Мишель Греко
Мишель "Папа" Греко | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Рожденный | 12 мая 1924 г. |
| Умер | 13 февраля 2008 г. (в возрасте 83 лет) |
| Другие имена | Папа |
| Занятие | Мафия |
| Уголовный статус | Покойный (заключен в тюрьму с 1992 года) |
| Супруг | Греческая роза |
| Дети | 1 |
| Родственники | Сальваторе "Сенатор" Греко (брат) Salvatore "wayddu" Греческий (двоюродный брат) |
| Верность | Сицилийская мафия |
| Осуждение (ы) | Мафиовая ассоциация Многочисленные убийства |
| Уголовное обвинение | Мафиовая ассоциация Многочисленные убийства |
| Штраф | Пожизненное заключение |
Мишель Греко ( Итальянский: [miˈkɛːle ˈrɛːko] ; 12 мая 1924 г. - 13 февраля 2008 г.) был членом сицилийской мафии и осужденным убийцей. Греко умер в тюрьме, отбывая несколько пожизненных приговоров. Его прозвище было Ил Папа («Папа») из -за его способности посреднивать между различными семьями мафии. [ 1 ] Греко был главой Сицилийской комиссии по мафии .
Подняться к власти
[ редактировать ]Мишель Греко был частью мощного клана Греко Мафии , который управлял как в его родном циакулли , так и в Кроцеверде -Джардини , два пригорода, близкие к Палермо . Он взял на себя мандаменто Кроцеверде Джардини после того, как его отец Джузеппе Греко, «Пидду Унингти», умер. Он был двоюродным братом Сальваторе "ciaschiteddu" Греко , первого «секретаря» Первой сицилийской мафиозной комиссии , которая была сформирована где -то в 1958 году. После окончания конца первой войны в Мафии и резни в CioCulli , Salvatore "Ciaschitddu" И его союзникам пришлось скрыться, и это позволило Грекосам из Кроцеверде Джардини, возглавляемой Мишель Греко, стать гораздо более важным в Cosa Nostra. Он и его брат Сальваторе «сенатор» Греко действовал в сфере и в состоянии вступить в отношения с бизнесменами, политиками, магистратами и сотрудниками правоохранительных органов благодаря их членству в масонских ложах. [ 2 ]
Прозвище Сальваторе Греко было «сенатором» для его политических связей. [ 3 ] Он был королевским производителем христианских демократических политиков, таких как Джованни Джиоя , Вито Сианчино и Джузеппе Салако . [ 4 ] Многие из этих известных были приглашены «Папой» и «Сенатор» на вино и пообедать и участвовать в охоте на вечеринки в его поместье La Favarella. Поместье также использовалось в качестве убежища для Mafiosi в бегах и для создания лаборатории героина. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
Greco, along with other Mafia families around Palermo, controlled a large portion of the water supply. He was financing the digging of his wells with government money. According to the law, landowners were only allowed to have wells for their own private use and all excess water belonged to the public. However, the city of Palermo issued regular contracts to buy water from Greco and other Mafia bosses for a third of the water supply. During the summer, when water was particularly scarce and badly needed for irrigation, Greco sold water at exorbitant prices. The perpetual shortage of water was maintained by the Mafia and their friends in the local government.[7][8]
Another money making scheme was collecting subsidies from the European Community for destroying citrus crops he had never grown. The EC, in order to limit production, paid farmers to destroy part of their production. Greco paid EC inspectors to falsify the records.[8]
Puppet boss
[edit]Michele Greco was nominated the head of the Sicilian Mafia Commission (Cupola) in 1978, after Gaetano Badalamenti was expelled.[9] Greco gave the commission a façade of neutrality behind which the Corleonesi effectively hid their expansion.[10] In 1981, Mafia bosses Stefano Bontade and Salvatore Inzerillo were murdered within a few weeks of each other in the midst of the Second Mafia War. Through his position within the Cupola, Michele Greco assumed indirect control of Stefano Bontade's Mafia family after his murder. Not long after, Greco invited a number of Bontade's allies for a meeting at his country estate. A couple members of the clan were suspicious and didn't go, between them, Buscetta and Contorno. but several mafiosi had gone and were killed.[11]
As it turned out, Michele Greco had been allied with Salvatore Riina and the Corleonesi all along. Riina had used Greco's position on the commission to help banish Gaetano Badalamenti from the Mafia and then, after Riina ordered Bontade's 1981 murder, he had Greco oversee Bontade and Inzerillo's Mafia clans who were in control of a heroin distribution network in the United States.
