Ахичхатра

Ахичхатра
	Один из храма Шива разрушает Ахиххатру.
	Ахичхатра Показано в Южной Азии Показать карту Южной Азии Показать карту Уттар -Прадеша Show all
Location	Uttar Pradesh, India
Coordinates	28°22′16″N 79°08′10″E / 28.371°N 79.136°E
Type	Temples
History
Founded	c. 1500 BCE
Cultures	Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, Black and red ware, Painted Grey Ware culture, Gupta Empire

Gupta terracotta of the personified Ganges, 5th-6th century CE, National Museum, New Delhi.^[1]

Ahichchhatra или Ahikhet ( санскрит : अहिचлать , iaast : ahicchatra ) или ахикшетра ( санскрит : अहिक्षेत्र , iast : ahikṣetra ), недалеко от современной Рамнагар деревни северной , северной в столице . столице в столице , в северной Северное индийское королевство упомянуто в Махабхарате . ^{[ 2 ]}

Большая часть города была в полумиле к северо-востоку от современной деревни, с большим насыпью, широко называемой фортом, в двух милях к западу от этого. Несколько значительных находок скульптуры, как на камне, так и на (особенно) терракотте ранних веков, были сделаны на месте и в настоящее время находятся в различных музеях. Раскопки обнаружили девять слоев, самые низкие по сравнению с 3 -м веком до н.э. и последним с 11 -го века н.э.. ^{[ 3 ]}

The city appears to have reached its height during the period of the Gupta Empire. The region lacks sources of good stone and was a centre for making Indian pottery at various periods, and in the early CE the temples were decorated with unusually large terracotta relief panels and sculptures, many of very high quality.^[4]

Names

The word Ahi means snake or Naga in Sanskrit. Nagas were a group of ancient people who worshiped serpents. The word khsetra means region in Sanskrit. This implies that Ahi-kshetra was a region of Nagas.

Vividha Tirtha Kalpa, composed by Jain Acharya Jinaprabha Suri in the 14th century CE, mentions Samkhyāvatǐ as the earlier name of Ahichchhatra and describes two Jain temples dedicated to Parshvanatha in the area. Ahikshetra is mentioned as Shankavai Samkhyavati in Vividhatirthakalpa.^[5]

History

According to Jain Tradition, the history of Ahichchhatra traditionally starts from the period of 1st Tirthankara Rishabhanatha. It was visited by all 24 Tirthankaras. Ahichchhatra is believed to be the place where Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankar of Jainism, attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience).^[6]

Its history reaches back to late Vedic times, at which time it was capital of the Panchala kingdom. The name is written Ahikshetras as well as Ahi-chhatra, but the local legend of Adi Raja and the Naga, who formed a canopy over his head, when asleep, shows that the later is the correct form. The fort is said to have been built by Adi Raja, an Ahir^[7] whose future elevation sovereignty was foretold by Drona, when he found him sleeping under the guardianship of a serpent with expended hood. The fort is also called Adikot.^[8]

The last independent ruler of Ahichatra was Achyuta Naga, who was defeated by Samudragupta, after which Panchala was annexed into the Gupta Empire.^[9] The coins of Achyuta found from Ahichatra have a wheel of eight spokes on the reverse and the legend Achyu on the obverse.^[10]

Archaeology

The site was briefly explored by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1871, and then excavated by the ASI from 1940 for "about five years".^[3] The excavations found brick fortifications and continuity of occupation from a period before 600 BCE to 1100 CE.^[11] During the first excavations in 1940–44, the Painted Gray Ware pottery were found at the earliest level. Ruins of this city could be identified from the remote sensing imagery of IRS (Indian Remote Sensing) satellites. The ruins reveal that the city had a triangular shape. Recent excavations in Ahichchhatra showed it was first inhabited by the middle of the second millennium BC with Ochre Coloured Pottery culture people, followed by Black and Red Ware culture. Around 1000 BC, it reached at least 40 hectares of area, making it one of the largest Painted Grey Ware culture sites. Evidence of construction of early fortifications were discovered around 1000 BC indicating first urban development.^[12]^[13] Near Ahichchhatra, 2 km to its west there is a big pond which is said to trace its ancestry to the time of Mahabharata. The pond, located in the village of Jagannathpur is said to have been made by the pandavas at the time of their forest dwelling (vanvas).

In the early Gupta period a section of the city set aside for pottery contained very large firing pits, some 10 or 12 feet deep.^[14]

Jain tradition

Coin of Achyuta, the last Panchala king, showing an 8-spoked wheel and the king's name: Achyu.

Ahichchhatra is believed to be the place where Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankar of Jainism, attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience). The temples in Ahichchhatra are built to commemorate Parshvanatha attaining Kēvalajñāna kalyāṇaka.^[15] This temple is dedicated to Parshvanatha and is major Jain pilgrimage center.^[16]^[17] According to Uttar Pradesh Tourism, Ahichhatra Jain Temple witnessed over 4 lakh visitors in 2017.^[18] Ahichhatra Jain Mela is the primary festival of this temple and is organized annually in March.^[17]

Means of approach

From the Revati Bahoda Khera Station on Chandosi – Bareilly Line, vehicle of Kshetra and other vehicles are available. Road: - Buses are available from Delhi, Meerut, Aligarh, Lucknow, Kasganj & Badaun. Train: - Trains are available from Delhi, Bareilly, Agra, Moradabad, Aligarh to Revati Bahoda Khera Station and vehicles are all time available for Ramnagar from Revati Bahoda Khera Station. Airport: - Delhi 250 km

