Коллекция Назарио

Отец Назарио Камни
Материал	Серпентинит
Размер	Варьируется
Письмо	От 15 до 20 глифов неизвестного происхождения, разделен по линиям, с дисперсией по порядку и расположены в сетках.
Созданный	в 900 г. до н.э. - 900 г.
Обнаруженный	в 1870 -е годы
НАСТОЯЩЕЕ МЕСТО	Институт пуэрториканской культуры Музей археологии, истории и эпиграфии Гуаянильи Университет Пуэрто -Рико Смитсоновский институт Музей археологии и этнологии Пибоди

Коллекция Назарио ( испанский : коллекция Назарио ), Также известен как библиотека Агуейбана (испанский: библиотека Агуейбана ), Скалы отца Назарио (испанский: отец Назарио Пьедрас ), и финикийские скалы (испанский: Piedras Fenicias ) представляют собой кэш резных камней, которые возникли в Гуаянилле, Пуэрто -Рико . Согласно современным отчетам, статуэтки, сделанные из местных змеиных скал, были впервые обнаружены католическим священником Хосе Марией Назарио и отменой в течение 19 -го века, и показывают неопознанные петроглифы , которые, как предположительно, связаны со старым миром более 130 лет. Их первоначальный сайт находился недалеко от Яуко и был под землей, где он был спрятан под сланцем, который скрывал туннель. Ошеломлен количеством и трудностью транспортировки тропа, которая составила более тонны, он решил отказаться от своего индивидуального подхода и набрал местных жителей, чтобы помочь в перемещении камней в свой дом, где он провел первое исследование, сравнивая их к аналогичным объектам из других стран. Назарио объединит свои исследования с его религиозным опытом, что привело к гипотезе о том, что между ними и десятими потерянными племенами может быть какая -то связь .

Из-за последствий, которые их аутентификация будет иметь в основных концепциях панамериканской истории, подлинность произведений была под вопросом с самого начала, когда исследователи дают противоречивые мнения. Несмотря на это, несколько иностранных археологов отправились в Пуэрто -Рико, чтобы изучить произведения. Среди тех, кто поинтересовался по этому вопросу, был этнограф Альфонс Пинарт , который исследовал произведения и пришел к выводу, что они «несомненно подлинны». Исследователь также выразил обеспокоенность тем, что некоторые люди могут попытаться фальсифицировать вещи, чтобы получить подарки в обмен на них. На местном уровне историки интересовались этим вопросом, в то время как археологи не изучали их десятилетиями. После смерти Назарио большинство произведений хранилось в Институте Пуэрториканской культуры (ICP), а другие хранились УПО и иностранными учреждениями в Нью -Йорке, Испании и Париже. В течение 1980 -х годов коллекция привлекла историка Аурелио Тио, который пытался нанять различные учреждения в причину изучения произведений.

В течение 2010 -х годов изучение произведений проводилось археологом Рениэлем Родригесом Рамосом из Университета Пуэрто -Рико в Утуадо в сотрудничестве с экспертами из Университета Дель -Турабо , Университета Майами и Университета Хайфы , среди прочих. Радиоуглеродное датирование сажи, пропитанной в глифах, поддерживало древнее происхождение, с диапазоном дат 900 г. до н.э. - 900 г. н.э. Геологические исследования пришли к выводу, что петроглифы были вырезаны в Пуэрто -Рико и что змеиные скалы были местными. Предварительные результаты с использованием микроскопов высокой мощности обнаружили, что используемая техника не отличалась от любых методов местных местных групп, в то время как другой из лаборатории использования использования выводит, что использовались каменные инструменты. Предварительные эпиграфические исследования обнаружили сходство между петроглифами и алфавитом Либико-Бербер, как зарегистрировано на Канарских островах и тартнессским языком на Иберийском полуострове.

Обнаружение и перемещение

Исследование в Río Coayuco

Жозе М. Назарио в Clergical Clothing.

