✖


Jump to content

Схема энергетики Тонго

Add links
Координаты : 38 ° 58′54 ″ S 175 ° 46′08 ″ E / 38,9817 ° S 175,7689 ° E / -38,9817; 175,7689
(Перенаправлено с электростанции Токаану )

Тонгариро электростанции
(Тутан, Рангипо, Дракон)
Силовая станция Токаану
Карта
Викимедия | © OpenStreetMap
Country
  • New Zealand
LocationCentral North Island
Coordinates38°58′54″S 175°46′08″E / 38.9817°S 175.7689°E / -38.9817; 175.7689
Commission date1973 (Tokaanu)
1983 (Rangipo)
2008 (Mangaio)
Owner(s)Genesis Energy
Power generation
Units operationalFour (Tokaanu)
Two (Rangipo)
One (Mangaio)
Nameplate capacity240 MW (Tokaanu)
120 MW (Rangipo)
2 MW (Mangaio)
Annual net output1350 GWh (Total)
External links
CommonsRelated media on Commons
[edit on Wikidata]

Схема мощности Тонгариро ​​360 МВт представляет собой гидроэлектростанцию на центральном северном острове Новой Зеландии. Схема отвлекает воду от притоков рек Rangitikei , Whangaehu , Whanganui и Tongariro . Эти реки истощают площадь площадью 2600 квадратных километров (1000 кв. Миль), включая Руапеху , Нгаурухо , Тонгариро и западные кайманава . Вода, отвлеченная от этих рек, отправляется через каналы и туннели для выработки электроэнергии на трех гидроэлектростанциях, Рангипо (120 МВт), Токаану (240 МВт) и Мангао (2 МВт). Затем вода сбрасывается в озеро Таупо , где добавляет к хранению воды в озере и позволяет дополнительную выработку электроэнергии в последовательности электростанций вниз по реке Вайкато .

Схема генерирует приблизительно 1350 Г. электроэнергии в год и вносит 4 процента производства электроэнергии Новой Зеландии. В настоящее время он управляется компанией по производству электроэнергии Genesis Energy .

From its inception to the current day tensions have existed between the need to generate electricity and cultural and environmental issues.

History

[edit]

Plans to realise the potential of electricity generation in the central North Island volcanic plateau date back to the early years of the 20th century. A Californian engineer, L.M. Hancock, visited New Zealand in 1903 and, with engineer P.S. Hay, surveyed localities where power could be generated.[1][2][3] In 1904 Hay's report to the government New Zealand Water-Powers identified a number of potential sites around the central plateau.[4] These included Lake Rotoaira, the Whakapapa River and the Whangaehu River. A dam could be built on the Poutu River feeding into Lake Rotoaira and the amount of power generated could be increased by adding water from Tongariro or Ngauruhoe. While he identified the generation potential of the Whangaehu River, Hay noted that it was polluted by volcanic acids and chemicals making it unsuitable.[4] Between the 1920s and 1950s a number of investigations on the potential of the volcanic plateau were undertaken by engineers, mostly in the Public Works Department.[5]: 220–221  In 1955 the British consulting engineering company Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners was contracted to conduct preliminary investigations; they produced a preliminary report in 1957.[1][5]: 224  The government authorised the scheme in 1958 through an Order in Council which allowed water to be taken from five catchments without giving notice or gaining consents and approved the scheme in 1964.[6] Gibb and Partners conducted further field studies and more detailed design which culminated in their report in 1962 which recommended the construction of a power scheme in five stages:[5]: 224 [7]

  1. The Western Diversions – diversions of the Whanganui River and other streams on the western side of Mt Ruapehu into Lake Rotoaira
  2. The Tokaanu project – construction of the Tokaanu power station taking water from Lake Rotoaira
  3. The Moawhango project – diversion of streams on the south side of Mt Ruapehu and the Moawhango River into two dams at Moawhango, and construction of a tunnel from Moawhango to the Tongariro River
  4. The Rangipo project – diversion of water from the tributaries west of the Tongariro River to a dam on the river, and a power station at Rangipo
  5. The Tongariro project – construction of the Kaimanawa power station on the Tongariro River upstream of Begg's Pool[7]

The final project differed from Gibb's design: only one dam was built at Moawhango, the Kaimanawa station was not built, and an additional power station was built at Mangaio.[5]: 227 [8] The four stage project commenced in 1964 and was completed in 1983: the Western Diversion from 1964 to 1971, the Tokaanu project (Rotoaira Diversion) from 1966 to 1973, the Eastern Diversion from 1969 to 1979, and the Rangipo project (Tongariro Diversion) from 1974 to 1983.[5]: 222 

Government departments

[edit]

