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Television in Poland

Television in Poland was introduced on an experimental basis in 1937. It was state owned, and was interrupted by the Second World War in 1939. Television returned to Poland in 1952 and for several decades was controlled by the communist government. Colour television was introduced in Poland in 1971. Private television stations in Poland appeared around the time of the fall of communism, with PTV Echo (once a member of the local channels of Polonia 1) becoming the first private station in Poland (and in the former Eastern Bloc).

Terrestrial[edit]

Terrestrial television in Poland broadcasts using a digital DVB-T system. First test DVB-T emission was carried out in Warsaw on 9 November 2001. In April 2004, first DVB-T transmitter near Rzeszów started operation and local TVP division started to market set-top boxes allowing to receive it. As of July 2016, there are about 250 DVB-T transmitters operating in Poland, broadcasting up to three multiplexes (except local stations),[1] all using MPEG-4 AVC compression. Majority of channels are available in HD across all the Poland after DVB-T2/HEVC switchover has finished in June 2022, while channels from MUX8 (Metro, Zoom TV, Nowa TV, WP and ViDoc TV) are available only in SD, although Nowa TV broadcasts in HD in some local multiplexes.Analog terrestrial transmissions were terminated in 2013.First efforts to introduce DVB-T in Poland was made in 1997 in Gdańsk on initiative of TVP (Polish public television broadcaster).In the spring of 2022, the terrestrial TV broadcasting standard was changed across the country to the newer and more effective DVB-T2/HEVC standard, where HEVC (or H.265) is a new standard for TV signal compression. Switching to the new DVB-T2/HEVC terrestrial TV broadcasting standard was carried out in the period from March to June 2022. However, the changes did not cover MUX3, which belongs as a whole to TVP. Decision by Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej [pl] requested by the Minister of Interior Affairs and Administration, argumented by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, allowed to delay the switch until the end of 2023.[2]

Allocation[edit]

At 2006 conference in Geneva known as GE06 Poland received eight DVB-T multiplexes—seven at UHF frequencies 470–862 MHz (channels 21–69) and one at VHF frequency 174–230 MHz (channels 6–12). Since some of these frequencies are currently used for analog PAL terrestrial television broadcasting, it is possible to run only two nationwide multiplexes (MUX1, MUX2) and one (MUX3) which covers part of country (58% of population). Introduction of all multiplexes will be possible after switching off analog broadcasting.

A government document entitled "Country digitalization schedule", dated January 2009, set out plan for the digital broadcast switch-on to be made in three steps and analog broadcast switch-off in six steps.

First regular digital broadcast started on 30 September 2010. Analog broadcast switch-off started on 7 November 2012 and the transition to digital broadcasting finished on 23 July 2013.

The period of time between digital broadcast switch-on and analog broadcast switch-off will allow people time to buy new integrated Digital TVs or set-top boxes.

Current status[edit]

  • MUX1 covers 98.8% of population;
  • MUX2 covers more than 98.8% of population;
  • MUX3 covers 99.5% of population;
  • MUX6 covers more than 90% of population;
  • MUX8 covers 97.4% of population.

Analog shutdown[edit]

The shutdown of analog broadcast took place in 7 steps between 7 November 2012 and 23 July 2013.

Most operators of analog cable TV are planning to continue providing analog service in their networks for an unspecified period of time.

Additional government actions[edit]

The Polish government created Informative campaigns regarding analog broadcast switch-off in mass media. The government also requires electronic equipment sellers to inform buyers that MPEG-2 TVs and STBs are not compatible with the national standard which is currently DVB-T2 HEVC QAM256 .