Открытие скал приписывается католическому священнику Хосе Марии Назарио и Образ, уроженцу муниципалитета Сабана Гранде , который поселился в Гуаянилле и получил образование в Университете Саламанки , которое включало, среди прочего, исследование древних языков. Полем {{efn | Назарио был впервые назначен священником Гуаянильи в 1866 году, служащий в офисе в течение 46 лет. Он был известен своими археологическими и философскими исследованиями и особым интересом к влиянию династии Агуейбана на Карибском бассейне. Назарио также был автором и опубликовал Гуаянилью Историю Де -Пуэрто -Рико , в котором он проанализировал второе путешествие Кристофера Колумбуса и сослался на доказательства того, что муниципалитет стал посадкой этой экспедиции в Пуэрто -Рико. Популярная история этого события рассказала священником историку Адольфо де Хоноса . Согласно этому повествованию, где -то в конце 1870 -х годов министр был вызван на смертном одре местной женщины Taíno Ascent. Там она, которая знала о интересе Назарио к археологии и истории родной, решила раскрыть местонахождение давно скрытой коллекции артефактов. Эти знания были скрытно переданы от поколения к поколению на протяжении веков, но она решила раскрыть его в надежде, что священник признает ее историческое значение и защитит его с этого момента. Со временем старуха получила имя «Хуана Моралес», и, как утверждалось, является «последним потомком» Агуейбана II или Агюибана -эль -Браво, последнего правителя местных жителей Пуэрто -Рико и военного лидера во время испанской войны. Сан -Хуан -Борикен (от которого камни получают один из их разговоров), элементы, которые не были найдены в оригинальной версии. Там нет записей о старшем человеке от этого имени, умирающего в течение времени в записях муниципалитета, но есть местная семья Моралес, которая живет в Баррио Индио и имеет свою устную традицию событий, начиная с по крайней мере 1970 -х годов.

Затем Назарио путешествовал между муниципалитетами, пока не прибыл в реки в том месте, что сейчас предполагается, что это был современный Баррио Индиос, достигая каменной плиты, которая была предназначена как маркер. Копание местности, священник обнаружил туннель и продолжал рыться, пока не достиг нише, в которой было более 800 камней и камней различных размеров, из которых несколько из которых имели антропоморфную форму, все это покрыто неизвестны жили в Пуэрто -Рико или в Карибском бассейне. С 1880 года камни были доставлены в личный дом Назарио в Гуаянилле, а не в приходский дом, где он сохранил другие фрагменты этого открытия и несколько других археологических произведений в рамках своей коллекции. Назарио дал людям, вовлеченным в экстракцию скромную награду за то, что они принесли кусочки. В 1883 году Агустин Шталь и Роман Балдориоти де Кастро посетили дом и обсудили возможность создания музея естественной истории Пуэрто -Рико.

Ранние исследования

Назарио назвал их антропоглифитами (латиноазрированным от греческого «антропоморфоса», который относится к наличию человеческих характеристик, и «Gluphē», который относится к резьбам) и рассматривает каждую отдельную пьесу в большую историю. В своих трудах Назарио заявил, что они были найдены упакованными на небольшой территории, и на расстоянии, которое «не было чрезвычайно вдали от Гуаянильи», размышляя о том, были ли они там, чтобы избежать проигрыша на войне (между местными и иностранными туземцами ) из -за его близости к вождю Агуейбана. Священник был близок к врачу и автору Мануэлю Зено Гандию , с которым он обменялся перепиской, а позже присоединился к нему в исторических дебатах о месте прибытия Колумбуса в Пуэрто -Рико. Назарио дал ему две части коллекции и попросил, чтобы они были в безопасности и близко. В 1881 году, когда Зено Гандия был выбран в качестве представителя пуэрториканских средств массовой информации в мероприятиях, проводимых в ознаменование второго столетия Педро Кальдерона де ла -Барсы в Испании, он достал кусочки основателя музея Найонс -де -Антрополога , Педро Гонсалеса де. Веласко, который, согласно автору, настоял на том, чтобы сохранить один из них. An agreement was reached between both, where the Spaniard accepted naming it after Nazario and gave credit to its discovery in Puerto Rico. This event caused a temporary estrangement between Zeno Gandía and the priest. After González de Velasco died the following year, the destination of the piece became unknown.

The first formal mention of the Collection was made by Alphonse Pinart in 1890, noting that the discovery was made near Yauco, in a place that he identifies as "Hanoa, Puerto Rico", and that some pieces displayed signs of being "undoubtedly authentic", but assumed that unscrupulous people fabricated their own to receive a reward. He further noted similarities between the characters in the Collection and known ancient alphabets, but declined speculating further on the matter. Pinart also embarked some pieces with him to the Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro from which they were moved to the Musée du quai Branly when the former institution closed down, 38 pieces remain there and form the largest known concentration outside of Puerto Rico. Nazario later noted that besides France, other pieces had been taken by the researcher to Copenhagen and Philadelphia.