The scheme was built by the Ministry of Works and the project engineers were Warren Gibson and Bert Dekker. The New Zealand Electricity Department (NZED) operated the generation and transmission of electricity. NZED became part of the Ministry of Energy before becoming part of the Electricity Corporation of New Zealand (ECNZ) in 1987. The government transferred all generation and transmission to ECNZ in 1990. In 1999 with the reform of the energy sector and break-up of ECNZ the Tongariro scheme was transferred to Genesis Energy.[9][10]

Scheme

[edit]

Western Diversion: Whakapapa River to Lake Rotoaira

[edit]

The Western Diversion was the first part of the Scheme to be constructed between 1964 and 1971.[5]: 222  It starts at the Whakapapa River, taking water into a 16.5-kilometre (10.3 mi) long tunnel to Lake Te Whaiau; intake structures collect water from the Õkupata, Taurewa, Tāwhitikuri, and Mangatepōpō streams along the way.[8] The Te Whaiau dam is an earth-fill dam 13.7 metres (45 ft) high and 54.8 metres (180 ft) metres long.[5]: 222 

Water from the Whanganui River is diverted via a short tunnel into the Te Whaiau Stream, which joins the water from the Whakapapa and other intakes, all flowing into the Te Whaiau dam.[8] Both tunnels, begun in 1967, were constructed by the Italian construction company Codelfa-Cogefa which specialised in tunnelling.[5]: 226–227  Water from Lake Te Whaiau flows into the Ōtamangākau Canal which feeds Lake Otamangakau, where water also flows from the Ōtamangākau Stream.[8] Lake Ōtamangākau is formed by an earth-fill dam 20 metres (66 ft) high and 259.9 metres (853 ft) long.[5]: 222 

From Lake Ōtamangākau, water from the Western Diversion is diverted into the 7-kilometre (4.3 mi) Wairehu Canal, which travels under State Highway 47 and into Lake Rotoaira, joining water from the Eastern Diversion.[8] Lake Rotoaira is kept at a raised level by the Poutu Dam.[11]

Rotoaira Diversion: Lake Rotoaira to Lake Taupō

[edit]

Water stored in Lake Rotoaira from both the Eastern and Western Diversions goes from the northern end of Lake Rotoaira into the 6.1-kilometre (3.8 mi) Tokaanu Tunnel to the Tokaanu Power Station.[12] The tunnel was constructed by Downer and Associates between 1968 and 1973 and was beset with difficulties caused by water inflow and thermal activity.[5]: 228 [12] The tunnel passes under State Highway 47 and through the saddle between Pihanga and Mount Tihia to penstocks dropping 180 metres (590 ft) to the Tokaanu Power Station.[8][12] After passing through the station, the water is discharged into the 3.8-kilometre (2.4 mi) Tokaanu Tailrace Canal.[8]

Tokaanu tailrace and SH41 bridge, 2011

The canal passes under the Tokaanu Tailrace Bridge, a combined road bridge and aqueduct. State Highway 41 travels over the top of the bridge. As part of the overall development, the Tokaanu Stream, an important trout spawning stream, was preserved by diverting it through an aqueduct under the road surface.[5]: 230 [12] The Tokaanu tailrace canal discharges into Lake Taupō at Waihi Bay.[8]

Eastern Diversion: Whangaehu River to Rangipō Dam

[edit]

The Eastern Diversion takes water from 22 streams which are tributaries of the Whangaehu River. Intake structures on the streams feed the water into the 8.4-kilometre (5.2 mi) long underground Wāhianoa Aqueduct.[8] The aqueduct heads eastward, passing under the actual Whangaehu River, but not taking any water from it due to the fact it drains Mount Ruapehu's crater lake and is too acidic. At the end of the aqueduct, near the Desert Road (State Highway 1), water is then diverted through the 1.4-kilometre (0.87 mi) Mangaio Tunnel under the State Highway.[8] The water goes either to the Mangaio Power Station or to a drop structure to enter Lake Moawhango via the Mangaio Stream.[8] Construction of the aqueduct and tunnel was completed in 1975.[5]: 232 

Moawhango dam and lake looking towards Mt Ruapehu, 2022

Lake Moawhango is an artificial lake made by the damming of the Moawhango River and Mangaio Stream.[8] The dam, designed by Gibb and Partners, was the last major project in New Zealand to be designed in imperial units.[13]: 371  It is New Zealand's highest gravity arch dam in both altitude and physical height.[13]: 371 Filled in 1979 it is 325 metres (1,066 ft) long and 68 metres (223 ft) high.[5]: 222  Water from Lake Moawhango is then diverted into the 19.2-kilometre (11.9 mi) Moawhango Tunnel to the Rangipō Dam.[8]

The Moawhango tunnel was built by the Italian construction company Codelfa-Cogefar using experienced Italian tunnellers.[5]: 226–227 [14] It was begun in 1969 but due to difficult tunnelling conditions, which included faultlines, rock falls and incoming water, it took 10 years to complete.[5]: 231  In 1980 the tunnel held the world record for being a hydro tunnel constructed from two headings.[13]: 381  The tunnel was commissioned in December 1979 on the feast of Santa Barbara, the patron saint of tunnellers, and opened by the prime minister Robert Muldoon.[5]: 232 