The Polish government provides financial help for poor families and seniors to buy a TV - 250 PLN or STB – 100 PLN per household, totaling 475 million PLN.[3]

Technical information[edit]

Polish digital terrestrial television broadcast uses the basic parameters of a digital receiver defined in ETSI TS 101 154 for level 4.1 HDTV: 50 Hz HEVC HDTV 8-bit (resolutions 1920 x 1080 p50, 1280 x 720 p50) MPEG-2 Audio Layer 2 and E-AC -3 audios. In the case of a TV receiver capable of displaying UHD, the DVB-T2 receiver also supports the format specified in ETSI TS 101 154 in point 5.14 HEVC HDR UHDTV IRD using HLG10 and HEVC HDR UHDTV IRD using PQ10, Main 10 Profile, Main Tier for UHDTV with resolution 3840 x 2160 and AC-4 audio.

Assignment of channels in multiplexes[edit]

Plan from January 2009 included three nationwide multiplexes with seven SDTV channels in each:

  • MUX1 – Free-to-air commercial channels (Polsat, TVN, TV4, TV Puls); after analog broadcast switch-off MUX3 covered the entire country population and public channels moved to it; there was competition for three freed channels;
  • MUX2 – open competition
  • MUX3 – Public channels; after analog switch-off MUX3 will cover all country population and public channels will be moved to it from MUX1; there will be competition for three freed channels in MUX1.

In January 2010 new plan on introducing DVB-T was presented. Assignment of multiplexes was changed:

  • MUX1 – public broadcaster channels (including TVP1, TVP2 and TVP Info)
  • MUX2 – Commercial free-to-air channels (Polsat, TVN, TV4, TV Puls) plus one additional from each broadcaster.

In June 2010 the final decision on the allocation of multiplexes was made:

MUX1[edit]

MUX1
ChannelOwnerTypePosition (LCN)
Eska TVPolsat Plus Group (earlier ZPR Media Group)Music/Entertainment12
TTVStavka (TVN Warner Bros. Discovery)General/Social-intervention13
Polo TVPolsat Plus Group (earlier ZPR Media Group)Music/Entertainment14
Antena HDMWE NetworksGeneral15
TV TrwamLux Veritatis FoundationReligious16
Stopklatka TVCanal+ PolskaMovies17
Fokus TVPolsat Plus Group (earlier ZPR Media Group)General/Documentaries18
Wydarzenia 24Polsat Plus GroupNews49

MUX2[edit]

MUX2
ChannelOwnerTypePosition (LCN)
PolsatPolsat Plus GroupGeneral4
TVNTVN Warner Bros. DiscoveryGeneral5
TV4Polsat Plus Group (earlier Polskie Media)General6
TV PulsTelewizja PulsGeneral7
TVN7TVN Warner Bros. DiscoveryGeneral/Entertainment8
Puls 2Telewizja PulsGeneral/Entertainment9
TV6Polsat Plus Group (earlier Polskie Media)General/Entertainment10
Super PolsatPolsat Plus GroupGeneral/Entertainment11

MUX3[edit]

MUX3
ChannelOwnerTypePosition (LCN)
TVP1Telewizja PolskaGeneral1
TVP2Telewizja PolskaGeneral2
TVP3[4]Telewizja PolskaRegional3
TVP ABCTelewizja PolskaChildren29
TVP KulturaTelewizja PolskaCulture30
TVP HistoriaTelewizja PolskaHistorical31
TVP SportTelewizja PolskaSport32
TVP InfoTelewizja PolskaNews34
TVP GO[5]Telewizja PolskaInteractive (HbbTV)88
TVP World[6]Telewizja PolskaInternational (HbbTV)91
TVP ABC 2[6]Telewizja PolskaChildren (HbbTV)92
TVP Historia 2[6]Telewizja PolskaHistorical (HbbTV)93
TVP Kultura 2[6]Telewizja PolskaCultural (HbbTV)94

MUX6[edit]

MUX6
ChannelOwnerTypePosition (LCN)
TVP PoloniaTelewizja PolskaWorldwide19
TVP NaukaTelewizja PolskaPopular science20
TVP DokumentTelewizja PolskaDocumentaries24
TVP RozrywkaTelewizja PolskaEntertainment27
Alfa TVPTelewizja PolskaChildren28
TVP WorldTelewizja PolskaInternational33
TVP KobietaTelewizja PolskaLifestyle35
BelsatTelewizja PolskaGeneral36