In 1893, Nazario wrote a piece named Escritura Aborigen de Carib (English: "Aboriginal writing of the Carib"), where he detailed his interpretations of the petroglyphs. Analyzing the inscriptions, he dismissed a Taíno or Arawak origin and by 1897 had concluded that the carvings were more reminiscent of Chaldean or Hebrew languages, saying that he recognized some of the characters present. Nazario also asserted that based on the study of the petroglyphs, it was safe to conclude that the Pre-Columbian inhabitants of Puerto Rico had perfected writing beyond the natives of Mexico or Peru, speculating that the pieces could have been a Pre-Columbian national archive of some kind. Nazario would then begin an effort to translate the characters phonetically after acquiring a copy of 1889's Historia De Las Naciones: Caldea (English: "History of the Nations: Chaldea") and using the characters present in a Babylonian religious artifact reproduced there. The document would be modified and later become known as Escritura Fonética de los Indios de Puerto Rico (English: "Phonetic orthography of the Indians of Puerto Rico"). Nazario hypothesized that perceived linguistic similarities could imply that some of the Ten Lost Tribes crossed Asia making their way into the Bering Strait and traveled from there to North America, before dividing somewhere near Central America, from where they arrived to the Caribbean.

The conclusions reached by Nazario were met with skepticism by mainstream archeologists who labeled him as "imaginative [and/or] crazy", as it implied contact with the New World prior to Columbus' voyages, and speculation emerged that he perhaps paid a local jíbaro (a class of Puerto Rican countrymen) to sculpt the stones with a machete or file and that the petroglyphs were meaningless. A man only known as "Curros Quirós" was said to be involved in this practice, which modern academics consider the first recorded instance of archeological falsification in the Caribbean. In 1894, Nazario met Cayetano Coll y Toste, which whom he had been involved in a number of historical debates, at San Juan. Both discussed the possibility of the historian aiding in the process of deciphering the characters in the Collection, but the effort was aborted when the condition of sending the pieces to San Juan (to be returned later) was proposed. According to historian Otto Sievens, several of the rocks were thrown into a cistern at Guayanilla's church when the Americans arrived during the Spanish–American War. By 1903, Nazario was holding conferences about the Collection, which were unsuccessful in gaining the desired attention.

That same year, Jesse Walter Fewkes of the Smithsonian Institution, visited Puerto Rico and reportedly offered Nazario $800 to buy the pieces, but the offer was declined. In his subsequent report, the anthropologist concluded that the assemblage was the most intricate one among those that gathered native petroglyphs in Puerto Rico. However, in his examination of the carvings Fewkes also commented that the inscriptions were not Amerindian in origin and labeled them as "exotic", leading to an assumption that they may not be ancient. In his field notes, Fewkes notes that he was unable to find Nazario during a first visit in 1902, returning the following year. He also stated that the entire Collection was under a roof, that the pieces were classified by priority, and that the priest gave him his writings (which he discarded as not being authored by a scientist). Despite his skepticism, Fewkes took some pieces with him, which he placed in an exhibit along pieces of dubious origin at the National Museum of Natural History based on his initial assessment. This led to unrelated American archeologists assuming that the rocks were a forgery, discontinuing their investigation for several decades. Influenced by their foreign peer, local archeologists also lost interest in the Collection and stopped their inquiry for decades.

In an interview held in 1905, the priest showed Escritura Fonética de los Indios de Puerto Rico to journalist Gabriel A. Piles and discussed hypotheses about the arrival of Old World travelers as well as his efforts to translate the characters using Historia De Las Naciones: Caldea. Between 1911 and 1912, Nazario was transferred to San Juan while facing health issues. After being relocated, the priest had the Collection moved to the capital and kept it in his room. In 1908, Nazario wrote to Zeno Gandía informing him that a letter from Pinart had arrived, in the process making a throwaway remark noting that "it was almost incredible that 28 years [had already passed since their first meeting]", which would later allow to date the philologist's visit to 1880 and placed the original date of discovery sometime during the late 1870s. During this decade, Samuel Kirkland Lothrop visited Puerto Rico and took some pieces.

Archeologist Adolfo de Hostos visited Nazario in San Juan, where he was told the now-popular origin story. Taking some pieces with him, Hostos was still not convinced that the Collection (which at this point he estimates rounds the 700 pieces) possessed cuneiform characters, but still felt that it required detailed study. With the death of Nazario in 1919, the pieces became segregated, with only around 250 being acquired by collector Robert Junhans and later preserved at the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture. The first pieces arrived there during the 1950s, where they were placed in storage. The pieces in Hostos possession were granted to the University of Puerto Rico. These were relocated to the Museo de Historia, Antropología y Arte at Río Piedras. The ones owned by Lothrop were sent to the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Alice de Santiago, a school teacher from Barceloneta, reportedly found a piece that was similar to those in possession of Nazario but made in limestone and contacted Zeno Gandía. The current whereabouts of this rock are unknown.