One of the men who did not attend the fateful meeting at Greco's estate was Salvatore Contorno. He sensed trouble and soon went into hiding when the Mafia War broke out.[12] He narrowly escaped death during an ambush by a Corleonesi hit squad led by Pino Greco "Scarpuzzedda" and Giuseppe Lucchese. While in hiding from both the authorities and the Corleonesi, Contorno sent anonymous letters to the police, revealing to the authorities information on the Mafia, its members, the various factions and the violent turmoil it was undergoing. Contorno was eventually arrested in 1983 and became an informant the following year, following Tommaso Buscetta's example.
Contorno's revelations in his letters to the police were the first time the authorities had really learned of Michele Greco's high-ranking membership of the Mafia. Previously he had just been regarded as a rather secretive landowner with a suspiciously high-income, although he did come from a long line of mafiosi.
Greco was a powerful mafia boss, descended from a long line of mafiosi, but in the latter part of his criminal career he could be best described as little more than Riina's "puppet boss". According to pentito Tommaso Buscetta, Michele Greco, "given his bland and weak personality, was the perfect person to become head of the Commission so as not to stand in the way of Riina designs."[13] Buscetta explained that during meetings between the heads of various Mafia families, Michele Greco would just nod his head and agree with virtually everything Riina said.
Manhunt and capture
[edit]
Based on Salvatore Contorno's anonymous revelations, police chief Ninni Cassarà drew up a report in July 1982 listing 162 Mafiosi who warranted arrest, and the report was unofficially known as the 'Michele Greco + 161' report, signalling Greco's importance over the other suspects.[14] On 6 August 1985, Ninni Cassarà and one of his bodyguards, Roberto Antiochia, were massacred by a team of up to fifteen gunmen outside Cassarà's home in front of his horrified wife and daughter.
The 'Michele Greco + 161' report was just the start of an investigation that was to become the Maxi Trial, where most of the leadership of the Mafia were tried for numberless crimes. On 9 July 1983, Greco was indicted by judge Giovanni Falcone, along with 14 others among which his brother Salvatore Greco, Totò Riina, Bernardo Provenzano and Nitto Santapaola for the murder on the prefect of Palermo, General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa on September 3, 1982.[3]
Michele Greco was arrested on 20 February 1986, and he joined the hundreds of defendants at the Maxi Trial, which had started just ten-days previously.[15] Greco was charged with ordering 78 murders,[16] including those of the anti-Mafia magistrate Rocco Chinnici, Chinnici's two bodyguards and an innocent bystander, the four of whom had been killed by a car bomb in 1983.[17]
Greco gave testimony at the trial where, like his co-defendants, he insisted he was innocent and knew nothing about any Mafia. To illustrate his standing as a supposedly honest citizen, he boasted of all the illustrious people he had entertained at his large estate, including a former chief prosecutor and police chiefs. He also admitted that Stefano Bontade had often hunted on his estate. Greco said that he and Bontade "were together on the Holy Friday, just days before his misfortune."[5] The "misfortune" he referred to was Bontade being machine-gunned in the face.
At the end of the trial, on 16 December 1987, Greco, then aged 63, was found guilty on all charges and sentenced to life imprisonment.[16]
Imprisonment and death
[edit]The Maxi Trial was largely undone by notoriously generous appeals, mostly thanks to Corrado Carnevale, who would release Mafiosi on the slightest of pretexts, much to the frustration of the Maxi Trial's architects, Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino. Greco was released on appeal on 27 February 1991,[18] but Giovanni Falcone, who had become head of the Penal Affairs section of the Italian ministry of Justice, issued a decree that ordered the re-incarceration of Greco and other mafiosi.[19] Greco was quickly rearrested in February 1992, and put back behind bars to serve his freshly reinstated life-sentence.
