Углеродистый гидрид серы
| Идентификаторы | |
|---|---|
| Характеристики | |
| C H 8 S | |
| Молярная масса | 52.14 g·mol −1 |
За исключением случаев, когда отмечены, данные приведены для материалов в их стандартном состоянии (при 25 ° C [77 ° F], 100 кПа).
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Углеродистый гидрид серы ( CSH ) является потенциальным сверхпроводником , который был объявлен в октябре 2020 года лабораторией Ранга Диаса в Университете Рочестера , в газете , которая позже была отозвана. [ 1 ] Сообщалось, что он имеет сверхпроводную температуру перехода 15 ° C (59 ° F) при давлении 267 гигапаскалов (GPA), что сделало бы его самым высоким тематическим сверхпроводником. [ 2 ] Документ столкнулся с критикой из-за нестандартного анализа данных, ставя под сомнение его выводы, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] А в сентябре 2022 года он снят природой . был [ 8 ] В июле 2023 года вторая статья авторов была отозвана из писем с физическим обзором из-за подозрений на изготовление данных, а в сентябре 2023 года авторы о N-легированном латтий-гидриде были отказаны от Nature . [ 9 ]
CSH представляет собой нехарактерное полигидридное соединение из углерода , серы и водорода с химической формулой, которая, как считается, является CH 8 S. Измерения под экстремальным давлением сложны, и, в частности, элементы слишком легкие для определения рентгеновского излучения кристаллической структуры ( Рентгеновская кристаллография ). [ 1 ]
Фон
[ редактировать ]Prior to 1911, all known electrical conductors exhibited electrical resistance, due to collisions of the charge carrier with atoms in the material. Researchers discovered that in certain materials at low temperatures, the charge carriers interact with phonons in the material and form Cooper pairs, as described by BCS theory. This process results in the formation of a superconductor, with zero electrical resistance. During the transition to the superconducting state, the magnetic field lines are expelled from the interior of the material, which allows for the possibility of magnetic levitation. The effect has historically been known to occur at only low temperatures, but researchers have spent decades attempting to find a material that could operate at room temperature.[10]
Synthesis
[edit]The material is a ternary polyhydride compound of carbon, sulfur and hydrogen with a chemical formula that is thought to be CSH8. As of October 2020, the material's molecular structure remains uncharacterized, as extreme pressures and the light elements used are unsuitable for most measurements, such as X-ray determination.[1]
The material was reportedly synthesized by compressing methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen (H2) in a diamond anvil cell and illuminating with a 532 nm green laser.[1] A starting compound of carbon and sulfur is synthesized with a 1:1 molar ratio, formed into balls less than five microns in diameter, and placed into a diamond anvil cell. Hydrogen gas is then added and the system is compressed to 4.0 GPa and illuminated with a 532-nm laser for several hours. It was reported that the crystal is not stable under 10 GPa and can be destroyed if left at room temperature overnight.[1] Other researchers were skeptical that such materials could serve as room temperature superconductors, as the absence of van Hove singularities or similar peaks in the electronic density of states of more than 3000 candidate phases rules out conventional superconductivity.[11]
Claims of superconductivity
[edit]Superconductivity for sulfur hydrides without carbon was first reported in 2015.[12]
On 14 October 2020, a paper by Elliot Snider, et al. from the Dias lab was published, claiming that carbonaceous sulfur hydride was a room-temperature superconductor.[1] Two years later, the paper was retracted.[13][14] The claims in the paper included a superconducting state at temperatures as high as 15 °C (59 °F),[15][16] almost 30 °C (54 °F) higher than the existing record holder for high-temperature superconductivity.[2][17] This state was claimed to be observable only at the very high pressure of 267 GPa (38.7 million psi), a million times the pressure in a typical car tire.[16] The report was published in Nature and received significant media coverage.[17][18][19][20][21][10][22]
Criticism and retraction
[edit]The validity of these results was called into question[3] by Jorge E. Hirsch[4] as well as others.[7][5] Unavailability of the data prompted an editor's note on the original paper.[1] additional criticism focused on the measurements of AC susceptibility[6] [23] used to test the superconductivity as the more definitive Meissner effect was too hard to observe at the scale of the experiments.