A number of writings authored by Nazario were later recovered by Zeno Gandía, who republished them in El Imparcial and claimed that he had seen Martin J. Berntsen of the Dominican priests of Bayamón taking some of the documents once his friend died, with the documents later being found by a priest in the parochial archives there. The origin story was first published by Hostos more than three decades later in 1955, having already deviated slightly from its original account by integrating elements related to the adaptation of the account to then-concurrent concepts. In it, he discussed a booklet filled with notes from Nazario being the last known person to see the lost document.

Media exposure

Late 20th century

In 1969, Hostos sent one of the pieces to the British Museum so that it could be studied by scholar C.B.F. Walker, author of a number of books on cuneiform writing. Afterwards, Walker responded with an assessment that it possessed characteristics similar to pieces recorded circa 2000 B.C. and that it could be Sumerian in origin. During the 1980s, the president of the Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia (English: "Puerto Rican Academy of History") Aurelio Tió revived the debate surrounding the pieces and began insisting on the thorough study of the inscriptions, citing that the idea that they were randomly inscribed with a machete was implausible. This historian dismissed the prevailing conclusions surrounding the rocks, noting that too much emphasis had been given to Fewkes' insinuation and that, despite the lack of formal studies by the anthropologist, it had somehow become widely accepted among local archeologists. Tío argued that if authenticated, the Collection could potentially represent one of the biggest archeological finds in the Americas and the Western Hemisphere, a position that he defended until his death. He unsuccessfully tried encouraging the Smithsonian, Harvard University, University of Valladolid, Yale University, University of Pennsylvania, the British Museum and archeologist Marcel Sigrist to retake the study of the pieces. In total, Tío wrote over 30 papers on the Collection evaluating its potential significance to local history and the possible influence on the Taíno population, which did not receive academic examination or rebuttals from the archeological community. He also commissioned a professional photographer to capture the first high quality images of the pieces, which were to be re-published in the media. Linguists from Spain, Portugal, Switzerland and France were involved in the issue, with the latter concluding that they could be legitimate.

Phoenician hypothesis

Despite not meeting with immediate success, the attempt to bring the topic to the mainstream did gather the interest of peripheral groups such as the Midwestern Epigraphic Society, which considered the pieces authentic in a report and established parallels between the symbols present in the petroglyphs and similar inscriptions present in copper and gold slabs recovered in Ecuador. Author Barry Fell concluded that the inscriptions were not random, and that the characters correspond to Pre-Greek characters found in Cyprus, Turkey and Crete, rearranged so that they would be phonetically read in Pre-Incan Quechuan. The speculation being that ancient Cyprians had previously interacted with the South American ethnic group and learned to write that language with their alphabet before reaching Puerto Rico and doing the same with the local population. According to Fell, evidence suggesting the authenticity of the petroglyphs emerged with the discovery (along the relevant civilization) of a similar grid-based and acrostic language by Pedro I. Porrás Garcés at Ecuador in 1961, which was first detailed in his an article titled "Arqueología de la Región Oriental" (English: "Archeology of the Oriental Region"). The document also notes similarities with characters present in the royal robe of Viracocha Inca, leading to the hypothesis that they were huacas and that one particular piece was dedicated to a request to Mamai, the title invested to the Incan queen. Fell concludes that the Collection would represent the largest finding related to this culture and the only one outside South America. The report gathered some interest, but conflicting views within the mainstream media resulted in stagnation of the topic.

Public exhibitions

After the death of Aurelio Tió, others that have promoted the topic include Antonio Molina and his daughter, Zoé Tió. In Guayanilla, biographer Norbeto Lugo and Irvin Sepúlveda have made efforts to foment the study on the pieces. In 2008, interest in the pieces surrounded the 175th Anniversary of the municipality's foundation. It was due to this celebration, where interest in Guayanilla's history peaked, that arrangements were made to have the Collection in public exhibition for the first time and the first time in decades that the topic returned to the mainstream media. The exhibition took place between March 27 and 28 at the behest of Leandro Hernández, director of the Centro Cultural María Arzola (English: "María Arzola Cultural Center") which also hosted the pieces. The municipal administration of Guayanilla then announced arrangements to have them permanently moved there in order to exhibit them. During the following year, interest in the Collection grew and the municipality began efforts to create the Museo de Epigrafía Lítica Padre Nazario (English: "Father Nazario Museum of Lithic Epigraphy") to emphasize them. Shortly afterwards, the finding became a central argument against the creation of an eolic park in the region. Upon opening, the museum featured a permanent exhibition where 19 pieces of the Collection were on display, among other archeological exhibitions relevant to the municipality. The topic re-entered the mainstream media in April 2016, with coverage related to a conference covering his research that was organized by Zoé Tió.

