Бледный кале
Бледный кале | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1347–1558 | |||||||||
| Девиз: правда времени дочери "Правда, дочь времени" | |||||||||
 The Pale of Calais (yellow) in 1477. | |||||||||
| Status | Overseas possession of England | ||||||||
| Capital | Calais | ||||||||
| Common languages | English, Dutch, French, Picard | ||||||||
| Religion | Official: Catholic (until 1534); (from 1553) Church of England (1534-1553) Others: Judaism | ||||||||
| Lord | |||||||||
• 1347–1377 | Edward III (first) | ||||||||
• 1553–1558 | Mary I (last) | ||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||
• 1353 | Reynold Cobham (first) | ||||||||
• 1553–1558 | Thomas Wentworth (last) | ||||||||
| Historical era | Late Middle Ages | ||||||||
| 3 August 1347 | |||||||||
| 8 May 1360 | |||||||||
| 8 January 1558 | |||||||||
| 2 May 1598 | |||||||||
| Currency | Sterling | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | France | ||||||||
Бледный кале [ А ] была территорией на севере Франции, которой управляют монархи Англии с 1347 по 1558 год. [ 1 ] Район, которая была сосредоточена на Кале , была взята после битвы при Креси в 1346 году и последующей осады Кале и была подтверждена в Бретининском договоре в 1360 году во времена правления Эдварда III Англии . Это стало важным экономическим центром для Англии в Европе текстильной торговли, сосредоточенной на Фландрии .
Блед, которая исторически была частью Фландрии , также обеспечивала Англию постоянную стратегическую, защищаемую форпост, из которого она может планировать и начать военные действия на континенте. Его позиция на английском канале означала, что он может быть подкреплен, гарнизон и поставлена над проливом Дувры . Территория была двуязычной с английским и фламандским общедоступным. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Он был представлен в парламенте Англии избирательным округом Кале .
Во время правления Марии I из Англии бледность была неожиданно занесена французами после осады в 1558 году во время их кампаний против испанцев (чей король также был женат на королеве Марии) в графстве Фландрия . Впоследствии английская текстильная торговля отказалась от Кале и переехала в Габсбургские Нидерланды .
Toponym
[edit]The pale is a "jurisdiction, area"[5] (see 'pale', English: Etymology 2.6. on Wiktionary). English "Cales" (now supplanted by French Calais) derives from Caleti, an ancient Celtic people who lived along the coast of the English Channel.[6]
Geography
[edit]
The area of the Pale of Calais is difficult to delineate because boundaries frequently changed and often included ill-defined marsh and waterways. Over those wetlands, the territory was roughly divided in low hills on the west and the lower coastlands to the east.[7] The Pale roughly encompassed the land between Gravelines and Wissant, which was about 20 square miles (52 km2).[8][7] Throughout its history, the French were continually retaking small pieces of the territory, particularly land in the southwest.[7]
The Pale of Calais is roughly within the modern French communes of Andres, Ardres, Balinghem, Bonningues-lès-Calais, Calais, Campagne-lès-Guines, Coquelles, Coulogne, Fréthun, Guemps, Guînes, Les Attaques, Hames-Boucres, Hervelinghen, Marck, Nielles-lès-Calais, Nouvelle-Église, Offekerque, Oye-Plage, Peuplingues, Pihen-lès-Guînes, Sangatte, Saint-Pierre,[9] Saint-Tricat, and Vieille-Église.
History
[edit]Calais was a prize of war won in the Battle of Crécy of 1346 by Edward III of England after a long siege. Its capture gave England not only a key stronghold in the world’s textile trade centred in Flanders, but provided a strategic, defensible military outpost for England to regroup in future wars on the continent; the city's position on the English Channel could be reinforced over the short distance by sea. English sovereignty was confirmed under the Treaty of Brétigny, signed on 8 May 1360, when Edward renounced the throne of France in return for substantial lands, namely Aquitaine and the territory around Calais.[10] By 1453, at the end of the Hundred Years' War, the Pale was the last part of mainland France in English hands. It served successfully as a base for English expeditions such as the Siege of Boulogne, launched by Henry VII in 1492.
