Медленный червь

«Медленная червя», «медленный червя» и «Слепой червя» перенаправляют здесь. Для рода см. Ангуис .

Медленный червь
Статус сохранения
Наименьшее беспокойство ( МСКН 3.1 )
Научная классификация
Домен:	Эукариота
Королевство:	Животное
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Family:	Anguidae
Genus:	Anguis
Species:	A. fragilis
Binomial name
Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758
Range of A. fragilis

( Медленный червя Anguis fragilis ) является ящерицей без леги в западной Евразии . Он также называется глухим, медленным червем , слепым червем или на региональном уровне, длинным ловковым и хейзелгром. «Слепой» в слепых червях относится к маленьким глазам ящерицы, аналогично слепой змеи (хотя глаза медленного червя функциональны).

Медленные черви - полуфоссовые (Burrowing) Ящерицы , тратя большую часть своего времени, скрываясь под объектами. Кожа медленных червей гладкая с чешуйками, которые не перекрывают друг друга. Как и многие другие ящерицы, они автотомируют , что означает, что они способны сбросить свои хвосты, чтобы избежать хищников. В то время как хвост отражается, он не достигает своей первоначальной длины. В Великобритании они часто встречаются в садах и распределениях , и их можно поощрять войти и помочь удалить насекомых -вредителей, размещая черный пластик или предоставляя места для укрытия, таких как груды бревен, гофрированные железные листы или под плитку. В теплые дни под этими коллекционерами тепла часто можно найти одного или нескольких медленных червей. Одной из самых больших причин смертности в медленных червях в пригородных районах является домашняя кошка, против которой у нее нет защиты.

Slow worms have been shown to be a species complex, consisting of 5 distinct but similar species.

The name "slowworm" is only contaminated by the word "slow". In Middle English it was written "slowurm", from Old English "slāwyrm", where slā- means 'earthworm' or 'slowworm' and wyrm means "serpent, reptile". It is related to the Norwegian slo or Swedish ormslå, of same meaning.

Taxonomy

Distribution of species of European slow worms

Anguis fragilis was traditionally divided into two subspecies (A. f. fragilis and A. f. colchica), but they are now classified as separate species:

• Anguis fragilis sensu stricto (found in western Europe, northern Europe and western Balkans) and
• Anguis colchica (found in eastern and northern Europe, eastern Balkans and in western Asia).

Three more species were later distinguished from A. fragilis:

• Anguis graeca (found in southern Balkans) and
• Anguis veronensis (found on the Apennine Peninsula).
• Anguis cephalonica (native to the Peloponnese Peninsula)

Physical traits

Slow worm in Germany

Slow worms have an elongated body with a circular cross-section without limbs and reach a maximum length of up to 57.5 cm. Most adult animals are between 40 and 45 cm long, with up to 22 cm on the head and trunk section and the rest on the tail. There is no visible neck. The tail, which ends in a horny tip, is continuous with the trunk and is often slightly longer. Slow worms exhibit caudal autotomy, the severing of the tail when it is pulled by predators. When regrown, the tail grows back only to a short stub, probably because loss of the tail does not sufficiently affect the species' locomotion, foraging and defence abilities to necessitate full and rapid regeneration.

The skin surface consists of smooth, round-to-hexagonal scales which overlap like roof tiles and are roughly the same shape on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body. There are several longitudinal rows running along the underside. In total, the trunk has 125 to 150 transverse scale rows and the tail has another 130 to 160 rows. Under the scales there are bony plates (osteoderms), so that slow worms crawl much more stiffly and clumsily than snakes. The scaling of the head is similar to that of snakes. The ear openings are mostly completely hidden under the scales. The relatively small eyes have movable, closable eyelids (these are fused in snakes) and round pupils. The rather short tongue is broad, bilobed and does not end in fine tips. To lick, i.e. to absorb odorous substances, slow worms have to open their mouths slightly, as they lack the gap in the upper lip that snakes possess. The pointed, sometimes loosely fixed teeth are curved backwards; there are 7 to 9 teeth in the premaxilla, 10 to 12 in the maxilla and 14 to 16 in the lower jaw.

Close-up of the head of a slow worm

Reproduction

Juvenile slow worm, paperclip for size comparison

In Central Europe, the mating season of the species is usually between late April and June. The males often wrestle violently around the females, although in most populations they are in the majority. The opponents try to push each other to the ground, bite each other and wrap themselves tightly around each other. When mating, the female is bitten in the head or neck region, while the male introduces his two hemipenes into the female's cloaca. Copulation can take several hours.

Evening mating of slow worms (Anguis fragilis)

Sometimes females mate with other males later. The gestation period of the females lasts 11 to 14 weeks, and subsequently, between mid-July and the end of August, and sometimes even later, they usually give birth to between eight and twelve young (extreme values: 2 to 28). Slow worms are ovoviviparous; at birth, the 7 to 10 cm long young animals are in a very thin, transparent egg shell, which they pierce immediately afterwards. They initially weigh less than a gram and still have a remnant of the yolk. Juvenile slow worms have a contrasting color scheme and pattern. The top of the body is silvery-white to golden yellow, while the sides and underside are black.

Size and longevity

Adult slow worms grow to be about 50 cm (20") long, and are known for their exceptionally long lives; the slow worm may be the longest-living lizard, living about 30 years in the wild and up to at least 54 years in captivity (this record is held by a male slow worm that lived at the Copenhagen Zoo from 1892 until 1946, the age when first obtained is unknown). The female often has a stripe along the spine and dark sides, while the male may have blue spots dorsally. Juveniles of both sexes are gold with dark brown bellies and sides with a dark stripe along the spine.

Predators

Predators of A. fragilis include adders, badgers, birds of prey, crows, domestic cats, foxes, hedgehogs, pheasants and smooth snakes. Slow worms detect the presence of predators with their tongues by flicking them in and out to 'smell'.

Ecology

These reptiles are largely nocturnal and do not bask in the sun like other reptiles, but choose to warm themselves indirectly underneath objects, such as rocks, which have been warmed by the sun. They can often be found in long grass and other damp environments In a 2009 study of a Danish population, the diet of the slow-worm was found to include slugs, snails, earthworms, caterpillars and pill millipedes.

Protected status in the UK

In the United Kingdom, the slow worm has been granted protected status, alongside all other native British reptile species. The slow worm population has been decreasing, and under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, to intentionally kill, injure, sell, or advertise to sell them is illegal.

Ireland

The slow worm is assumed to be non-native in Ireland, possibly arriving in the 1900s. Due to their secretive habits they are difficult to observe and have been sighted only in parts of County Clare, mainly in the Burren region.

Evolutionary history

Members of the genus Anguis, to which the slow worm belongs, first appeared in Europe during the Mammal Paleogene zone 14, between 43.5 and 41.2 million years ago, corresponding to the Lutetian stage of the Eocene. Remains assigned to the Anguis fragilis species complex are known from the late Miocene onwards.

Gallery

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  A slow worm
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  A slow worm close
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  Slow worm in turquoise color
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• Duration: 13 seconds.0:13
  A slow worm moving through grass. This individual is a juvenile, as evinced by its golden colouration.
• A slow worm seeks protection.

See also

• Glass snake

Внешние ссылки

• СМИ, связанные со змеей хрупкой в ​​Википедии