Tongariro Diversion: Rangipō Dam to Lake Rotoaira

[edit]
Rangipo dam, outfalls of Waihohonu tunnel (foreground) and Moawhango Tunnel (background), 2022

Water from the Moawhango Tunnel and the Waihohonu Stream flows into the Rangipo Dam which is built on the Tongariro River.[5]: 232  To the west of Rangipō, originating on the slopes of Mt Ngauruhoe, the Waihohonu Stream flows into a concrete gravity dam (intake structure) 15 metres (49 ft) high and 32 metres (105 ft) long.[5]: 222  It was constructed in 1984.[13]: 377  Water from the dam is then diverted via the 960-metre (3,150 ft) Waihohonu Tunnel to the Rangipō Dam.[5]: 222 [8] This tunnel was built by the Ministry of Works and completed in 1981.[5]: 232 

The Rangipō Dam is a concrete gravity dam 23 metres (75 ft) high and 150 metres (490 ft) long.[5]: 222  It contains 5700 tonnes of reinforcing steel and 81,000 cubic metres of concrete.[13]: 394  The lake behind the Rangipō Dam acts as a head pond to the Rangipō Power Station. Water from the lake is then taken into the 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) Rangipō Headrace Tunnel to Rangipō Power Station, 63 metres (207 ft) below ground level.[5]: 222  The headrace tunnel, completed in 1980, and the access tunnel to the power station, completed in 1976, were both built by Codelfa-Cogefa.[5]: 232 

After passing through Rangipō Power Station, the water flows through the 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) Rangipō Tailrace Tunnel to the Poutū Intake at Beggs Pool on the Tongariro River.[5]: 223 [8]

Poutu Canal flowing into the Poutu Dam. Looking toward the Kaimanawa Range, 2022

After taking on more water from the Tongariro River (which now includes water from the eastern slopes of Ngauruhoe and Tongariro), the water is diverted through the 2.8-kilometre (1.7 mi) long concrete-lined Poutū Tunnel into the 5.6-kilometre (3.5 mi) long concrete-lined Poutū Canal which was constructed by the Ministry of Works and Development[5]: 222, 228 [12] The Canal, which is on average 4.3 metres (14 ft) deep,[8] travels under State Highway 1 and under State Highway 46 to the Poutū Dam. The dam, which is 13 metres (43 ft) high and 150 metres (490 ft) wide, has two functions: it controls the water flowing into Lake Rotoaira via the Rotoaira Channel and controls outflow from the lake into the Poutu Stream.[5]: 222 [11] Before the scheme the Poutu Stream was the natural outlet for Lake Rotoaira but once the scheme was operational the Tokaanu Tunnel became the lake's principal outlet.[15] The lake level was raised about 50 centimetres (20 in).[15] In Lake Rotoaira water from the Eastern Diversion merges with water from the Western Diversion.[8]

Power stations

[edit]

Three power stations exist on the scheme, Rangipō, Tokaanu and Mangaio. The power stations are managed from a control room at Tokaanu.[5]: 223 [16]

Rangipō

[edit]

Rangipō Power Station is located on the Eastern Diversion. The station was commissioned in 1983,[5]: 234 [8] and was built 63 metres (207 ft) underground beneath the Kaimanawa Forest Park, to minimise visual impact.[17] It was the second underground hydro station in New Zealand,[8][13]: 369  after Manapōuri Power Station.[16] Water flows into the powerhouse through a vertical penstock 180 metres (590 ft) long which splits into two horizontal penstocks 150 metres (490 ft) long. The powerhouse cavern is 55 metres (180 ft) long, 18 metres (59 ft) wide and 36 metres (118 ft) high, and is reached via a 650-metre-long (2,130 ft) access tunnel.[17] The power station has two hydro turbine generator sets, each rated at 60 MW, giving the station a total capacity of 120 MW. The tailrace tunnel, which flows into the Tongariro River, is 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) long.[5]: 223 [8]

Rangipō Power Station connects to the single-circuit 220 kV Bunnythorpe to Wairakei line (BPE-WRK-A) via a short 220 kV twin-circuit deviation line (RPO-DEV-A).[18]

Tokaanu

[edit]

Tokaanu Power Station is located on the Rotoaira Diversion of the scheme on the northern slopes of Mount Tihia.[16] It was commissioned in 1973.[8] Water from Lake Rotoaira is taken through the Tokaanu Tunnel into four penstocks.