MUX8 (DVB-T, MPEG-4)[edit]

MUX8
ChannelOwnerTypePosition (LCN)
MetroTVN Warner Bros. DiscoveryGeneral/Lifestyle38
Zoom TVCanal+ PolskaGeneral/Local issues39
Nowa TVPolsat Plus Group (earlier ZPR Media Group)General40
WPWirtualna Polska HoldingGeneral/Interactive41
ViDoc TVRed Carpet Media GroupFilm/Documentary50
CDA PremiumCDA SAInteractive (HbbTV)86
Sklep Kapitan.plCDA SAOnline shop (HbbTV)87
Legia TVLegia WarsawSport (HbbTV)89
EWTN GOEWTNReligious (HbbTV)90
PershyiSuspilneGeneral (HbbTV)95
test5EmitelN/A (black screen) (HbbTV)96
test6EmitelN/A (black screen) (HbbTV)97
EmiRadioEmitelInteractive (HbbTV)98
EmiTVEmitelInteractive (HbbTV)99

MUX4 Polsat Box "Sport i informacje" ("Sports & informations" Pay TV package)[edit]

Polsat Box "Sport i informacje" ("Sports & informations" Pay TV package)[7]
ChannelOwnerTypePosition (LCN)
Polsat Sport 1Polsat Plus GroupSport110
Polsat Sport 2Polsat Plus GroupSport111
Eurosport 1TVN Warner Bros. DiscoverySport112
Eurosport 2TVN Warner Bros. DiscoverySport113
Eleven Sports 1Polsat Plus GroupSport114
Eleven Sports 2Polsat Plus GroupSport115
TVN TurboTVN Warner Bros. DiscoveryLifestyle116
TVN StyleTVN Warner Bros. DiscoveryLifestyle117
Polsat News Polityka[8]Polsat Plus GroupNews118
Polsat NewsPolsat Plus GroupNews119
TVN24TVN Warner Bros. DiscoveryNews120
Polsat promo HbbTV[8]Polsat GroupInteractive (HbbTV)333

MUX-L1 (Lubań/Jelenia Góra/Bolesławiec/Chojnów)[edit]

MUX-L1
ChannelOwnerType
Junior ChannelMWE NetworksChildren
Szlagier TVMWE NetworksSchlager music
TVC SuperMWE NetworksGeneral
Filmax HDMWE NetworksMovies
Pogoda24.TVMWE NetworksNews
Home TVMWE NetworksLifestyle
Echo24 HDMWE NetworksRegional
Stars.TVJBD S.A.Music
TV Dami / TV BolesławiecN/ARegional
TVT ZgorzelecTelewizja Regionalna TVTRegional
TV RepublikaTelewizja RepublikaGeneral
wPolsce.plFratriaNews
TV Media NarodoweTelewizja Media NarodoweNews

MUX-L2 (Ornontowice/Rybnik)[edit]

MUX-L2
ChannelOwnerType
TVTTelewizja TVT Sp. z o.o.Regional
TV RepublikaTelewizja RepublikaGeneral
Stars.TVJBD S.A.Music
Nowa TVPolsat GroupGeneral
TVSTVS Sp. z.o.o.Regional
TVNTVN Warner Bros. DiscoveryGeneral
TVN7TVN Warner Bros. DiscoveryGeneral/Entertainment
Kabaret TV SDWirtualna Polska HoldingCabaret
TV Okazje SDTVO (Polsat Plus Group)Teleshopping

MUX-L3 (Częstochowa/Kamieńsk/Tomaszów Mazowiecki)[edit]

MUX-L3
ChannelOwnerType
Junior ChannelMWE NetworksChildren
Szlagier TVMWE NetworksSchlager music
TVCMWE NetworksGeneral
TVC SuperMWE NetworksGeneral
Pogoda24.TVMWE NetworksNews
FilmaxMWE NetworksMovies
Stars.TVJBD S.A.Music
TV RepublikaTelewizja RepublikaGeneral
wPolsce.plFratriaNews
TV Media NarodoweTelewizja Media NarodoweNews

