Symphoricarpos
| Symphoricarpos | |
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| Обыкновенная снеговика ( С. Альбус ) | |
Научная классификация 
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| Королевство: | Plantae |
| Клада : | Трахеофиты |
| Клада : | Покрытосеменные |
| Клада : | Eudicots |
| Клада : | Звездочки |
| Order: | Dipsacales |
| Family: | Caprifoliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caprifolioideae |
| Genus: | Symphoricarpos Duhamel 1755[1][2] |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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Symphoricarpos , широко известный как Snowberry , Waxberry или Ghostberry небольшой род из примерно 15 видов кустарников лиственных , представляет собой в семействе жимолости , Caprifoliaceae . За исключением китайской Coralberry, S. Sinensis , который является коренным для западного Китая, все виды являются родными для Северной и Центральной Америки . Название род получено из древнегреческих слов συμφορεῖν ( sumphoreîn ), что означает «нести вместе» и καρπός ( карпос ), что означает «плод». Это относится к близко упакованным кластерам ягод, которые производит виды. [ 4 ]
Snowberry - это устойчивое растение, способное противостоять различным условиям. Растения снежники чаще всего встречаются в лесах, сухих или влажных отверстиях, скалистых холмах или рядом с берегами реки и ручьями. [ 5 ] Известно, что они растут в различных типах почвы, таких как легкая песчаная почва, средняя суглинистая почва и более тяжелая глинистая почва. [ 5 ] Растения снежники также способны расти в широком спектре кислотных и основных условий PHS и солнечного света. [ 5 ]
Description
[ редактировать ]Symphoricarpos leaves are 1.5–5 cm (0.59–1.97 in) long, rounded, entire or with one or two lobes at the base. The flowers are small, greenish-white to pink, in small clusters of 5–15 together in most species, solitary or in pairs in some (e.g. S. microphyllus). The fruit is conspicuous, 1–2 cm (0.5–1 in) in diameter, soft, varying from white (e.g. S. albus) to pink (S. microphyllus) to red (S. orbiculatus) and in one species (S. sinensis), blackish purple. When the white berries are broken open, the interior looks like fine, sparkling granular snow. The flesh is spongy and contains two 2–5 mm long, whitish stone seeds. The seeds, which contain endosperm and a small embryo, are egg-shaped and more or less flattened. They have a very tough, hard, impermeable covering, and so are very hard to germinate and may lie dormant for up to ten years.
The berries are not edible but have a wintergreen flavor, similar to the related wintergreen plant (Gaultheria procumbens).
The white berries create a cracking sound when they are stepped into firm ground.
- Species
Species accepted as of August 2015[6]
- Symphoricarpos acutus (A.Gray) Dieck – Sharpleaf snowberry: California, Nevada, Oregon
- Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F.Blake – Common snowberry: Canada + USA
- Symphoricarpos × chenaultii Rehder – Chenault coralberry
- Symphoricarpos × doorenbosii Krüssm.
- Symphoricarpos guadalupensis Correll – McKittrick's snowberry: western Texas
- Symphoricarpos guatemalensis J.K. Williams: Guatemala
- Symphoricarpos hesperius G.N.Jones – Trailing snowberry: California, Baja California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia
- Symphoricarpos longiflorus A.Gray – Desert snowberry: southwestern USA, northwestern Mexico
- Symphoricarpos microphyllus Kunth – Littleleaf snowberry: Mexico, Guatemala, New Mexico
- Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt. – Creeping snowberry: California
- Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. – Western snowberry, Wolfberry: USA + Canada
- Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench – Coralberry: northeastern Mexico, eastern + central USA
- Symphoricarpos oreophilus A.Gray – Mountain snowberry: northern Mexico, western USA, western Canada
- Symphoricarpos palmeri G.N.Jones – Palmer's snowberry: Mexico, southwestern USA
- Symphoricarpos parishii Rydb.: California, Nevada, Baja California
- Symphoricarpos rotundifolius A.Gray – Round-leaved snowberry: Mexico, southwestern USA
- Symphoricarpos sinensis – Chinese snowberry: China
- Symphoricarpos vaccinioides Rydb. – Roundleaf snowberry: California
Ecology
[edit]Snowberry is a hermaphroditic species meaning it contains both male and female reproductive organs.[7] It has the ability to grow via seeds but typically reproduces by releasing shoots from a rhizome. This method of shoot dispersal allows snowberry to grow in dense populations of bushes and trees.[7] Snowberry plants also tend to use a reproductive method called layering in which the plant's vertical stems will wilt and droop until they touch surrounding soil.[8] Upon making contact with soil, roots will begin to form. Snowberry plants are resilient and studies have proved they are able to tolerate dormant seasonal fires. These fires actually encourage the snowberry plant's layering reproductive method, as the regeneration of new plants results in an increased number of stems and therefore more opportunities for layering to occur.[8]
Common snowberry (S. albus) is an important winter food source for quail, pheasant, and grouse, but is considered poisonous to humans. The berries contain the isoquinoline alkaloid chelidonine, as well as other alkaloids. Ingesting the berries causes mild symptoms of vomiting, dizziness, and slight sedation in children.