Mangaio Power Station outfall into the Mangaio Stream, 2022

The power station has four hydro turbine generator sets, each rated at 60 MW, giving the station a total capacity of 240 MW. Tokaanu houses the control room for the entire Tongariro Power Scheme.[16]

Tokaanu Power Station connects to the two single-circuit 220 kV Bunnythorpe to Whakamaru lines (BPE-WKM-A and BPE-WKM-B) directly south of the station.[18]

Mangaio

[edit]

The power station was constructed in 2007–2008 and commissioned in 2008. It has a generating capacity of almost 2 MW.[8]

Environmental and cultural issues

[edit]

Water from over 60 rivers and streams flowing from the Tongariro National Park catchment were taken into the scheme.[19]: 11  Changes in river flows can cause silt build-up, changes in water velocity, temperature and water purity which in turn affects trout spawning and fishing, and the habitats of native species such as eels.[6][19]: 23  This gave rise to conflicts between environmental and cultural issues and the need to generate electricity.[20]: 253  Desmond Bovey's book on the Tongariro National Park put it this way:

Depending on your sensibilities, the scheme can be viewed as either a bold and ingenious feat of engineering, or alternatively as a high-handed grab of the headwaters of almost every river on the volcanic plateau. The truth, in my opinion, is that it is both - technically brilliant and morally brazen.[21]

The Tongariro Power Scheme was conceived and commissioned at a time when Māori values were either not considered or dismissed.[22]: 64 [20]: 248  The Ministry of Works met with Ngāti Tūwharetoa in 1955 to discuss land rights and fishing[5]: 223  but the other iwi with interests in the diversion of the Whanganui River and its headwaters were not consulted before or during construction.[6] These included Ngāti Rangi (the iwi south of Mt Ruapehu stretching from the Whanganui River to the Whangaehu River and the Moawhango River), Tamahaki and Whanganui iwi.[6]

For the iwi the rivers and streams are tūpuna awa and are accorded ancestral heritage. The well-being of people cannot be separated from the well-being of the natural world as the spiritual and physical worlds are inter-connected.[6][22]: 9, 41, 46  Tūpuna awa include the river beds, catchment areas, the habitats, fish and other biodiversity.[22]: 41  Ngati Rangi maintain that the flow of water from the mountains to the sea must not be broken.[22]: 11  It is also an offence to Māori to mix waters from different tribal areas, or catchments.[6][20]: 248  The rivers and springs were important sources of food. Eels lived in the tributaries of the Whangaehu River and would have had to pass through the river to migrate to the sea.[6][22]: 21, 44  Ngati Rangi also bathed in the Whangaehu for its healing properties.[6][22]: 28, 44  Fishing also took place on the Moawhango River where the dam is now and the river was a key waterway used for east-west travel and trade with east coast iwi Ngāti Whitikaupeka.[6][22]: 16, 44 

The Planning Tribunal/Environment Court and High Court hearings in the late 1980s and early 1990s began a process of including Māori perspectives and values and consultation on the use of rivers.[20]: 256  Genesis Energy signed an agreement with Ngāti Tūwharetoa to mitigate the effects of the scheme creating the Ngāti Tūwharetoa Genesis Energy Committee which distributes funds for educational, cultural and environmental purposes.[23] Genesis continues to meet with iwi and relevant fishery, recreational and environmental groups, and the Defence Force to mitigate the effects of the scheme on the environment.[8]

Effects on the Tongariro River

[edit]

As far back as 1955 concerns were raised about the effects of the scheme on trout fisheries in the Tongariro River, in particular maintaining water flow for trout spawning, the effect on the feeding grounds in Lake Taupo and Lake Rotoaira, the access to fishing pools on the river, the removal of sediment from the river and the effect of the Rangipō power station on trout.[5]: 225, 232  The Environmental Impact Report on the Rangipō project was submitted to the Commission for the Environment in 1973.[5]: 232 [24][25]

Effects on the Western Diversion

[edit]

Protests against the scheme arose as early as 1955 from the Waimarino Acclimatisation Society who opposed the Whanganui River diversion into Lake Rotoaira; this was followed in the early 1960s by concerns about the effects on the Whanganui River and the Whanganui harbour.[5]: 223–224  In 1964 the Taumarunui Borough Council raised concerns that reduction of the flow of water in the river would affect the operation of the Piriaka power station[5]: 224  but an agreement was reached to maintain water flows.[19]: 22  Also in 1964 the artist Peter McIntyre, who had a holiday house at Kakahi on the Whanganui River stated that water should not be taken when rivers belong to all New Zealanders and that by interrupting and reducing the flow of water there would be pollution and loss of trout fishing.[19]: 12 [5]: 225  He was supported by zoologist John Salmon who called for research into the long-term environmental effects of the scheme.[19]: 13  Once the Western Diversion had been commissioned in 1971 opposition continued from the New Zealand Canoeing Association who called for higher flow in the Whanganui River and the National Water Conservation Organisation requesting that desirable minimum flows be fixed. In 1987 water flowing from the Whakapapa Intake back into the river was about 5% of the normal flow.[19]: 21 