MUX-L4 (Świdnica/Wrocław) (DVB-T, MPEG-4)[edit]

MUX-L4
ChannelOwnerType
Junior ChannelMWE NetworksChildren
Szlagier TVMWE NetworksSchlager music
TVC SuperMWE NetworksGeneral
Stars.TVJBD S.A.Music
Pogoda24.TVMWE NetworksNews
Polsat HDPolsat Plus GroupGeneral
TVN HDTVN Warner Bros. DiscoveryGeneral
Echo24 HDMWE NetworksRegional
TV RepublikaTelewizja RepublikaGeneral
wPolsce.plFratriaNews
TV Media NarodoweTelewizja Media NarodoweNews

MUX-L7 (Lubin/Głogów) (DVB-T, MPEG-4)[edit]

MUX-L7
ChannelOwnerType
TV Regionalna SDTVL Sp. z o.o. (programme producer) / GIA DINH Foundation (concessionaire)Regional
Nowa TVPolsat Plus GroupGeneral
TV RepublikaTelewizja RepublikaGeneral
EWTNEternal World Television Network Inc.Religious
TV OkazjeTVO (Polsat Plus Group)Teleshopping
PolsatPolsat Plus GroupGeneral

LRT local multiplex (Suwałki) (DVB-T, MPEG-4)[edit]

LRT local MUX
ChannelOwnerType
LRT Lituanica SDLRTGeneral

TVS experimental DVB-T2 multiplex (Katowice)[edit]

TVS experimental DVB-T2 MUX
ChannelOwnerType
TVS HDTVS Sp. z.o.o.Regional
Polsat HDPolsat Plus GroupGeneral
TV RepublikaTelewizja RepublikaGeneral
TV OkazjeTVO (Polsat Plus Group)Teleshopping
Radio SilesiaRadio SilesiaRegional (radio station)

BCAST experimental DVB-T2 multiplex (Wrocław/Gdańsk/Warsaw)[edit]

BCAST experimental DVB-T2 MUX
ChannelOwnerType
Nowa TVPolsat Plus GroupGeneral
TV RepublikaTelewizja RepublikaGeneral
TV Media Narodowe[9]Telewizja Media NarodoweNews
Stars.TV[9]JBD S.A.Music
EWTNEternal World Television Network Inc.Religious
TV OkazjeTVO (Polsat Plus Group)Teleshopping
wPolsce.plFratriaNews
PolsatPolsat Plus GroupGeneral
TV Regionalna SD[10]TVL Sp. z o.o. (programme producer) / GIA DINH Foundation (concessionaire)Regional

Satellite[edit]

In 1998, two DVB-S providers, Cyfra+ and Wizja TV started operation. In 2001, Wizja TV was merged into Cyfra+.

1999 saw the introduction of another platform, Polsat 2 Cyfrowy (later renamed to Polsat Cyfrowy, Cyfrowy Polsat and finally Polsat Box), owned by Polsat, a major Polish commercial TV network[citation needed]. These platforms become very popular, and today, there are no Polish channels available on analogue satellite (the last one, TVN, was switched off in 2008). However, most of the satellite broadcasts in Poland are in SDTV resolution.

On 12 October 2006, ITI launched the n platform with a few HD channels available, as well as—also new to Poland—video on demand functionality. Later, in December 2006, Cyfra+ also started HD broadcasts. Cyfrowy Polsat started HD broadcasts in second half of 2007.

On 21 March 2013, as part of deeper cooperation between Canal+ Group and ITI, Cyfra+ and N were merged into NC+.

On 3 September 2019 NC+ has changed name to Platforma Canal+.

Other technologies[edit]

Several TV channels, as well as video on demand, are available in Polish mobile telephony networks. There are no currently operating dedicated mobile TV transmitters.

There are also OTT TV service providers.