Recent research

Studies on composition and characteristics

In 2012, research on the pieces returned to the mainstream academia with the involvement of Reniel Rodríguez Ramos from the University of Puerto Rico at Utuado, who was concerned that up to that point most of the local research had been carried by historians. During his first visit to the ICP, he encountered part of the Collection being repurposed and the rest in storage. While attending an activity in the British Museum in 2014, Rodríguez took some pieces with him to the cuneiform exhibit, where he was casually presented to C.B.F. Walker while showing Jago Cooper a copy of Hostos' letter to the now-retired cuneiform expert. None of the present gave a definitive answer to their nature, but agreed that further study was needed. Parallel to this process, a documentary began being prepared by cinematographer Carlos García in collaboration with Rodríguez and his team.

Rodríguez discussing the work of Nazario.

In terms of characteristics, most pieces depict individuals in what appear to be varying ceremonial postures while wearing headwear and a tunic in which the petroglyphs are present. The group also examined other characters that deviated from the norm, such as those present at a site within the Guánica State Forest in an attempt to identify similar inscriptions. In relation to local natives, analogues are scarce and not identical, with some a similar headwear appearing in a piece unearthed at Tecla in Guayanilla and elements of clothing in idols (and additional symbols) being found at La Hueca in Vieques. Rodríguez has been unable to pinpoint the place referred to as "Hanoa, Puerto Rico" in Pinart's notes. Consequently, the research team carried sample collection in the south western coast of Puerto Rico, in particular the regions of Guayanilla and Yauco assumed to be near the initial discovery, such as Barrio Indios in Guayanilla and Barrio Barina in Yauco. After completing macroscopic examination, the prime matter is consonant with serpentinized peridotite with traces of bastite and mica typical in the region.

Efforts were made by the research team to retrieve as much firsthand information on the origin and history of the pieces as possible. With the collaboration of Laura Rodríguez from the Bayamón Central University, the archeologist was able to rummage through the Zeno Gandía Collection (a repository of documents and artifacts that used to belong to him) and retrieve the correspondence between Nazario and the author. By establishing the date of Pinart's first visit, Rodríguez attempted to prove if Nazario had access to sources detailing ancient writing similar to that exhibited in the Collection prior to this. In this regard, he concluded that since Historia De Las Naciones: Caldea was published at least nine years after the visit of Pinart, it could not have been used by Nazario to forge the characters. He also acquired Fewke's field notes with the help of Roberto Martínez. Rodríguez tried to pinpoint the location of González de Velasco's piece, but was told that it is no longer part of the Museo Nacional de Antropología's Puerto Rico exhibit.

The archeologist discussed how to proceed with people from a number of fields, including geology, chemistry and physics. To determine the chemical characteristics of the pieces, Antonio Martínez of the Physics Department of the UPR and Pablo Llerandi of General Studies at University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus (UPR-RP) have been involved in an initiative to complete studies on X-ray diffraction and spectrography, in order to further pinpoint the properties of the prime matter. In order to determine the characteristics of the traces the high power microscopes of the UPR-RP were used to carry out high magnification studies in which perpendicular striations were noted as part of a pointer drag technique. Some pieces do display characters that were added later than those in the others, implying that some were created afterwards. However, the manner in which some of the pieces have been intemperized (in particular the presence of differential intemperization in some that has rounded the edges of fractures in only one of the sides) is inconsistent with them being fabrications that were forged in the late 1870s and then stored indoors ever since, instead suggesting that they were exposed to the elements for a prolonged time period. Further efforts are being made to fund a collaboration with Leiden University to advance this research area with their specialists.