In 2012 Genesis partnered with local iwi Ngāti Hikairo on an eel restoration programme which enabled eels to maintain the migratory patterns necessary for their life cycle.[26] Since 2011 Genesis has also partnered with the Department of Conservation on a blue duck/whio recovery programme which involves trapping predators on the Whakapapa, Wanganui and Mangatepopo rivers.[27][28]

Lake Rotoaira and Ngāti Tūwharetoa

[edit]

Lake Rotoaira has cultural and historical significance to local iwi Ngāti Tūwharetoa and trout fishing licences, which are managed by the Lake Rotoaira Trust, are an important source of revenue.[29]: 17  Ownership of the lake was vested in the Trust in 1956 with the trustees representing the hapu of Ngāti Tūwharetoa.[30] One of the Trust's roles was "to negotiate with the Crown on the use of the lake for electricity generation".[29]: 4  As a result of construction work on access roads and near spawning streams on the Western Diversion the decline of fish stocks in the Lake was being reported in the late 1960s.[29]: 6  During the construction phase the Ministry of Works wanted greater control over, and ownership of, the lake. The iwi would not concede ownership and in a 1972 agreement the Crown was allowed control over the water for electricity generation but discharged from any compensation claims caused by environmental damage or adverse effects on the fishing.[29]: 17   In 1991 the Trust lodged a claim, Wai 178, with the Waitangi Tribunal asking that the agreement be renegotiated and that the Trust be paid for the use of the lake.[29]: 2  Little study had been done on the effect of the scheme on the Lake's fisheries before the scheme but by 1997, when the resource consent came up for renewal, the iwi and the Trust were concerned that trout stocks were declining.[15] It was found that the scheme had caused a decline of trout and kōaro and an increase of bullies.[15] Renewal of the resource consent in 2001 required Genesis, under the Resource Management Act 1991, to consult with the Trust to implement a management plan to achieve an increase in the numbers of trout and kōaro.[15] In 2013 the Waitangi Tribunal found that the Crown had not recompensed the iwi for the damage to the Lake and for its use to generate electricity.[31] A 2015 Tribunal report acknowledged the harm that the Scheme had done not just to the Lake but to Ngāti Tūwharetoa's economic, social, cultural and spiritual well-being which included reduction in income from fishing licences.[32] The Wai 178 claim was finally settled in the Ngāti Tūwharetoa Claims Settlement Act 2018.[33]

The Eastern Diversion and Ngāti Rangi

[edit]

Ngāti Rangi had been opposed to the use of water from rivers and streams in the Eastern Diversion since the 1970s.[22]: 11  Diverting water into the project caused waterways to dry up and the loss of wildlife.[34]

In 2001 Genesis was granted resource consents to continue diverting water from the Whanganui, Whangaehu and Moawhango rivers for 35 years but the iwi appealed to the Environment Court on the grounds that 35 years was too long.[22]: 11  Ngāti Rangi requested that their values be considered alongside western science, recognition of their rights of ownership of tūpuna awa and for restoration of cultural and spiritual values lost in the diversion of the river flows.[22]: 43, 73  In 2004 the Court reduced the resource consent to 10 years taking on board cultural considerations under the Resource Management Act 1991.[22]: 11  Genesis objected to the 10 year period taking the case to the High Court which in 2006 found that the shorter period was weighted in the iwi's favour and requested the Environment Court to reconsider the term. The iwi appealed the High Court decision.[22]: 11  In 2009 the High Court found that the Environment Court could not reduce the consent to 10 years and required the two parties to find a solution.[35] In 2010 Genesis and Ngāti Rangi formed a partnership to find ways to restore water flows in the rivers.[36] Genesis's resource consent expires in 2039.[8]

In 2017 the Crown and Ngāti Rangi reached an agreement in principle to settle historical Treaty of Waitangi claims[37] followed by a settlement deed in 2018 which included arrangements for the governance of the Whangaehu River and protection of the river's catchment.[38][39][40][41] The 2019 legislation created the framework called Te Waiū-o-Te-Ika which recognises the intrinsic connection between the awa and the iwi and hapū of the Whangaehu.[42]

Some permanent flows have been reinstated in several waterways namely the Tokiāhuru, Wahianoa, Mākahikatoa and Tomowai streams.[43][36][44] Monitoring the health of the Whangaehu catchment area has been part of the partnership between the iwi and Genesis. The following rivers have been monitored for clarity, temperature, acidity and oxygen levels: Tokiāhuru, Wāhianoa, Mākahikatoa, Tomowai and Whangaehu.[45]

Archaeological investigations

[edit]