Digital platforms in Poland[edit]

NameTypeSubscribersNumber of channelsHD channels3D channelVOD
Polsat BoxDigital platform5,700,000[11]000
  • ipla
  • HBO OD
  • HBO GO
  • PPV/VOD
  • Deezer
  • Primeserial
Canal+Digital platform2,119,000[12]175920
  • nc+ GO
  • TVP Prapiemiery
  • Canal+ VOD
  • Seriale+
  • TVN Player
  • Baby TV OD
  • Poznaj nc+
  • Smaczki OD
  • Sport+
Orange TVDigital platform875,000[13]99400
  • Seriale+
  • Wideo na życzenie
  • Prapremiery TVP
  • PictureBox
  • TV na życzenie
  • Telewizja Tu i Tam
UPC PolskaCable1,434,600201500
  • Premiery
  • Hity
  • HD
  • TVP na żądanie
  • TVN na żądanie
  • Filmbox On Demand
  • Disney Channel na żądanie
  • Cartoon Network na żądanie
  • HBO OD
  • National Geographic na żądanie
  • Xotix
  • Discovery On Demand
  • Sundance na żądanie
  • Canal+ na żądanie
VectraCable970,933[14]204520
  • BBC na żądanie
  • HBO On Demand
  • Discovery On Demand
  • Disney Channel na żądanie
  • HBO GO
  • GO ON
Multimedia PolskaCable825,000171410
IneaCable182,000190520
  • Canal+ na życzenie
  • Ale Kino+ na życzenie
  • HBO On Demand
  • Planete+ na życzenie
  • TeleToon+ na życzenie
  • Duck TV na życzenie
  • Kuchnia+ na życzenie
  • Domo+ na życzenie
  • HBO GO
  • Karaoke TV
TOYACable160,000520
  • Przedpremiery TVP
  • Fyre TV
  • TVP na żądanie
  • Canal+ na życzenie
  • Ale Kino+ na życzenie
  • HBO On Demand
  • Sundance Channel na żądanie
  • Romance TV na życzenie
  • Planete+ na życzenie
  • Discovery On Demand
  • Animal Planet On Demand
  • History na życzenie
  • TV3 Polska
  • Polsat JimJam na życzenie
  • Duck TV na życzenie
  • Kuchnia+ na życzenie
  • Domo+ na życzenie
  • TLC On Demand
  • English Club TV On Demand
  • TV Toya na życzenie
  • Catch UP TVP
  • TV Toya Catch Up
  • Player
  • ipla
  • iplex
  • VOD TVP
  • TVP Parlament
  • HBO GO
  • NatGeo Play
  • Karaoke TV
  • GO ON
  • RMFon.pl
  • Eska GO
PetrusCable50,000550Red XN
PromaxCable35,670410
  • HBO GO
Sat FilmCable25,000410
  • HBO GO
Other CableCablemore than 1,322,000

Television rating system in Poland[edit]

No age restrictionsfor minors above 7 years oldfor minors above 12 years oldfor minors above 16 years oldonly for viewers above 18 years old

Viewing shares[edit]

Top 20 Polish TV channels by Nielsen Media Research (in gray channels, which were in a given year out of the Top 20):

