Руфус-грубый отшельник

Руфус-грубый отшельник
	Г. Х. Острова , Тобаго
Статус сохранения
	; Наименьшее беспокойство ( МСКН 3.1 )
	СИТУСИТ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ II ( CITES )
Научная классификация
Домен:	Эукариота
Королевство:	Животное
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Genus:	Glaucis
Species:	G. hirsutus
Binomial name
	Glaucis hirsutus; (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
Synonyms
	Glaucis hirsuta (Gmelin, 1788: lapsus); Glaucis hirsutus abrawayae Ruschi, 1973; Threnetes grzimeki Ruschi, 1973

Руфус -грубый отшельник или волосатый отшельник ( Glaucis hirsutus )-это колибри , который размножается с Панамы на юг в Боливию , а также на Тринидаде , Тобаго и Гренаде . Это широко распространенный и, как правило, общий вид, хотя местные популяции могут измениться в количестве и вообще исчезнуть в предельной среде обитания. ^{[ 3 ]}

Таксономия

Руфус-грубый отшельник был официально описан в 1788 году немецким натуралистом Иоганном Фридрихом Гмелин в его пересмотренном и расширенном издании Carl Linnaeus Systema Naturae . Он поместил его со всеми другими колибри в родовом трохилусе и придумал биномиальное название Trochilus hirsutus . ^{[ 4 ]} Описание Гмелина было основано на описании немецкого натуралиста Георга Маркгрейва в его исторической натурализе Brasiliae, которая была опубликована 140 лет ранее в 1648 году. ^{[ 5 ]} Руфуш-грубый отшельник теперь размещен с двумя другими видами в роде Glaucis , который был представлен в 1831 году немецким зоологом Фридрихом Бой . ^{[ 6 ]}^{[ 7 ]} Название рода из древнегреческого Глаукоса , означающего «сине-серый», «глаук» или «бледно-зеленый». Конкретный эпитет Хирсутус - это латинский , означающий «волосатый» или «щельфил». ^[8] The type locality is northeast Brazil.^[9]

Two subspecies are recognised:^[7]

G. h. insularum Hellmayr & Seilern, 1913 – Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago
G. h. hirsutus (Gmelin, JF, 1788) – Panama and west Colombia through Venezuela and the Guianas to Brazil and north Bolivia

Description

The rufous-breasted hermit is 10.7 cm (4.2 in) long and weighs 7 g (0.25 oz) on average. The bill measures around 3.3 cm (1.3 in) and is strongly decurved, long and thin – though compared to the bills of other hummingbirds, it is rather robust. The rufous-breasted hermit has a brownish head, bronze-green upperparts and rufous underparts. The tail has green central feathers and rufous outer feathers, all tipped white. The bill has a yellow lower mandible and a black upper mandible. Sexes are similar, but the male has yellow streaking on the upper mandible, and the female may be slightly duller in plumage. The bill of females is also proportionally a bit shorter (though this is hardly recognizable) and more decurved (which is quite conspicuous in direct comparison).^[10]

Males are somewhat more distinct, resembling a barbthroat (Threnetes). They were once described as a distinct species, the "black barbthroat" ("T. grzimeki"). Similarly, the proposed subspecies abrawayae is apparently based on individual variation occurring in adults and not taxonomically distinct either.^[11]

The call of this species is a high-pitched sweet.

Behavior and ecology

This hermit inhabits forest undergrowth, often near running water. The rufous-breasted hermit's food is nectar, taken from a variety of understory flowers, and some small invertebrates.

Food and feeding

G. hirsuta has very discriminating feeding habits. It will only visit flowers whose corolla length and curvature precisely matches that of its bill, while most other hummingbirds are far more flexible. Thus, its foodplants are found across almost the entire diversity of angiosperms. Very popular with this bird are Zingiberales, such as Costus scaber (Costaceae), or Heliconia standleyi and Heliconia stricta (Heliconiaceae). Other well-liked foodplants of this hummingbird include Gentianales like Duroia hirsuta, Palicourea lasiantha, Psychotria bahiensis and Psychotria platypoda (Rubiaceae), Lamiales such as Sanchezia peruviana (Acanthaceae) or Drymonia semicordata (Gesneriaceae), and Myrtales like Cuphea melvilla (Lythraceae). Even congeneric plants with flowers of slightly different length and curvature are avoided on the other hand.^[10]