Когда проект был утвержден в 1965 году, было решено, что исторические трастри (ныне наследие, Новая Зеландия ), будет работать с Нгати -Тувартоа для выявления и защиты мест на озере Роноайра и Тонгариро. [6] Site surveys and excavations were carried out from 1966 to 1971 during the project's construction phase by Trevor Hosking an archaeologist contracted by the Trust to work with the Ministry of Works.[5]: 225 [46] Hosking recorded 187 sites, many of them post-European contact. They included settlements, defensive sites and burial sites, some of which were excavated.[47]: 4–13  A small settlement, dating from around the 1840s, was found at Opōtaka at the northern end of Lake Rotoaira and partial excavation of the site revealed several houses and a collection of traditional and European artefacts.[48] In 2022 the local hapū received funding to restore the site.[49] The site on State Highway 47 can be visited.[50] After discussions with Ngāti Tūwharetoa Hosking excavated the Te Waiariki burial site which was in the path of the Tokaanu tailrace tunnel; the site was of great significance to the iwi.[47]: 44  He found 55 burials including the remains of two missionaries Te Manihera and Kereopa who had been killed at Tokaanu in 1847.[46]: 101–108 [47]: 44–55  All the remains were reburied and the missionaries interred at St Pauls Church in Tokaanu.[46]: 106 [47]: 55 [51] A site known as McDonnell's Redoubt was located near the Poutu Canal; built by Te Kooti it was later occupied by Colonel McDonnell.[ 52 ] Он был реконструирован, но из -за нестабильности и высокого обслуживания он был возвращен на насыпку в 1977 году. [ 47 ] : 80–81  [ 52 ]

Смотрите также

[ редактировать ]