ChannelsLaunched2023[15]2022[16]2021[16]2020[17]2019[17]2018[18][19]2017[20]
2016[21]
2015[22]
2014[23]
2013[24]
2012[25]
2011[26]
2010[27]
TVP101/19537.738.679.739.669.689.739.5911.1012.2812.2713.1715.4117.4119.35
TVP210/19707.337.027.858.347.858.167.878.328.729.4110.3012.5613.2714.49
Polsat12/19926.917.308.198.379.8510.2310.9111.4511.6011.8412.2413.9714.53
TVN10/19976.856.907.498.457.379.389.8710.3710.6511.6812.5413.9314.9515.21
TVN2408/20015.725.634.945.364.474.144.273.813.222.993.123.063.143.45
TVP Info10/20075.085.143.975.144.823.433.833.263.512.862.613.824.244.92
TV404/20002.982.893.233.643.724.164.083.363.272.682.972.492.392.14
TVN703/20023.163.073.603.453.213.243.293.303.533.542.531.791.63
TV Puls03/20012.952.903.593.613.503.403.033.203.093.113.082.331.891.51
TTV01/20121.731.762.071.162.242.141.781.601.451.301.020.31——
Puls 207/20121.591.431.681.991.911.881.751.781.621.521.070.14——
TVP Seriale12/20101.561.581.471.471.411.411.491.481.401.441.140.640.34—
Polsat 203/19971.341.351.451.471.541.521.471.521.451.681.791.371.320.88
TV605/20111.151.081.321.561.711.451.441.481.230.970.610.200.04—
TVP ABC02/2014———1.021.231.391.180.920.700.49————
Polsat News06/20081.761.971.762.031.131.121.141.111.081.081.040.900.810.62
TVP Rozrywka04/2013———0.500.490.46 (August)0.991.091.140.930.48———
Stopklatka TV03/20141.141.121.301.171.120.980.941.000.880.60————
TVP309/20130.970.911.001.101.020.980.940.971.051.090.36———
Fokus TV04/20140.831.071.261.140.930.960.800.810.690.31————
TOP4 of Polish TV channels from 1997 by Nielsen Media Research
Audience ratings of TV channels above 2% in Poland since 1997 by Nielsen Media Research
(TVP Info in 1994-2007 as TVP3 Regionalna, TV4 in 1998-2000 as Nasza TV, TVN7 in 1996-2002 as RTL7)

Top 10 most watched TV broadcasts in Poland from 1998 according to Nielsen Media Research:[28][29][30][31][32][33][34]

ProgramDateChannelNumber of viewersShare
1Funeral of Pope John Paul II8 April 2005TVP1, TVP2, TVP3, Polsat, TVN, TVN24 and othersOver 21,400,000Almost 90%
2UEFA Euro 2016: Poland vs Portugal (quarter-final)30 June 2016TVP1, Polsat, Polsat Sport15,974,82286.57%
3UEFA Euro 2012: Poland vs Russia (group stage)12 June 2012TVP1, TVP Sport, TVP HD14,683,21681.51%
4UEFA Euro 2016: Germany vs Poland (group stage)16 June 2016TVP1, Polsat, Polsat Sport14,352,01280.89%
5UEFA Euro 2012: Czech Republic vs Poland (group stage)16 June 2012TVP1, TVP Sport, TVP HD14,070,49281.28%
6FIFA World Cup 2018: Poland vs Colombia (group stage)24 June 2018TVP1, TVP Sport13,631,33575.45%
7UEFA Euro 2012: Poland vs Greece (group stage)8 June 2012TVP1, TVP Sport, TVP HD13,308,34383.78%
82002 Winter Olympics: Ski Jumping Men's K120 Individual
(Adam Małysz won the silver medal)		13 February 2002TVP113,259,61275.15%
9Funeral of Polish President Lech Kaczynski and his wife Maria18 April 2010TVP1, TVP2, TVP Info, Polsat, Polsat News, TVN, TVN24 and others13,033,96786.68%
10UEFA Euro 2016: Ukraine vs Poland (group stage)21 June 2016TVP1, Polsat, Polsat Sport12,639,30881.67%
Shares in the television entertainemntet with a this television-polish in the world market in Poland of selected broadcasters groups in 2016 by Nielsen Media Research

Research and development[edit]