The short trip across the Strait of Dover afforded convenient garrison and supply by sea. However, the lack of natural inland defences necessitated the construction and maintenance of military fortifications, at some expense. A critical factor in the stability of English government there over the centuries was the rivalry of France and Burgundy, both of which coveted the strategic position of the city; each left it to the English rather than to concede it to each other. Eventually, political strategies shifted at the division of Burgundian territory in the Low Countries between France and Spain and, when Henry VIII suffered setbacks in the Sieges of Boulogne, the approach to Calais opened to the south. Then in 1550, the Crown, in a crisis of royal succession, withdrew from Boulogne.[7]
The Pale of Calais remained part of England until unexpectedly lost by Mary I to France in 1558. After secret preparations, 30,000 French troops, led by Francis, Duke of Guise, took the city, which quickly capitulated under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559). In England, blame was attached to the Queen, entrenching Protestant resolve against her. Although the loss of the Pale of Calais was a lesser blow to the English economy than was feared, the retreat of English power was a permanent blot to her reign. Indeed, the chronicler Raphael Holinshead records that a few months later a distraught Mary, lying on her death bed, graphically confided to her family her feelings: "When I am dead and opened, you shall find 'Calais' lying in my heart".[11] Subsequently, the English wool market adjusted and the English textile trade moved to the Habsburg Netherlands.[12]
During English governance, the weavers of the Pale maintained their output, which industry was a distinctive mark of Flemish culture.[2] At the same time, the Pale performed as an integral part of England in election of its members to Parliament, and as English citizens the Pale sent and received people to and from various parts of the British Isles.
Artistic interpretations
[edit]The hardships endured during the prolonged siege of 1346–1347 are the subject of Auguste Rodin's poignant sculpture of 1889, The Burghers of Calais.[13]
See also
[edit]- English claims to the French throne
- History of Calais
- List of Captains, Lieutenants and Lords Deputies of English Calais
- The Pale (Ireland)
- Treasurer of Calais
Notes
[edit]- ^ Middle English, Cales /ˈkæləs/; West Flemish: Kales; French: Calaisis
References
[edit]- ^ Rose, Susan (2008). Calais: An English Town in France, 1347–1558. pp. 107, 156.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Dumitrescu, Theodor (2007). The early Tudor court and international musical relations. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-7546-5542-8.
- ^ Rose, Susan (2008). Calais: An English Town in France, 1347–1558. pp. passim.
- ^ Sandeman, George Amelius Crawshay (October 2009). Calais under English Rule. BiblioBazaar. pp. 48, 61, 81. ISBN 9781115448154.
- ^ "Pale (noun)". The New Oxford American Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2013.
See also: The English Pale in Ireland. - ^ Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый Сандман, Джордж Джордж Амелиус Кроуша (Octor 2009). Калеис, английский лидер Biibliobazaar. п. 114. ISBN 9781115448154 .
- ^ Дариан-Смит, Ева (1999). Мостовые разделения: канал туннель и английская юридическая идентичность в новой Европе . Калифорнийский университет. п. 77. ISBN 0-520-21610-5 .
- ^ Calais поглотил Сен-Пьер-лейс-Калеис, населенный с 33 290 жителями в 1885 году, в настоящее время южной части Кале.
- ^ Фишер, Хэл (1936). История Европы . Великобритания: Edward Arnold & Co. p. 322.
- ^ Бентли, Джеймс (1991). Ворота во Францию . Лондон: викинг. п. 10. ISBN 0670832065 Полем Получено 26 сентября 2016 года .
- ^ Охота, Джоселин (1999). Ренессанс . Нью -Йорк: Routledge. п. 97. ISBN 0-203-98177-4 .
- ^ Линдафф, Дэвид Дж. Уилкинс, Бернард Шульц, Катерин М. (1994). Искусство прошлого, художественное настоящее (2 -е изд.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. С. 454 . ISBN 0-13-062084-X .
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