Ссылки

[ редактировать ]
  1. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Министерство работ и развития Новой Зеландии (1975). Development Development Tongariro: построено Министерством работ и разработки для Департамента электроэнергии Новой Зеландии . Веллингтон: государственный принтер. OCLC   983312879 .
  2. ^ «Заявление о общественных работах, проведенное достопочтенным У. Холл-Джонсом, министром общественных работ, 28 октября 1904 года. Приложение к журналам Палаты представителей, 1904 г. Сессия I, D-01» . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . 1904 . Получено 27 февраля 2022 года .
  3. ^ Новая Зеландия, Министерство работ и развития, Отдел информации (1974). Тонгариро развитие власти . Веллингтон: Новая Зеландия. Министерство работ и развития. Информационный отдел. OCLC   229387948 . {{cite book}}: Cs1 maint: несколько имен: список авторов ( ссылка )
  4. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Сено, PS (1904). "Новозеландская водяная палочка и т. Д. Отчет о) г-на П.С. Хей, Массачусетс, М. Инст. CE, суперинтендатинг инженера Департамента общественных работ., Приложение к журналам Палаты представителей, 1904 Сессия I, D, D -01A " . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . С. 5–6, 7–8 . Получено 27 декабря 2021 года .
  5. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л м не а п Q. ведущий с Т в v В х и С аа Аб и объявление Но из в нравиться это к Мартин, Джон Э., изд. (1998). Люди, политика и электростанции: электроэнергия в Новой Зеландии 1880–1998 гг . Веллингтон, Новая Зеландия: Электрическая корпорация Новой Зеландии. С. 220–234. ISBN  978-0-908912-98-8 Полем OCLC   931064862 .
  6. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж Экономный суд (2004). «Нгати Ранги Траст против Манавату-Вангануи Региональный совет. Решение № A 067/2004» . Экологический суд . Получено 17 ноября 2023 года .
  7. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Сэр Александр Гибб и партнеры; Новая Зеландия; Министерство работ (1962). Развитие энергетики реки Тонгариро: отчет об исследованиях . Лондон: Gibb & Partners. OCLC   154254335 .
  8. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л м не а п Q. ведущий с Т в v В х «Схема власти Тонгариро | Genesis NZ» . www.genesisEnergy.co.nz . Получено 26 октября 2023 года .
  9. ^ Робинсон, Джон (2014). Дизайнеры и строители плотин: подразделение энергетики - Министерство работ: короткая история . Веллингтон: Новозеландское общество на крупных плотинах. С. 22, 37–38. ISBN  9780908960637 Полем OCLC   898867886 .
  10. ^ Инженерная Новая Зеландия. «Новозеландская система электроэнергии» . www.engineeringnz.org . Получено 14 ноября 2023 года .
  11. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Shane E Caske (1999), «заброшены диверсией»: проект развития власти Тонгариро и столкновение между сохранением и развитием, 1955-1983 (магистерская диссертация), Massey Research Online, HDL : 10179/6291 , Wikidata   Q112849271.
  12. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Development Development Tongariro: построено Министерством работ и разработки для Департамента электроэнергии Новой Зеландии . Информационная листовка (Новая Зеландия. Министерство работ и развития), нет. 8. Веллингтон: Министерство работ. 1974. OCLC   2020885 .
  13. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон Мьюр, Джеймс С. (2020). Опус работает: короткая история развития инфраструктуры правительства Новой Зеландии . Новая Зеландия: Джеймс Кроу Мьюр. ISBN  9780473410308 .
  14. ^ «50-летний воссоединение Codelfa-Cogefar (NZ) Ltd» . www.scoop.co.nz . 12 декабря 2017 года . Получено 26 октября 2023 года .
  15. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Справочник менеджеров озера: Рыба в Новой Зеландии озера (PDF) . Веллингтон: Министерство окружающей среды. 2002. ISBN  0-478-24069-4 .
  16. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый Тонгариро: Руководство по схеме власти Тонгариро . Веллингтон: Электрическая корпорация Новой Зеландии, Группа по связям с общественностью. 1993. OCLC   154285232 .
  17. ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Под горой: секретная подземная электростанция Новой Зеландии» . NZ Herald . 19 декабря 2022 года . Получено 25 ноября 2023 года .
  18. ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Карта сети трансмиссии Северного острова - транспони» (PDF) . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 15 октября 2008 года . Получено 22 апреля 2009 года .
  19. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон Chapple, Keith (1987). Изнасилование реки Вангануи: один из самых ошибочных инженерных проектов Новой Зеландии . Taumarunui: C & S Publications. ISBN  0-908724-11-x .
  20. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый Янг, Дэвид (1998). Плетеной водой: истории из реки Вангануи . Веллингтон: Huia Publishers. С. 247–257. ISBN  978-0-908975-59-4 Полем OCLC   42630777 .
  21. ^ Бови, Десмонд (2023). художника Национальный парк Тонгариро: полевой гид Нельсон: Поттон и Бурдон. П. 101. ISBN  978 1 98 855051 0 .
  22. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л Рири, Хайн Хинеми, изд. (2009). Mouri Tu, iho ora: вода для Wastom и Life: Ngāti Rangi, Tongariro Power Wellberate Прибыль, корпоративная прибыль, корпоративная прибыль, корпоративная прибыль, корпоративная прибыль, корпоративная прибыль, корпоративная прибыль, корпоративная прибыль, корпоративная прибыль, корпоративная прибыль, корпоративная корместка Полем Вашингтон: Всемирная забота, Независимый институт охраны окружающей среды и здравоохранения. ISBN  9780473146344 .
  23. ^ «Ngāti Tūwharetoa Genesis Energy Committe (NTGEC) | Трастовый совет Tuwharetoa Maori» . Получено 23 мая 2024 года .
  24. ^ «Получен отчет о воздействии на окружающую среду. Рангипо энергопроблемный проект» . Нажимать . 3 августа 1973 г. - через прошлые документы.
  25. ^ Схема энергетики Rangipo: отчет о воздействии на окружающую среду, подготовленный подразделом министерства работ и развития Департамента электроэнергии Новой Зеландии . Веллингтон: Комиссия по окружающей среде. 1973. OCLC   429749020 .
  26. ^ Департамент сохранения (17 апреля 2019 г.). «Ngāti Hikairo Ki Tongariro Restoration Project - блог о сохранении» . blog.doc.govt.nz. ​Получено 16 ноября 2023 года .
  27. ^ «Whio Forever: Годовой отчет, июль 2022 - июнь 2023 г.» (PDF) . Департамент сохранения . 2023 . Получено 23 мая 2024 года .
  28. ^ "Whio Locations" . www.doc.govt.nz. ​Получено 23 мая 2024 года .
  29. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Конинг, Джон (1993). Озеро Роноайра: право собственности на маори и политика короны в направлении выработки электроэнергии . Веллингтон: Отдел трибунала Вайтанги, Министерство юстиции. ISBN  0908810172 .
  30. ^ «О нас - озеро Ротоира Траст» . Получено 5 ноября 2023 года .
  31. ^ «Трибунал Вайтанги выпускает свой отчет о претензиях на национальном парке Тонгариро» . waitAngitribunal.govt.nz . 12 ноября 2013 года . Получено 13 ноября 2023 года .
  32. ^ Нгати Тувартоа и Корона: в принципе соглашение о урегулировании исторических претензий (PDF) .
  33. ^ «Ngāti Tūwharetoa претендует Закон об урегулировании 2018 года» . Парламентский адвокат. Новозеландское законодательство . Получено 14 ноября 2023 года .
  34. ^ «Iwi доволен воздействием электростанции» . Rnz . 12 ноября 2013 года . Получено 16 ноября 2023 года .
  35. ^ Бартон, Барри (2 января 2022 года). «Закон о энергии и природных ресурсах в Новой Зеландии: насыщенные сорок лет» . Журнал Закона о энергетике и природных ресурсах . 40 (1): 9–16. doi : 10.1080/02646811.2021.2010967 . ISSN   0264-6811 .
  36. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Десмеул, Хэдли. «Нгати Ранги: пионеры в защите претензий на землю маори» . CulturalSurvival.org . Получено 15 ноября 2023 года .
  37. ^ «Нгати Ранги и Корона: в принципе соглашение об урегулировании исторических претензий» (PDF) . www.govt.nz. ​15 марта 2017 года . Получено 15 ноября 2023 года .
  38. ^ «Нгати Ранги подписывает поселение с короной» . У PECEHIVE.GOVT.NZ . 10 марта 2018 года . Получено 15 ноября 2023 года .
  39. ^ "Алтан Ранги " www.govt.nz 2021 . 15 2023ноября
  40. ^ Стоуэлл, Лорел (22 августа 2017 г.). «Нгати Ранги близко к урегулированию» . Whanganui Chronicle . с. A2 . Получено 15 ноября 2023 года - через ProQuest.
  41. ^ «Договор об урегулировании между короной и Нгати Ранги: резюме» (PDF) . www.govt.nz. ​2018 . Получено 16 ноября 2023 года .
  42. ^ «Нгати Ранги утверждает, что законопроект об урегулировании проходит окончательное чтение» . Совок ​25 июля 2019 года . Получено 16 ноября 2023 года .
  43. ^ Стоуэлл, Лорел (17 мая 2016 г.). Полем Новая Зона 4 4 December 2023​
  44. ^ «Скоро празднования NRT/Genesis Tokiāhuru» . ngatirangi.com . 7 марта 2017 года . Получено 16 ноября 2023 года .
  45. ^ Гримвед, Карен (2021). «Выход с Ранги Ранги» (PDF) . Журнал Тонгариро . Проект Тонгариро: 43-45.
  46. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Харрингтон, Элисон (2007). Музей под ногами: история жизни Тревора Хоскинга . Таупо: Музей и художественная галерея «Друзья озера Таупо». С. 97–121. ISBN  9780473123086 .
  47. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Ньюман, Мэри (1988). Уолтон, Тони (ред.). Археологические исследования в окрестностях озера Роноайра и реки Нижней Тонгариро, 1966–1971 . Веллингтон: новозеландский исторический траст. ISBN  0908577125 .
  48. ^ Уолтон, Энтони (июль 1994 г.). «Урегулирование в Опотаке». Новозеландские исторические места . 48 : 39–41. ISSN   0114-9172 .
  49. ^ Эллис, Моана (23 марта 2022 г.). «Историческое восстановление сайта повышение эмоциональной связи племени с землей» . Вещи . Получено 2 декабря 2023 года .
  50. ^ «Опотака» . visheritage.co.nz . Получено 16 ноября 2023 года .
  51. ^ «Англиканцы Таранаки чтят мученики» . www.anglicantaonga.org.nz . 10 марта 2016 года . Получено 16 ноября 2023 года .
  52. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Джонс, Кевин Л. (1989). Реконструкция укреплений земляных работ: пример из западных Уреверас, Новая Зеландия (PDF) . Веллингтон: Департамент сохранения. С. 2–3. ISBN  0-478-01081-8 .