Cultivation & medicinal uses
[edit]Common snowberry is a popular ornamental shrub in gardens, grown for its decorative white fruit and wildlife gardening. It is also a useful landscaping plant due to its extreme versatility—tolerating sun, shade, heat, cold, drought, and inundation.
Due to their low saponin content, snowberry was a common medicinal treatment used by several North American Indigenous tribes. Snowberry contains low concentrations of saponins, which are anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory.[9] Saponins have also been proven to help with immune function and decrease cholesterol.[9] Saponins can be extremely toxic if consumed in excess,[9] but are typically applied externally or consumed in concentrations too low to inflict damage.[10]
The snowberry plant is known to be disinfectant, laxative, diuretic and has the ability to reduce fever.[10] Native Americans found several uses for the snowberry plant. Snowberry leaves were chewed up and used in a poultice to treat external wounds.[10] Its berries were used for a number of applications including as an eyewash, as an antiperspirant, a diarrhea remedy, and was also rubbed on the skin as a treatment for burns, rashes, warts, sores, cuts and other external wounds.[10] Snowberry stems were boiled and their essence was extracted to be used for stomach problems, menstrual pain, and as a soap. Weaker dilutions were used for children meanwhile stronger concentrations were used as a disinfectant to clean open sores.[10] Snowberry bark was also boiled, its essence extracted and used to treat sexually transmitted diseases and urinary dysfunction issues. Its roots were commonly used in the treatment of fever, stomach ache, common cold, and even tuberculosis.[10]
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Symphoricarpos albus flowers -
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus fruits, mid-October -
Symphoricarpos vulgaris, drawn by Eersde Deel, 1813 -
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus fruits in winter -
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus fruits in autumn
Due to the content of saponins in the berries, some tribes of the Pacific Northwest used the crushed fruits to stun fish in lakes and rivers in order to facilitate the harvesting of fish. The saponins, which are not toxic to humans interfere with oxygen absorption in the gills.[11]
Other uses
[edit]В Ирландии дети используют ягоды для игры, разрывая ягоды близко к ушам друг друга. Ягоды известны как «Билли Бастерс». [ 12 ]
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ «Род: Symphoricarpos Duhamel» . Информационная сеть ресурсов зародышевой плазмы . Министерство сельского хозяйства США. 1998-09-18 . Получено 2011-09-13 .
- ^ " Symphoricarpos " . Интегрированная таксономическая информационная система . Получено 2011-09-13 .
- ^ Джонс, Джордж Невилл (1940). «Монография рода Symphoricarpos ». Журнал Арнольдского Дендрария 21 (2): 201-252.
- ^ Эверетт, Томас Х. (1982). Нью -Йоркский ботанический сад иллюстрировал энциклопедию садоводства . Тейлор и Фрэнсис. п. 3271. ISBN 978-0-8240-7240-7 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в "Symphoricarpos" . Растения на будущее .
- ^ Список растений, поиск Symphoricarpos
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный "Снежник" . Драгоценные прерийные растения . Получено 2021-02-19 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Scasta, Джон Дерек; Энгл, Дэвид М.; Харр, Райан Н.; Debinski, Diane M. (2014-12-24). «Огненные репродуктивные механизмы кустарника Symphoricarpos (Caprifoliaceae) после сжигания в спящем сезоне» . Ботанические исследования . 55 (1): 80. Bibcode : 2014botst..55 ... 80S . doi : 10.1186/s40529-014-0080-4 . ISSN 1999-3110 . PMC 5432769 . PMID 28510959 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Savage, GP (2016-01-01), "Sapaninss ☆ Caballero, Benjamin; Финглас, Пол М.; Taldrá, еда и здоровье , Оксфорд: 714–716, до : 10.1016 b978-12-3 / 978-0-12-384953-3 Получено 2021-02-19
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон Мерман, Даниэль Э. (1998). американцы Коренные Портленд, штат Орегон. ISBN 0-88192-453-9 Полем OCLC 38002531 .
{{cite book}}: CS1 Maint: местоположение отсутствует издатель ( ссылка ) - ^ Common Snowberry, Symphoricarpos albus nativeplantspnw.com. Получено 25 августа 2023 года.
- ^ «Вне и в Лаосе» . Лаос народ . 2017-08-16 . Получено 2023-08-28 .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
СМИ, связанные с Symphoricarpos в Wikimedia Commons 
Данные, связанные с Symphoricarpos в Wikispecies - Зимние идентификационные картинки
- ядовиты Канадские
- Symphoricarpos orbiculatus изображения в Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
| Базы данных управления авторитетом : национальный |
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