As of 2022, no other lab had been able to reproduce the result, and the criticisms of the data analysis in the paper had not been addressed. On February 15, 2022, Nature added a cautionary Editor's Note to the article,[1] and on 26 September 26, 2022, retracted the article entirely.[1][8] By the end of 2023 two other papers from the lab had been retracted from Physical Review Letters and Nature, due to suspicions of data fabrication.[24][9] At this point other publications by the lab were scrutinized more closely and as of March 2024 a total of nine of their papers had been retracted.[25]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Snider, Elliot; Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; McBride, Raymond; Debessai, Mathew; Vindana, Hiranya; Vencatasamy, Kevin; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (15 October 2020). "RETRACTED ARTICLE: Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride". Nature. 586 (7829): 373–377. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..373S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z. OSTI 1673473. PMID 33057222. S2CID 222823227. (Retracted, see doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05294-9, PMID 36163290)
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Material sets superconducting record". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Breakthrough or bust? Claim of room-temperature superconductivity draws fire". Retrieved 2021-10-26.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Hirsch, J. E.; Marsiglio, F. (August 2021). "Unusual width of the superconducting transition in a hydride". Nature. 596 (7873): E9–E10. arXiv:2010.10307. Bibcode:2021Natur.596E...9H. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03595-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34433940. S2CID 237306217.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Eremets, M. I.; Minkov, V. S.; Drozdov, A. P.; Kong, P. P.; Ksenofontov, V.; Shylin, S. I.; Bud’ko, S. L.; Prozorov, R.; Balakirev, F. F.; Sun, Dan; Mozaffari, S. (2022-03-25). "High-Temperature Superconductivity in Hydrides: Experimental Evidence and Details". Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism. 35 (4): 965–977. arXiv:2201.05137. doi:10.1007/s10948-022-06148-1. ISSN 1557-1939. S2CID 245906117.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Hirsch, J. E. (2021-09-26). "On the ac magnetic susceptibility of a room temperature superconductor: anatomy of a probable scientific fraud". Physica C: Superconductivity and Its Applications: 1353964. arXiv:2110.12854. doi:10.1016/j.physc.2021.1353964. ISSN 0921-4534. S2CID 239194714.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Dogan, Mehmet; Cohen, Marvin L. (2021-04-15). "Anomalous behavior in high-pressure carbonaceous sulfur hydride". Physica C: Superconductivity and Its Applications. 583: 1353851. arXiv:2012.10771. Bibcode:2021PhyC..58353851D. doi:10.1016/j.physc.2021.1353851. ISSN 0921-4534. S2CID 229340504.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Castelvecchi, Davide (2022-09-27). "Stunning room-temperature-superconductor claim is retracted". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03066-z. PMID 36171305. S2CID 252597663.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; Snider, Elliot; McBride, Raymond; Pasan, Hiranya; Durkee, Dylan; Khalvashi-Sutter, Nugzari; Munasinghe, Sasanka; Dissanayake, Sachith E.; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (March 2023). "RETRACTED ARTICLE: Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride". Nature. 615 (7951): 244–250. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..244D. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36890373. (Retracted, see doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06774-2, PMID 37935926)
- ^ Jump up to: a b Wood, Charlie (14 October 2020). "Room-Temperature Superconductivity Achieved for the First Time". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ^ Gubler, Moritz; Flores-Livas, José A.; Kozhevnikov, Anton; Goedecker, Stefan (2022-01-06). "Missing theoretical evidence for conventional room-temperature superconductivity in low-enthalpy structures of carbonaceous sulfur hydrides". Physical Review Materials. 6 (1): 014801. arXiv:2109.10019. Bibcode:2022PhRvM...6a4801G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.6.014801. ISSN 2475-9953. S2CID 237581517.
- ^ Cartlidge, Edwin (2015). "Superconductivity record sparks wave of follow-up physics". Nature. 524 (7565): 277. Bibcode:2015Natur.524..277C. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18191. PMID 26289188. S2CID 2294273.
- ^ Eric Hand (26 September 2022). "'Something is seriously wrong': Room-temperature superconductivity study retracted". Science.
After doubts grew, blockbuster Nature paper is withdrawn over objections of study team
- ^ Snider, Elliot; Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; McBride, Raymond; Debessai, Mathew; Vindana, Hiranya; Vencatasamy, Kevin; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (2022). "Retraction Note: Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride". Nature. 610 (7933): 804. Bibcode:2022Natur.610..804S. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05294-9. PMID 36163290. S2CID 252544156.
- ^ Johnston, Hamish (14 October 2020). "Superconductivity endures to 15 °C in high-pressure material". Physics World. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Rincon, Paul (2020-10-15). "Superconductors: Material raises hope of energy revolution". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Service, Robert F. (2020-10-16). "At last, room temperature superconductivity achieved". Science. 370 (6514): 273–274. Bibcode:2020Sci...370..273S. doi:10.1126/science.370.6514.273. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33060340. S2CID 222841128.
- ^ Castelvecchi, Davide (15 October 2020). "First room-temperature superconductor excites — and baffles — scientists". Nature. 586 (7829): 349. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..349C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02895-0. PMID 33057238. S2CID 222838731.
- ^ Conover, Emily (2020-10-14). "The first room-temperature superconductor has finally been found". Science News. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ^ Delbert, Caroline (2020-10-15). "In a Monumental First, Scientists Discover a Room-Temperature Superconductor". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ^ Чанг, Кеннет (2020-10-14). «Наконец, первый суперпроводник в комнате температура» . New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Получено 2020-10-16 .
- ^ Рочестер, Университет (2020-10-14). « Святой Грааль» искал более века: исследователи синтезируют сверхпроводящий материал комнатной температуры » . Scitechdaily . Получено 2020-10-16 .
- ^ Ван дер Марел, Д.; Хирш, JE (2022). «Сверхпроводительность в комнате-температурной промышленности-или нет? Комментарий к Nature 586, 373 (2020), E. Snider et al.». Международный журнал современной физики б . 37 (4): 2375001. Arxiv : 2201.07686 . doi : 10.1142/s0217979223750012 . S2CID 252324362 .
- ^ Карен, Рэйчел (2023-07-23). «Профессор сталкивается с второй бумажкой из -за предполагаемого манипуляции с данными» . Время кампуса . Получено 2024-04-02 .
- ^ «База данных с ретракцией Watch: Dias, Ranga P» . Веркание часы . Получено 2024-04-01 .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Служба Роберта (26 августа 2021 г.). «Благодаря немного разбивающей алмазной, практической суперпроводимости в комнате-температуре может быть близка к реальности» . Наука | Ааас .