Nearby Places

Nainital – 180 km Hastinapur Atishaya Kshetra – 200 km Kampilji Atishaya Kshetra – 180 km Manglayatan (Aligarh) – 180 km Bareilly – 55 km

Sculpture from Ahichchhatra

23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha sculpture excavated from Ahichchhatra, 7th century BCE
Stone Buddha, c. 1st Century CE, Kushan Period
Sandstone Shiva, 3rd century
Terracotta architectural panel with Goddess, Gupta period, 5th century
Gupta period terracotta Yamuna, pair to the Ganga above

Notes

^ Harle, James C. (January 1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5.
^ Malik, Dr Malti (2016). History of India. New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd. pp. 51–54. ISBN 978-81-7335-498-4.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Калле, с. XV
^ Majumdar, 429-430
^ Subodh Kapoor 2002 , p. 16
^ «Брошюра ахиччатра» (PDF) . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 25 мая 2022 года . Получено 20 апреля 2022 года .
^ Kapoor, Subodh (2002). Энциклопедия древней индийской географии . Cosmo Publications. ISBN 978-81-7755-298-0 .
^ Subodh Kapoor 2002 , стр. 17-19.
^ Raychaudhuri, HC (1972). Политическая история древней Индии , Калькутта: Университет Калькутты, с.473
^ Лахири, Б. (1974). Корентные штаты Северная Индия (около 200 до 320 г. н.э.) , Калькутта: Университет Калькутты, с.182
^ Лахири, Бела (1972). Корентные штаты Северная Индия (около 200 до н.э. до 320 г. н.э.) , Калькутта: Университет Калькутты, с.170-88
^ «Что лежит внизу» .
^ http://www.educationtimes.com/article/290/20130917201309171524062507304CDB3/WHAT-lies-beneath.html Что лежит ниже, Br Mani 2013
^ Majumdar, 430
^ UP Tourism & Ahicchatra , p. 2
^ Jain 2008 , p. 64
^ Jump up to: ^а ^{беременный} UP Tourism & Uttar Pradesh: от A до z , p. 31
^ UP Туризм и годовая туристическая статистика .

Ссылки

Кала, Сатиш Чандра, Терракота в музее Аллахабада , с. XV, Abhinav Publications, 1980, ISBN 0391022342 , 9780391022348, Google Books
Kapoor, Subodh, ed. (2002), Энциклопедия древней индийской географии , вып. 1, Cosmo Publications, ISBN 81-7755-298-8
Jain, Lakshmi (2008). Отсутствие девочки-ребенка в школах . Северный книжный центр. ISBN 9788172112448 .
Маджамдар, Рамеш Чандра, Вакатака-Гупта возраст около 200-550 г. н.э. , 1986, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., ISBN 8120800265 , 9788120800267, Google Books
Уттар -Прадеш Туризм
- Уттар -Прадеш Туризм. «Уттар -Прадеш: от А до З» (PDF) . Уттар -Прадеш Туризм .
- Уттар -Прадеш Туризм. «Годовой туристическая статистика» . Уттар -Прадеш Туризм .
- Уттар -Прадеш Туризм. «Ахиччатра» (PDF) . Уттар -Прадеш Туризм . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 25 мая 2022 года . Получено 20 апреля 2022 года .

[1] Harle, James C. (January 1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5.

[Malik-2] Malik, Dr Malti (2016). History of India. New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd. pp. 51–54. ISBN 978-81-7335-498-4.

[dupref-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b Калле, с. XV

[4] Majumdar, 429-430

[FOOTNOTESubodh_Kapoor200216-5] Subodh Kapoor 2002 , p. 16

[6] «Брошюра ахиччатра» (PDF) . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 25 мая 2022 года . Получено 20 апреля 2022 года .

[7] Kapoor, Subodh (2002). Энциклопедия древней индийской географии . Cosmo Publications. ISBN 978-81-7755-298-0 .

[FOOTNOTESubodh_Kapoor200217–19-8] Subodh Kapoor 2002 , стр. 17-19.

[9] Raychaudhuri, HC (1972). Политическая история древней Индии , Калькутта: Университет Калькутты, с.473

[10] Лахири, Б. (1974). Корентные штаты Северная Индия (около 200 до 320 г. н.э.) , Калькутта: Университет Калькутты, с.182

[11] Лахири, Бела (1972). Корентные штаты Северная Индия (около 200 до н.э. до 320 г. н.э.) , Калькутта: Университет Калькутты, с.170-88

[12] «Что лежит внизу» .

[13] ttp://www.educationtimes.com/article/290/20130917201309171524062507304CDB3/WHAT-lies-beneath.html Что лежит ниже, Br Mani 2013

[14] Majumdar, 430

[FOOTNOTEUP_tourismAhicchatra2-15] UP Tourism & Ahicchatra , p. 2

[FOOTNOTEJain200864-16] Jain 2008 , p. 64

[FOOTNOTEUP_tourismUttar_Pradesh:_A_to_Z31-17] Jump up to: ^а ^{беременный} UP Tourism & Uttar Pradesh: от A до z , p. 31

[FOOTNOTEUP_tourismYear-wise_Tourist_Statistics-18] UP Туризм и годовая туристическая статистика .

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