In 1995, in the trial for the murder of Lieutenant Colonel Giuseppe Russo, Greco was sentenced to life imprisonment together with Bernardo Provenzano, Salvatore Riina, and Leoluca Bagarella.[20] The same year, in the trial for the murders of the commissioners Giuseppe Montana and Antonino Cassarà, he was also sentenced to life imprisonment together with Bernardo Provenzano, Bernardo Brusca, Francesco Madonia and Salvatore Riina.[20] The same year, in the trial for the murders of Piersanti Mattarella, Pio La Torre, Rosario Di Salvo and Michele Reina, in which he was given a further life sentence together with Bernardo Provenzano, Bernardo Brusca, Salvatore Riina, Giuseppe Calò, Francesco Madonia and Nenè Geraci.[20] In 1997, in the trial for the murder of Judge Cesare Terranova, Greco received another life sentence along with Bernardo Provenzano, Bernardo Brusca, Giuseppe Calò, Nenè Geraci, Francesco Madonia and Salvatore Riina.[21]
Greco never admitted his crimes nor his position in Cosa Nostra. In a letter sent to the press in the summer of 2007, he claimed he was "as innocent as a newborn child." He added that "because of an injustice in the 1980s I have been buried alive and have been in prison for 22 years. The dampness of my cell has destroyed my health and I am truly in a bad way."[22] He remained in prison in Rebibbia, Rome until his death from lung cancer on 13 February 2008.[17][23][24]
According to historian John Dickie, Greco "was the very archetype of a mafia capo: unsmiling, taciturn, given to speaking only in maxims and allusive parables."[6]
References
[edit]- ^ (in Italian) Ascesa, omicidi e sconfitte tutti i segreti del "Papa", La Repubblica, February 13, 2008
- ^ Schneider & Schneider, Reversible Destiny, p. 77-78
- ^ Jump up to: a b Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 80
- ^ Caruso, Da cosa nasce cosa, p. 487
- ^ Jump up to: a b Stille, Excellent Cadavers, pp. 187-88
- ^ Jump up to: a b Dickie, Cosa Nostra, p. 209
- ^ Umberto Santino, L'acqua rubata. Dalla mafia alle multinazionali Archived 2007-08-22 at the Wayback Machine, Centro Siciliano di Documentazione "Giuseppe Impastato"
- ^ Jump up to: a b Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 62
- ^ "Il contesto mafioso e don Tano Badalamenti - Documenti del Senato della Repubblica XIII LEGISLATURA (III parte)" (PDF) (in Italian).
- ^ Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 108
- ^ uccisi a tavola i nemici. i corpi sciolti nell'acido - archiviostorico.corriere.it
- ^ Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 111
- ^ Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 108/201
- ^ Schneider & Schneider, Reversible Destiny, pp. 137-38
- ^ Italy: Putting the Finger on Il Papa, Time Magazine, 3 March 1986
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный 338 виновных на Сицилии в мафиозном испытании; 19 Получить сроки жизни , New York Times, 17 декабря 1987 г.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Италия: мафия «Папа» умирает в Рима -клинике , Adnkronos International , 13 февраля 2008 г.
- ^ Сицилийский лидер мафии освобожден по техническим вопросам , Reuters , 27 февраля 1991 года.
- ^ Для сицилийцев, сражающихся с мафиози, жизнь - это судебное разбирательство , «Нью -Йорк Таймс», 27 марта 1991 г.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в «Cronologia su mafia e antimafia» (на итальянском языке). камера.it. Архивировано из оригинала 2007-12-14.
- ^ (на итальянском языке) Здесь убил Терранову , Коррире Делла Сера, 4 июня 1997 г.
- ^ Босс мафии Мишель Греко мертв в 83 , Анса , 13 февраля 2007 г.
- ^ Мишель Греко , The Daily Telegraph , 15 февраля 2008 г.
- ^ (на итальянском) мафия, босс Мишель Греко , La Repubblica, 13 февраля в 2008 году .
Источники
[ редактировать ]- (на итальянском) Caruso, Alfio (2000). Что рождено. История мафии с 1943 года по сегодняшний день , Милан: Longanesi ISBN 88-304-1620-7
- Дики, Джон (2004). COSA NOSTRA. История сицилийской мафии [ Постоянная мертвая ссылка ] , Лондон: Коронет, ISBN 0-340-82435-2
- Шнайдер, Джейн Т. и Питер Т. Шнайдер (2003). Обратимая судьба: мафия, антимафия и борьба за Палермо , Беркли: Университет Калифорнийской прессы ISBN 0-520-23609-2
- Стилл, Александр (1995). Отличные трупы: мафия и смерть Первой Итальянской Республики , Нью -Йорк: Винтаж ISBN 0-09-959491-9
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]- (на итальянском) биографии мафиозных боссов
- Best Of Sicily's Mafia Page
- Видео Мишель Греко, которое дает заявление на макси -процессе на YouTube
- (на итальянском) Мишель Греко называется «Папа» на YouTube , Telecras
- 1924 Рождения
- 2008 Смерть
- Гангстеры из Палермо
- Греко Мафийский клан
- Сицилийская мафия комиссия
- Итальянские торговцы наркотиками
- Итальянцы, которые погибли под стражей в тюрьме
- Заключенные, которые погибли в итальянском задержании
- Итальянские заключенные приговорены к пожизненному заключению
- Сицилийская мафия
- Сицилийский мафиози приговорен к пожизненному заключению
- Заключенные приговорены к пожизненному заключению в Италии
- Смерть от рака легких в Лацио
- Люди, осужденные за убийство Италией
- Итальянские преступники 20-го века