Advanced Digital Broadcast, with the R&D headquarters based in Zielona Gora, is a Polish company, which introduced many innovations and world's first solutions in the area of Digital TV. One of the co-founders was local professor Janusz C. Szajna.[35]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Wykaz stacji DVB-T nadających w Polsce". RadioPolska (in Polish). Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  2. ^ "TVP zyska w MUX-3 miejsce na dwa kanały HD po przejściu na DVB-T2/HEVC". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 2 January 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Uwagi szczegółowe Polskiej Izby Informatyki i Telekomunikacji [PIIT] do propozycji utworzenia Krajowego Funduszu Cyfrowego w ramach ustawy o wspieraniu rozwoju usług i sieci szerokopasmowych w telekomunikacji" (PDF) (in Polish). Polska Izba Informatyki i Telekomunikacji. 20 August 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  4. ^ Correct local version
  5. ^ HbbTV application
  6. ^ Jump up to: Jump up to: a b c d This channel is broadcast though Internet, meaning that it will be available once HbbTV compatible receiver will be connected to the Internet.
  7. ^ From July 14, 2022
  8. ^ Jump up to: Jump up to: a b Free-to-air channel
  9. ^ Jump up to: Jump up to: a b Gdańsk and Warsaw only.
  10. ^ Wrocław only.
  11. ^ "Cyfrowy Polsat: 7,7 mld zł wpływów i 751 mln zł zysku w br. Więcej usług abonamentowych, mniej prepaidowych". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 8 November 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  12. ^ "2,1 mln abonentów platformy nc+ w 2016 roku. Przychody wzrosły o 2 proc". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 26 February 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  13. ^ "Mundial w 4K bez opłat już wkrótce dla klientów Orange TV". AntyWeb (in Polish). 17 May 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  14. ^ "Wyniki Vectry w 2017 roku: coraz bliżej miliona abonentów". Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  15. ^ https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/ogladalnosc-telewizja-2023-rok-tvp1-tvn-tvn24-tvp-info-jak-odbierac
  16. ^ Jump up to: Jump up to: a b "TVP1 liderem w 2022 roku w 4+, TVN na czele w 16-49. Duże wzrosty TVN24, TVP Info i Polsat News". 7 January 2023.
  17. ^ Jump up to: Jump up to: a b "TVP1 liderem w 2020 roku, TVN24 najchętniej oglądaną stacją tematyczną (Top 171)". 6 February 2021.
  18. ^ "Krótszy czas oglądania telewizji w 2018 roku. Liderem Polsat, TVP1 i TVP2 na plusie (raport)". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  19. ^ "TVN24 i TTV liderami stacji tematycznych w sierpniu. Rosną TVP Sport i TVP ABC, tracą TVP Info i TVP Rozrywka (top 25)". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 7 September 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  20. ^ "Krótszy czas oglądania telewizji w 2017 roku. Polsat i TVN liderami (raport)". wirtualnemedia.pl. 3 January 2018.
  21. ^ "Krótszy czas oglądania telewizji w 2016 roku. Polsat wyprzedził TVP1 (raport)". wirtualnemedia.pl. 3 January 2017.
  22. ^ "TVP1 i Polsat liderem rynku telewizyjnego, TVP Info z największym wzrostem w czołówce (top 100 za 2015 rok)". wirtualnemedia.pl. 1 February 2016.
  23. ^ "TVP1 i Polsat liderami rynku w 2014 roku. TVP2 ostro w dół". wirtualnemedia.pl. 5 January 2015.
  24. ^ "TVP1, TVN, Polsat i TVP2 mocno w dół w 2013 r. (top 122)". wirtualnemedia.pl. 2 January 2014.
  25. ^ "Informacja o podstawowych problemach radiofonii i telewizji w 2012 roku" (PDF). KRRiT.gov.pl (in Polish). Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji. 19 March 2013.
  26. ^ "Tylko Polsat zyskał w 2011 roku, duży spadek TVP". wirtualnemedia.pl. 3 January 2012.
  27. ^ "Rok 2010: Przed TV 5 minut dłużej". media2.pl. 3 January 2011.
  28. ^ "2005: TVP 1 liderem, TVP 2 zyskała najwięcej - 5,1 mld zł z reklam". wiadomosci.wp.pl. 5 January 2006.
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  35. ^ Pieczko, Andrzej (28 June 2002). "Jak to się zaczęło?". Gazeta Lubuska PL (in Polish). Zielona Gora, Poland. Retrieved 2 June 2021.

External links[edit]

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