Джордж Г.М. Джеймс
Джордж Г.М. Джеймс | |
|---|---|
| Рожденный | Джордж Гранвиль Мона Джеймс 9 ноября 1893 года |
| Умер | 30 июня 1956 г. (в возрасте 62 лет) |
| Национальность | Гайанский американец |
| Альма -матер | Университет Дарема ; Колумбийский университет |
| Оккупация | Историк и автор |
| Примечательная работа | Украденное наследие (1954) |
Джордж Гранвиль Мона Джеймс (9 ноября 1893 г. - 30 июня 1956 г.) [ 1 ] был гайанско-американским историком и автором, известным своей книгой 1954 года, украденном наследием , которая утверждает, что греческая философия и религия возникли в древнем Египте .
Биография
[ редактировать ]Джеймс родился в Джорджтауне, Гайана . Его родителями были преподобный Линч Б. и Маргарет Э. Джеймс. Джеймс получил степень бакалавра и магистра в Университете Дарема в Англии и получил докторскую степень в Колумбийском университете в Нью -Йорке . Он был профессором логики , и греческого в колледже Ливингстон в Солсбери, штат Северная Каролина а затем работал в Арканзасском колледже AM & N в Пайн -Блафф, штат Арканзас . Джеймс умер через два года после публикации украденного наследия в 1954 году. [ 2 ] Джеймс был масоном и был связан с масонством Принца Холла . [ 3 ]
Украденное наследие
[ редактировать ]Джеймс был автором «Украденного наследия: греки» не были авторами греческой философии, а жители Северной Африки, обычно называемые египтянами (также известными как «Украденное наследие: греческая философия украденна египетская философия» ), впервые опубликованная в 1954 году. Эта книга, Джеймс, утверждает, что древние греки не были первоначальными авторами греческой философии , а в том, что идеи и концепции были украдены у древних египтян, когда Александр Великий «вторгся в Египет и захватил Королевскую библиотеку в Александрии и разграбил ее», и что это Идеи Аристотеля пришли из этих украденных книг и что он основал свою школу в библиотеке . Джеймс также цитирует ранее древние греческие источники, такие как Геродот , которые описывают культурный долг Греции в Египет. Он также упоминает выдающихся греческих философов, таких как Пифагор и Платон , которые, как говорят, учились в Египте.
The book draws on the writings of freemasonry to support its claim that the Greco-Roman mysteries originate from an "Egyptian Mystery System",[4][a] although as historians point out, James does not cite these sources accurately.[5][6][7]
Criticism
[edit]Stolen Legacy and its thesis have generally been considered pseudohistory by historians. Historians Wilson J. Moses, Albert Gelpi, Mary Lefkowitz, Ronald H. Fritze and philosopher Robert Todd Carroll all call the book and its claims pseudohistorical.[4][8][9] Carroll writes that:
James's principal sources were Masonic, especially The Ancient Mysteries and Modern Masonry (1909) by the Rev. Charles H. Vail. The Masons in turn derived their misconceptions about Egyptian mystery and initiation rites from the eighteenth century work of fiction Sethos [...] (1731) by the Abbe Jean Terrasson (1670-1750), a professor of Greek. Terrasson had no access to Egyptian sources and he would be long dead before Egyptian hieroglyphics could be deciphered. But Terrasson knew the Greek and Latin writers well. So he constructed an imaginary Egyptian religion based upon sources that described Greek and Latin rites as if they were Egyptian [...] Hence one of the main sources for Afrocentric Egyptology turns out to be Greece and Rome. The Greeks would have called this irony. I don't know what Afrocentrists call it.[4]
Philosopher Ronald B. Levinson dismissed the book in a 1955 review, writing that "only social psychologists and collectors of paradoxes will find here grist for their mills" and presenting some of James's claims as self-evidently ridiculous.[10] Historian Stephen Howe wrote that the book "is a work of utmost intellectual naivety, innocent of even the outward appearances of academic procedure".[11]
Professor of philosophy Ulstad Karin, reviewing the book in the academic journal Kritike, states that it is not a genuine work of scholarship, but rather "a plea for justice and reformation, a call to turn the tide of racism washing over his time".[12] He writes that:
Though one can appreciate what James was trying to do for African people and tradition, especially given the context in which this work was written, this is a book wrought with historical inaccuracies, sketchy dating, dubious referencing, and philosophical misunderstandings. [...] James claims that Democritus did not write those books commonly attributed to him. Instead, he came to possess them from Anaxarchus, who had brought them back from the Egyptian Library, a library sacked and looted during Alexander's conquest of Egypt (a campaign that Anaxarchus was a part of). The author’s claim here is altogether historically erroneous. Democritus was born eighty or so years before Anaxarchus and would have been dead forty years before Anaxarchus’ return to Ionia. Similar cases of (glaring) historical negligence are rife throughout James’ book.[12]
In the 1990s, classics professor Mary Lefkowitz emerged as a prominent critic of Afrocentrism and of James. Her critique of Stolen Legacy showed that the book tries to look scholarly but is ultimately a pseudohistory that is disingenuous and extremely tendentious in its conclusions.[9] Lefkowitz makes the following arguments:[13]
- Ancient Egypt was racially mixed (and therefore its cultural legacy does not represent an inherently "black" or "African" contribution).