Carlos Silva of Universidad del Turabo has been involved in the 3D scanning of the pieces. The high definition imaging has led to the interest of philologist Christopher Rollston, whom Rodríguez considered a candidate to attempt the falsification of the Old World hypothesis. Studies in thermoluminescence have been proposed to establish the last time that the rocks were set on fire. Some of the artifacts were burned after the traces were made, with the pieces that fragmented during the process being plausible candidates. Others have carbon remnants that could be dated by employing the C-14 method, a procedure that resulted in a range of 900 BC to 900 AD. The general plan is to send separate pieces to the University of Washington Luminescence Dating Laboratory and to Oxford Authentication to compare results, which Rodríguez considers possibly conclusive. Towards this end, he has requested additional support from the ICP or the Official Historian of Puerto Rico.

Independent authentication

Some of the characters found in the pieces during a presentation by Reniel Rodríguez in 2019.

In Summer 2019, the results of two independent examinations of the pieces were published. The first, carried by Rollston, concludes that the glyphs in the pieces believed by Rodríguez to be ancient were not falsified by Nazario and that they likely represent a form of writing, which was organized within register lines. However, the specialist distanced from the transatlantic hypothesis and stated that it most likely represents an autochthonous system. In a subsequent interview, Rollston also argued that "these [symbols] are not Mesoamerican writing — they're not Aztec or Mayan — they're definitely not that". “Generic symbols”, with analogues in other languages, were observed.

Another, held on twenty pieces by a team led by Iris Groman-Yaroslavsky and carried at the Use-Wear Analysis Laboratory of the University of Haifa's Zinman Institute of Archeology, reaffirmed the presence of long-term weather degradation and determined that stone tools were used in the carving of the characters. Traces of gold and red pigment were also found.

Potential hypotheses

Based on his research, Rodríguez has formulated a number of hypotheses that are being currently examined without taking an a priori position about their authenticity or the possibility of fraud, with his initial position taking under consideration that some pieces where likely created after the initial discovery. If the entire Collection was proven to be fraudulent, he argued that the age of the pieces made them archeological artifacts in their own right. He also formulated a preliminary hypothesis if several of the pieces were certified as authentic, for which he tried to identify similar geodesic characters. Rodríguez also noted that religious idols found in the Canary Islands exhibit similar posture and facial features, which were not discovered until after the pieces were reportedly unearthed and he argues that Nazario could not have known. The preliminary character analysis, found that some were similar to the Libyco-Berber alphabet found in the archipelago.

После первоначальных исследований набор картин пещер был обнаружен недалеко от Плайя Лос-Тубу, который Родригес решил захватить и отправить в Renata Springer Bunk (филолог, который написал несколько книг о персонажах Либико-Бербер на Канарских островах), который ответил в Утверждается в их природе, но потеряла интерес после того, как им сказали, что они были найдены в Пуэрто -Рико. В конечном счете, он объединил их с мореплавной природой местных жителей Карибского бассейна и такими исследованиями, как тот, в котором археолог Ричард Томас Каллахан из Университета Калгари изучал, как далеко Канарский ток мог бы затянуть дрейфующее сосуд, чтобы сформулировать гипотезу, которую он хотел фальсифицировать.

После исследований 2019 года Родригес дистанцировался от предыдущих позиций и считал гипотезу Назарио «десяти потерянных племен», поскольку ранее было отмечено сходства, которые были недостаточно учесть фундаментальные различия, обнаруженные в том, как были написаны языки (подтверждающие выводы Ролстона Ролстона. ) Тем не менее, он отметил, что то, как их держали под опекой избранной группы, было редко (видно в таких случаях, как свитки Мертвого моря ), и цитируется, что «[t] руки, которые отличались от рук Это сделало [другие] артефакты в Пуэрто -Рико. " Родригес не полностью отклонил возможность межконтинентальных путешествий, заявив, что «[...] эти камни потенциально могут быть первыми надежными доказательствами, которые начали обсудить возможность до-навсец (до-колумбийские моряки) [и что они] ставят под сомнение мета-навоз, что Колумбус принес с собой письмо и историю », эффективно подтолкнув определение Пуэрториканской истории за тысячи лет. Что касается других гипотез, он скептически относится к выводу Фелл и отмечает, что некоторые слова, которые зоолог перевел как фонетический кехан, такие как Юка , Юна , Чайот или Папайя, на самом деле являются араваком по происхождению.

Внешние ссылки

• Роберто Перес Рейес и Рениэль Родригес Рамос. «Коллекция камней отца Назарио [каталог] (фронтальная вещество) (2019)». Коллекция камней отца Назарио [Каталог] (2019): n. п. Печать [1]
• Коллекция Назарио - сокращенная версия каталога на Academic.edu