Kōki Hiko

Kōki Hiko
Хирота Хироки
Хирота, в течение или до 1946 года
Премьер -министр Японии
В офисе 9 марта 1936 - 2 февраля 1937 г.
Монарх	Хирохито
Предшествует	Кейсуке Окада
Преуспевает	Senjūrō ​​Hayashi
Личные данные
Рожденный	( 1878-02-14 ) 14 февраля 1878 г. Чу-ку, Фукуока , Империя Японии
Умер	23 декабря 1948 г. (1948-12-23) (70 лет) Тюрьма Сугамо , Токио , заняла Японию
Причина смерти	Исполнение повешенным
Политическая партия	Независимый
Супруг	Шизуко Хирота
Alma mater	Tokyo Imperial University
Signature
Criminal conviction
Criminal status	Executed
Conviction(s)	Crimes against peace War crimes
Trial	International Military Tribunal for the Far East
Criminal penalty	Death

Kōki Hirota ( 廣田 弘毅 弘毅 , Хирота Коки , 14 февраля 1878 г. - 23 декабря 1948 года) был японским дипломатом и политиком , который служил премьер -министром Японии с 1936 по 1937 год. Первоначально его звали Jōtarō ( 丈太郎 ) . Он был казнен за военные преступления, совершенные во время второй китайско-японской войны на токийских судебных разбирательствах .

Ранний период жизни

Название табличка из храма Суйкё, написанная Хиротой в возрасте 11 лет, в возрасте 11 лет

Хирота родилась 14 февраля 1878 года в Каджи-Мачи Дори ( Каджичо-Дори ) в том, что сейчас является частью префектуры Чу-ку , Фукуока , Фукуока , в Стоном , его отец, его отец был принят в «Отец». Семейство каментов Хирота.

Токубей женился на Take (タケ タケ), дочери с лапшой . года у пары был сын, которого Токубей назвал Jōtarō ( 丈太郎 ) 14 февраля 1878 Позже у них было еще трое детей. Название Токубей выгравировано на эпиграфе, который признал масонов, которые внесли свой вклад в строительство статуи императора Камеямы в Хигаши -Коне (東公園) в городе Фукуока .

Письмо Хирота было признано как хорошее с юного возраста, так как имени Таблица ворот Тории из святыни Суйкё была написана Хиротой, когда ему было 11 лет. После участия в Шуюкане он продолжил свое образование в Токийском имперском университете и получил высшее образование. Одним из его одноклассников был послевоенный премьер -министр Сигеру Йошида .

First diplomatic career

After graduation, Hirota entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to become a career diplomat, and he served in a number of overseas posts. In 1923, he became director of the Europe and America Department of the Foreign Ministry. After he was minister to the Netherlands, he was ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1932.

In 1933, Hirota became Foreign Minister in the cabinet of Prime Minister Saitō Makoto, just after Japan had withdrawn from the League of Nations. He retained the position in the subsequent cabinet of Admiral Keisuke Okada.

As Foreign Minister, Hirota negotiated the purchase of the Chinese Eastern Railway in Manchuria from Soviet interests. He also promulgated the Hirota Sangensoku (the Three Principles by Hirota) on 28 October 1935 as the definitive statement of Japan's position towards China. The three principles were the establishment of a Japan–China–Manchukuo bloc, the organization of a Sino-Japanese common front against the spread of communism, and the suppression of anti-Japanese activities within China. Hirota argued that warlordism and Chinese Communism represented a "festering sore deep down in the bosom of Eastern Asia" that threatened "all Asian races with sure and inescapable death" and considered further military engagement in China to be "heroic surgery," rather than invasion.

Prime minister

List of Ideological Criminal Probation Offices installed by Ideological Criminal Probation Act established under Kōki Hirota regime of Imperial Japan in 1936.

In 1936, with the radical factions within the Japanese military discredited after the 26 February incident, Hirota was selected to replace Okada as Prime Minister of Japan. Hirota placated the military by reinstating the system by which only active-duty Army or Navy officers (see Minister of War Military Attache System) could serve in the Cabinet posts of war minister or navy minister. The military, via the institution of the Imperial General Headquarters, had abused the system in the past to bring down civilian governments.

In terms of foreign policy, the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy was signed during his premiership. The treaty was the predecessor to the Tripartite Pact of 1940.

Hirota's term lasted for slightly less than a year. He resigned after a disagreement with Hisaichi Terauchi, who was serving as the war minister, over a speech by the Rikken Seiyūkai representative Kunimatsu Hamada criticizing military interference in politics. Kazushige Ugaki was appointed as his successor but was unable to form the government because of army opposition. In February 1937, Senjūrō Hayashi was appointed to replace Hirota as prime minister.

Second diplomatic career

Hirota soon returned to government service as foreign minister under Hayashi's successor, Prince Konoe Fumimaro. During his second term as foreign minister, Hirota strongly opposed the military's aggression against China, which completely undermined his efforts to create a Japan-China-Manchukuo alliance against the Soviet Union. He also spoke out repeatedly against the escalation of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The military soon tired of his criticism and forced his retirement in 1938.

In 1945, however, Hirota returned to government service to lead Japanese peace negotiations with the Soviet Union. At the time, Japan and the Soviet Union were still under a non-aggression pact even though all other Allied Powers had declared war on Japan. Hirota attempted to persuade Joseph Stalin's government to stay out of the war, but the Soviet Union ultimately declared war on Japan in between the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Koki Hirota listening to his death sentence being read by Sir William Webb, 1948

Postwar

Following Japan's surrender, Hirota was arrested as a Class A war criminal and brought before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE). He offered no defense and was found guilty of the following charges:

• Count 1 (waging wars of aggression, and war or wars in violation of international law)
• Count 27 (waging unprovoked war against the Republic of China)
• Count 55 (disregard for duty to prevent breaches of the laws of war)

He was sentenced to death by hanging and was executed at Sugamo Prison. The severity of his sentence remains controversial, as Hirota was the only civilian executed as a result of the IMTFE proceedings.

As foreign minister, Hirota had received regular reports from the War Ministry about the military's atrocities, such as the Nanjing Massacre, but lacked any authority over the offending military units themselves. Nonetheless, the tribunal condemned Hirota's failure to insist for the Japanese Cabinet act to put an end to the atrocities.

Honours

• Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (1933)
• Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1934)

Sources

• Frank, Richard B. Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. Penguin (Non-Classics); Reissue edition (2001). ISBN 0-14-100146-1
• Maga, Timothy P. Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials. University of Kentucky (2001). ISBN 0-8131-2177-9
• Минир, Ричард Х. Витерс справедливость: судебный процесс по военным преступлениям в Токио . Мичиганский университет (2001). ISBN   1-929280-06-8
• Полные транскрипты разбирательств Международного военного трибунала на Дальний Восток, переизданные в Р. Джон Притчард и Соня Магбануа Зайде (ред.), Токийский судебный процесс по военным преступлениям , вып. 20 (Garland Publishing: Нью -Йорк и Лондон, 1981)
• Толанд, Джон . Восходящее солнце: упадок и падение японской империи, 1936–1945 . Современная библиотека; Reprint Edition (2003). ISBN   0-8129-6858-1

Внешние ссылки

• «Хранитель мира» . Время . 1934-05-21. Архивировано из оригинала 23 мая 2011 года . Получено 2008-08-14 .
• Испытание Хироты
• Газетные вырезки о Kōki Hirota в пресс -архивах 20 -го ZBW века