a memorial built around the tombstone of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, the last south Indian origin ruler of Kandy.[13][14] Situated on the bank Palar River, it is just one km north of Vellore town.
During Sri Vikrama Rajasinha's reign, Tamil was used as one of the court languages in Kandy – a historical fact with implications for the present-day politics of Sri Lanka.[15]
- This ivory piece features an engraved portrait of King Sri Vikrama Raja Sinha, showcasing intricate craftsmanship.
-
-
-
-
In popular culture
[edit]- Portrayed by Ranjith Perera in the 1984 film Madduma Bandara.[16]
- Portrayed by Jackson Anthony in the 2014 film Ahelepola Kumarihami.[17]
- Portrayed by Pubudu Chathuranga in the 2018 film Girivassipura.[18]
- Portrayed by Akhila Dhanuddara in the 2023 biographical film Sri Wickrama.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "chapter 1, Kandyan kingdom, page 15".
- ^ Historians, Society of Architectural (1994). Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. The Society. p. 362.
- ^ Gooneratne, Brendon (1999). This inscrutable Englishman: Sir John D'Oyly, Baronet, 1774-1824. Cassell. p. 294. ISBN 0304700940.
- ^ "The Island-Midweek Review". www.island.lk.
- ^ Muthiah, S. (2017-03-27). "The Nayaka kings of Kandy". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
All four worshipped at Buddhist and Hindu shrines, used Sinhala and Tamil as court languages (though they spoke Telugu), and encouraged their courtiers to take wives from Madurai and Thanjavur.
- ^ Ricci, Ronit (2016-05-31). Exile in Colonial Asia: Kings, Convicts, Commemoration. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-5375-4.
They spoke Telugu or Tamil rather than Sinhala; they were by origin Saivite Hindus rather than Buddhists, though they fulfilled their key responsibilities as defenders of the Buddhist faith.
- ^ Francoeur, Noonan, Robert T. Raymond J. Noonan (January 2004). The Continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality. A&C Black. ISBN 9780826414885. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ de Jong, Joop T. V. M. (30 April 2002). Trauma, war, and violence: public mental health in socio-cultural context. Springer. ISBN 9780306467097. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Llc, Books (2010-05-01). Madurai Nayak Dynasty: Puli Thevar, Palaiyakkarar, Nayaks of Kandy, Srivilliputhur, Thirumalai Nayak, Mangammal, Chokkanatha Nayak. General Books LLC. ISBN 9781155798967.
- ^ Pilikamatalabva, Anand (2004). Pilikamasabvas в последние дни Королевства Сандян (Сингале ) Публикация Стэмфорд -Лейк. ISBN 9789558733646 Полем Получено 2012-01-20 .
{{cite book}}:|work=игнорируется ( помощь ) - ^ «Дань уважения последнему тамильскому королю Шри -Ланки» . News18 . 31 января 2012 года . Получено 5 августа 2020 года .
- ^ «Последний правитель Канди имеет место отдыха в Веллоре» . Индус . 29 января 2016 года . Получено 13 декабря 2020 года .
- ^ Kulatunga, KMMB (2005-01-01). Беспорядка в Шри -Ланке . Nidahas Publication. ISBN 9789551035020 .
- ^ «Тамильские правители Кандинского королевства» . www.sangam.org .
- ^ Рангараджан, С. (апрель 1998 г.). «Фронт-линии, том 15, выпуски 1-8» . Наяккары были из происхождения телугу, но говорили на тамильском языке . Получено 2012-01-20 .
- ^ «Аэропорт Мэддумы (1984)» . IMDB .
- ^ «Шри -Ланки показал фильмы» . Сарасавия. Архивировано с оригинала 7 сентября 2016 года . Получено 11 марта 2017 года .
- ^ «Предательство, смерть! Это история истории плуумана и истории пахоля! - Динамани» . M.Dinamani.com . Получено 2018-12-28 .
- Короли и правители Шри -Ланки
- Последний король
- Роберт Биннинг, журнал двухлетнего путешествия по Персии, Цейлону и т. Д. Том 1 . (Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1857)
- Гораций Хейман Уилсон, история Британской Индии, с 1805 по 1835 год . (Джеймс Мэдден, 1858)
- Последний король Канди
- Захват последнего короля Канди
- Британское вторжение на Канди
- Кандианская конвенция 1815 года в зале аудитории
- Последний день пятого дня последнего общественного круга, 2008. ISBN 9558733644 .
- Масляная живопись на церемониальном открытии Paththiruppuwa последним королем Шри Викрема Раджасингхе в 1802 году, переданный Шри Даладе Малигаве
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