Дальнейшее чтение

[ редактировать ]
  • Симкок, Дэвид (2020). «Итальянские туннеллеры готовы к любой жертве - кроме еды и вина». Новозеландский журнал истории . 54 (1). Окленд: Университет Окленда: 6–8, 10–13, 18–21.
[ редактировать ]
Wikimedia Commons имеет средства массовой информации, связанные с схемой власти Тонгариро .
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tongariro_Power_Scheme&oldid=1225245221#Tokaanu"
Arc.Ask3.Ru: конец переведенного документа.
Arc.Ask3.Ru
Номер скриншота №: 4a1cc2a720677275fff4026a8d010620__1716437460
URL1:https://arc.ask3.ru/arc/aa/4a/20/4a1cc2a720677275fff4026a8d010620.html
Заголовок, (Title) документа по адресу, URL1:
Tongariro Power Scheme - Wikipedia
Данный printscreen веб страницы (снимок веб страницы, скриншот веб страницы), визуально-программная копия документа расположенного по адресу URL1 и сохраненная в файл, имеет: квалифицированную, усовершенствованную (подтверждены: метки времени, валидность сертификата), открепленную ЭЦП (приложена к данному файлу), что может быть использовано для подтверждения содержания и факта существования документа в этот момент времени. Права на данный скриншот принадлежат администрации Ask3.ru, использование в качестве доказательства только с письменного разрешения правообладателя скриншота. Администрация Ask3.ru не несет ответственности за информацию размещенную на данном скриншоте. Права на прочие зарегистрированные элементы любого права, изображенные на снимках принадлежат их владельцам. Качество перевода предоставляется как есть. Любые претензии, иски не могут быть предъявлены. Если вы не согласны с любым пунктом перечисленным выше, вы не можете использовать данный сайт и информация размещенную на нем (сайте/странице), немедленно покиньте данный сайт. В случае нарушения любого пункта перечисленного выше, штраф 55! (Пятьдесят пять факториал, Денежную единицу (имеющую самостоятельную стоимость) можете выбрать самостоятельно, выплаичвается товарами в течение 7 дней с момента нарушения.)