- Stolen Legacy is unscholarly, relying heavily on repetition of claims about Alexander's "theft" of Egyptian material, and lacking precise footnoting.
- Alexandria was founded after Alexander's conquest of Egypt and never integrated into Egyptian society, and the Library of Alexandria was built still later; therefore, it contained no repository of Egyptian culture for the immigrant Greeks to steal.
- James misrepresents his masonic sources, who in discussing the "Egyptian mysteries" actually mean Greco-Roman mysteries operating in Egypt, and cites other outdated sources on Egypt that do not take modern scholarship into account. ("Thus most ironically," she writes, "the 'Egyptian Mystery System' described by James is not African, but essentially Greek, and in its details, specifically European.")
- The Egyptian writings (notably the Hermetic Corpus) that James presents as predecessors to Greek philosophy were composed in the Hellenistic period.
- Similarities found by ancient writers between Greek and Egyptian deities do not imply Egyptian origin. Egyptian philosophy does not include a doctrine of transmigration of souls. Other purported connections in mathematics, science, and philosophy are also insubstantial.
- The great philosophers Socrates and Aristotle are not said to have traveled to Egypt.
The book received positive responses by Afrocentrist authors despite the harsh criticism by historians and other scholars. Afrocentrist author William Leo Hansberry wrote in support of the book's key premises, including its conclusion that the Greeks stole the knowledge of the Egyptians.[14]Stolen Legacy has strongly influenced the Afrocentric school of history, including leading exponents such as Asa Hillaird, Yosef Ben-Jochannan and Molefi Kete Asante.[2][13]
Notes
[edit]- ^ James's chief reference on the Egyptian mysteries is C. H. Vail, author of Ancient Mysteries and Modern Masonry (1909). Vail's source is Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry (1872) by Albert Pike.
References
[edit]- ^ Johnson, Charles D. (December 29, 2015). "An Investigation into the Death of Professor George G. M. James". Medium.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Muzorewa, Muzorewa, "Stolen Legacy"; in Molefi Kete Asante & Ama Mazama (eds), Encyclopedia of Black Studies; Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 2005; p. 440.
- ^ Lewis, John (July 2, 2014). "The secret history of the jazz greats who were freemasons". The Guardian.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Carroll, Robert Todd (2003). The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 8. ISBN 0-471-27242-6. See "Afrocentrism" in online Skeptic's Dictionary.
- ^ Fritze, Ronald H. (2021). Egyptomania: A History of Fascination, Obsession and Fantasy. Reaktion Books. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-78023-685-8.
- ^ Lefkowitz, Mary (2008). Not Out Of Africa: How 'Afrocentrism' Became An Excuse To Teach Myth As History. Basic Books. pp. 91–121. ISBN 978-0-7867-2397-3.
- ^ Howe, Stephen (1999). Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes. Verso Books. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-1-85984-228-7.
- ^ Moses, Wilson J.; Gelpi, Albert (1998). Afrotopia: The Roots of African American Popular History. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-521-47941-7.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Fritze, Ronald H. (2009). Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-religions. Reaktion Books. p. 324. ISBN 978-1-86189-674-2.
- ^ Levinson, Ronald B., book review in Books Abroad, 29(2), Spring 1955, p. 232.
- ^ Howe, Stephen (1999). Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes. Verso Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-85984-228-7.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Urstad, Kristian (March 3, 2010). "James, George G. M., Stolen Legacy: The Egyptian Origins of Western Philosophy". Kritike: An Online Journal of Philosophy. 3 (2): 167–170. doi:10.3860/krit.v3i2.1536. ISSN 1908-7330.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Lefkowitz, Mary, "The Myth of a 'Stolen Legacy'", Fraud 31(3), March/April 1994; doi:10.1007/BF02693227.
- ^ Hansberry, William Leo Hansberry, Book review in the Journal of Negro Education 24(2), Spring 1955.
External links
[edit]- Stolen Legacy editions listed on WorldCat.
- Charles D. Johnson, "An Investigation into the Death of Professor George G. M. James" concerning a claim formerly made on Wikipedia that James died violently shortly after Stolen Legacy was published.