Given the difference in bill curvature between males and females, it seems likely that the sexes avoid competing for the same food resource by visiting different plants, but there has been little in-depth study. Whether there has been any coevolution between the hairy hermit and its foodplants is more difficult to determine, but if anything, it seems to be less widespread than it could be presumed. Most plants visited by this hummingbird are also pollinated by less discriminating species. But for some (such as Cuphea melvilla, Psychotria bahiensis and P. platypoda) the hairy hermit seems to be a pollinator of crucial importance, indicating that – though less often than the characteristic bill shape suggests – strong mutualisms between this bird and some of its foodplants do indeed exist.^[10]

Breeding

The female rufous-breasted hermit lays two eggs in a small cup nest with a tail, made of rootlets and attached to the underside of a palm, fern or Heliconia leaf one or two meters (3–6 ft) above ground or so. The nests are often near a stream, waterfall or roadside, and are surprisingly easy to find. Incubation is 17 days with 23 more to fledging, and this species may nest up to four times in a season. The male of this aggressive and inquisitive hummingbird helps to build and defend the nest, but does not incubate the eggs. At least regionally (e.g. in Colombia), the species breeds all year.^[12]

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Glaucis hirsutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22686911A93130811. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686911A93130811.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
^ Faria et al. (2006), BLI (2008)
^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 490.
^ Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus (in Latin). Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 197, 4th Guainumbi.
^ Boie, Friedrich (1831). "Bemerkungen über Species und einige ornithologische Familien und Sippen". Isis von Oken (in German). 1831. Cols 538–548 [545].
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 174, 192. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 5.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Rodríguez-Flores & Stiles (2005)
^ Mallet-Rodrigues (2006)
^ Greeney et al. (2004)

Sources

Faria, Christiana M.A.; Rodrigues, Marcos; do Amaral, Frederico Q.; Módena, Érica & Fernandes, Alexandre M. (2006): Aves de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no alto Rio Doce, Minas Gerais: colonização e extinção [The birds of an Atlantic Forest fragment at upper Rio Doce valley, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil: colonization and extinction]. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23(4): 1217-1230 [Portuguese with English abstract]. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752006000400032 PDF fulltext
Greeney, Harold F.; Gelis, Rudolphe A. & White, Richard (2004): Notes on breeding birds from an Ecuadorian lowland forest. Bull. B.O.C. 124(1): 28–37. PDF fulltext
Mallet-Rodrigues, Francisco (2006): сомнительные таксоны птицы с появлением в Бразилии. III - Trochilidae (i) [Вопрос о скорости птиц с происхождением в Бразилии. III - Trochilidae (i)]. Бразильский журнал орнитологии 14 (4): 475-479 [Португальский с английскими рефератами]. PDF полный текст
Rodríguez-Flores, Claudia Isabel & Stiles, F. Gary (2005): Экоморфологический анализ сообщества колибри (Trochilidae, Phaetorninae) и его цветов в колумбийской амазонке. [Экоморфологический анализ сообщества Hermit Humingbirds (Trochilidae, Phaethorneae) и цветов EY в Колумбийской Амазонии]. Колумбийская орнитология 3 : 7-27 [Испанский с английским аннотация]. PDF полный текст

Дальнейшее чтение

Ffrench, Ричард; О'Нил, Джон Паттон и Экельберри, Дон Р. (1991): Руководство по птицам Тринидада и Тобаго (2 -е издание). Comstock Publishing, Итака, Нью -Йорк. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
Хилти, Стивен Л. (2003): Птицы Венесуэлы . Кристофер Хелм , Лондон. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5

Внешние ссылки

"Волосатый отшельник"- Glaucis Hirsuta видео в интернет-коллекции птиц
Марки ^{[узурпировал]} (Для гранат , Гренадины Гренады, Гайаны , Тринидад и Тобаго ) с рамбангапом
Руфус-грудь отшельника фотогалерея Vireo Photo-Res- (крупный план) (Rufous Ground and Bill)
Фото-медиам Res ; Статья

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Glaucis hirsutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22686911A93130811. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686911A93130811.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[2] "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.

[3] Faria et al. (2006), BLI (2008)

[4] Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 490.

[5] Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus (in Latin). Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 197, 4th Guainumbi.

[6] Boie, Friedrich (1831). "Bemerkungen über Species und einige ornithologische Familien und Sippen". Isis von Oken (in German). 1831. Cols 538–548 [545].

[ioc-7] Jump up to: ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[8] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 174, 192. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[9] Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 5.

[rfs2005-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Rodríguez-Flores & Stiles (2005)

[11] Mallet-Rodrigues (2006)

[12] Greeney et al. (2004)

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