Leucojum aestivum
| Leucojum aestivum | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
| Genus: | Leucojum |
| Species: | L. aestivum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Leucojum aestivum | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Leucojum aestivum , обычно называемый летней снежинок , [ 3 ] гигантская снежинка , [ 4 ] Лоддон Лили [ 3 ] (См. River Loddon § Лоддон Лили ) и редко Сноуболль [ 5 ] и роса [ 5 ] среди других, [ А ] является видом растений, широко выращивается как декоративный. Он родом из большинства Европы от Испании и Ирландии до Украины , за исключением Скандинавии , России , Беларуси и Балтийских стран . Это также считается родным для Турции , Ирана и Кавказа . Он натурализован в Дании , Южной Австралии , Новом Южном Уэльсе , Новой Шотландии и большей части восточной части Соединенных Штатов .
Описание
[ редактировать ]Leucojum aestivum - это многолетнее выпуклое растение, обычно 35–60 см (14–24 дюйма), но некоторые формы достигают 90 см (35 дюймов). Его листья, которые хорошо развиты во время цветения, имеют ширину в форме ремня, достигая примерно 5–20 мм (0,2–0,8 дюйма), достигая примерно той же высоты, что и цветы. Цветочный стебель ( Scape ) является пустым и имеет крылья с полупрозрачными краями. Подвесные цветы появляются в конце весны и носят в зонтиках , как правило, от трех до пяти, иногда целых семи. Цветочные стебли ( цветоножки ) имеют разные длины, длиной 25–70 мм (1,0–2,8 дюйма). Цветы составляют около 3–4 см (1,2–1,6 дюйма) в диаметре и имеют шесть белых тепов , каждый с зеленоватой следа чуть ниже наконечника. Черные семена имеют длину 5–7 мм (0,2–0,3 дюйма). [7][8][9]
After flowering, the fruits develop flotation chambers but remain attached to the stem. In England, it has been recorded that flooding causes the stems to break and the fruits to be carried downstream and stranded in river debris or on flood-plains. The bulbs can also be transported during heavy floods and deposited on river banks.[10]
-
Flower bee (Anthophora plumipes) approaching flowers -
Growing by water in Bulgaria -
Growing in a damp meadow in Croatia
Taxonomy
[edit]Leucojum aestivum was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1759.[2] The Latin specific epithet aestivum means "of the summer".[11] Two subspecies have been recognized (sometimes as varieties rather than subspecies): the nominate L. aestivum subsp. aestivum and L. aestivum subsp. pulchellum.[9] The latter has also been treated as a separate species, L. pulchellum.[2] L. aestivum subsp. pulchellum is differentiated by its generally smaller dimensions.[9] It has 1–5 flowers per stem compared to the 3–8 of subsp. aestivum and is restricted to swampy areas in the western Mediterranean.[12] The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families does not recognize any infraspecific taxa.[13]
Leucojum vernum, its close relative (and the only other species in the genus Leucojum), flowers in Spring.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Leucojum aestivum is native to most of Europe, with the exception of Scandinavia, Russia, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics, and is also native to Turkey, the Caucasus, and Iran. It is naturalized in other parts of Europe, including Denmark, in South Australia, New South Wales, Nova Scotia, and much of the eastern United States.[2][14] L. aestivum is found in damp places, such as wet meadows, swamps, and ditches.[7][9]
Cultivation
[edit]Leucojum aestivum is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its flowers. It requires a damp position, growing well on clay soils, where it increases rapidly.[8] The cultivar 'Gravetye Giant' is robust, growing to 90 cm (35 in) with up to eight flowers on each scape. It is named after Gravetye Manor, an Elizabethan manor house in West Sussex, England, the former home of the gardener William Robinson.[15] 'Gravetye Giant' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[16][17] Another cultivar is 'Nancy Lindsay'. Shorter and more compact than 'Gravetye Giant' at 50–60 cm (20–24 in), its flowers, 5–6 per stem, have tepals that are rounder and broader. It originated in a garden in southern France owned by Nancy Lindsay.[12]
Toxicity
[edit]All species of Leucojum are poisonous, as the leaves and bulbs contain the toxic alkaloids lycorine and galantamine.[14][18][19]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Lansdown, R.V. (2014). "Leucojum aestivum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T164488A45461549. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164488A45461549.en. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Leucojum aestivum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
- ^ Jump up to: a b A. R. Clapham, et al. Flora of the British Isles. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1987. p. 551. ISBN 9780521389747
- ^ Norman Taylor. Taylor's Pocket Guide to Bulbs for Spring. Houghton Mifflin, 1989. p. 60. ISBN 9780395510186
- ^ Jump up to: a b Dale Mayer. The Complete Guide to Companion Planting: Everything You Need to Know to Make Your Garden Successful. Atlantic, 2010. p. 225. ISBN 9781601383457
- ^ H. L. Gerth van Wijk. A Dictionary of Plant Names. Volume 1. Martinus Nijhoff, 1911. p. 751.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grey-Wilson, Christopher; Mathew, Brian; Blamey, Marjorie (1981). Bulbs : the bulbous plants of Europe and their allies. London: Collins. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-00-219211-8.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Mathew, Brian (1987). The Smaller Bulbs. London: B.T. Batsford. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7134-4922-8.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Webb, D.A. (1980). "Leucojum aestivum". In Tutin, T.G.; Heywood, V.H.; Burges, N.A.; Valentine, D.H.; Walters, S.M.; Webb, D.A. (eds.). Flora Europaea, Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-521-06662-4.
- ^ "Site name: Lodge Wood and Sandford Mill" (PDF). Natural England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- ^ Hyam, R.; Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Boens, Wim (March 2017). "An overview of Leucojum". The Plantsman. New Series. 16 (1): 20–25.
- ^ "Search for Leucojum aestivum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Straley, Gerald B.; Utech, Frederick H. "Leucojum aestivum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
- ^ Brittain, Julia (2006). "Gravetye Manor". Plant Lover's Companion: Plants, People and Places. David & Charles. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-7153-2421-9. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Leucojum aestivum 'Gravetye Giant'". Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 60. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
- ^ "Galantamine". Drugs.com. 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ Биркс, Жаклин С. (2006). «Ингибиторы холинэстеразы при болезни Альцгеймера» . Кокрановская база данных систематических обзоров . 2006 (1): CD005593. doi : 10.1002/14651858.cd005593 . PMC 9006343 . PMID 16437532 . CD005593.