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Список ледников в Исландии

(Перенаправлен из ледников Исландии )

Карта
Викимедия | © OpenStreetMap
Карта более крупных ледниковых водосборов в Исландии (светло -серый затенение с белым контуром). Нажав на карту, чтобы увеличить ее включает мышь, которая позволяет идентифицировать отдельные водосборы.

Ледники и ледяные шапки Исландии покрывали 11% земельного участка страны, примерно до 2008 года. По состоянию на 2019 год. Это было до 10%. Они оказывают значительное влияние на его ландшафт и метеорологию. Ледники также вносят свой вклад в исландскую экономику, с туристическим рынком, который включает в себя поездки на ледники на снегоходы и туры с ледниками. Тем не менее, недавняя потеря льда из -за изменения климата вызывает все большее беспокойство в исландском обществе. [ 1 ]

Описание

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Ледники могут расти в размерах и регрессии в зависимости от нескольких факторов, из которых климат и осадки в водосборном бассейне являются наиболее важными. Около 7000 лет назад ледистоценовый лед из последнего ледникового периода из -за Исландии почти полностью исчез, поэтому нынешние ледники в Исландии не такие старые. [ 2 ] : 377  В случае Исландии, когда несколько больших ледников находятся над активными вулканами, геотермальное плавление может быть существенным компонентом баланса массы ледяного ледника. [ 3 ] : 2  Соответственно, ледниковая зона Исландии варьируется от года к году, и некоторые ледники могут расти, пока другие регрессируют. Приведенные ниже таблицы должны интерпретироваться с учетом таких изменений во времени и не включают в себя много других данных, которые те, кто изучают ледники, считают важными. Данные, которые были собраны в течение многих лет в 1890 -х годах, или даже первым полным аэрофотоснимком между 1945 и 1946 годами, трудно сравнить с более богатыми спутниковыми исследованиями и измерениями на местах, возможных с 1990 -х годов, но такие сравнения были предприняты. [3] Even so there are gaps in the data (see Table 2). Two different definitions of a glacier are usually used in current research and much Iceland work is closer to the definition:[3]: 7 

A perennial mass of ice, and possibly firn and snow, originating on the land surface by the recrystallization of snow or other forms of solid precipitation and showing evidence of past or present flow

— International Association of Hydrological Sciences, [4]

An ice cap is a mass of glacial ice that covers less than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) of land area covering a highland area and they feed outlet glaciers.[4]: 52  Many Icelandic ice caps and glaciers lie above volcanoes, such as Grímsvötn and Bárðarbunga, which lie under the largest ice cap, Vatnajökull. The caldera of Grímsvötn is about 100 km2 (39 sq mi) in area, and Bárðarbunga is about 60 km2 (23 sq mi) meaning a large amount of ice, given mean icecap thickness of about 200 m (660 ft) is at risk of geothermal melting.

When volcanic activity occurs under the glacier, the resulting meltwater can lead to a sudden glacial lake outburst flood, known in Icelandic as a jökulhlaup. However jökulhlaups are more commonly caused by accumulation of meltwater due to geothermal activity underneath the glacier. Jökulhlaups occasionally trigger volcanic eruptions through the sudden release of pressure. These eruptions occur towards the end of the Jökulhlaup.[5]: 88 

The glaciers are relevant enough in Icelandic geography that the four largest are represented blank in most of the maps of the administrative divisions of Iceland smaller than the regions.

Iceland is losing ice due to climate change. In 2008 its glaciers still covered 11% of the land area of the country, at about 11,100 km2 (4,300 sq mi) out of the total area of 103,125 km2 (39,817 sq mi).[2]: 365, 368  As of 2019 this was down to 10%.[3]: 2 

Okjökull in Borgarfjörður, West Iceland, has lost its glacier title and is now simply known as Ok, losing the Icelandic word for glacier, jökull, as a suffix. In order to fit the criteria glaciers need to be thick enough to sink and move under their own weight, which any ice remaining of Okjökull can not do. Okjökull is the first Icelandic glacier to lose this title in an official manner,[6][7] but tens of smaller glaciers have disappeared up to 2019.[3]: 27 

Largest glaciers by surface area

[edit]
class=notpageimage|
Location of the 13 largest glaciers within Iceland
Table 1: 13 Largest Glaciers
Glacier or Ice Cap Area
km2 		Volume
km3 		Elevation
m 		Coordinates
1 Vatnajökull 8,300 3,100[8] 2,109.6 64°24′N 16°48′W / 64.400°N 16.800°W / 64.400; -16.800 (Vatnajökull)
2 Langjökull 953 195[8] 1,360 64°45′N 19°59′W / 64.750°N 19.983°W / 64.750; -19.983 (Langjökull)
3 Hofsjökull 925 208[9] 1,765 64°49′N 18°49′W / 64.817°N 18.817°W / 64.817; -18.817 (Hofsjökull)
4 Mýrdalsjökull 596 140[10] 1,493 63°40′N 19°06′W / 63.667°N 19.100°W / 63.667; -19.100 (Mýrdalsjökull)
5 Drangajökull 160   925 66°09′N 22°15′W / 66.150°N 22.250°W / 66.150; -22.250 (Drangajökull)
6 Eyjafjallajökull 78   1,666 63°38′N 19°36′W / 63.633°N 19.600°W / 63.633; -19.600 (Eyjafjallajökull)
7 Tungnafellsjökull 48   1,535 64°45′N 17°55′W / 64.750°N 17.917°W / 64.750; -17.917 (Tungnafellsjökull)
8 Þórisjökull 32   1,350 64°32′31″N 20°42′56″W / 64.54194°N 20.71556°W / 64.54194; -20.71556 (Þórisjökull)
9 Eiríksjökull 22   1,672 64°46′24″N 20°24′34″W / 64.77333°N 20.40944°W / 64.77333; -20.40944 (Eiríksjökull)
10 Þrándarjökull 22   1,236 64°42′08″N 14°54′09″W / 64.70222°N 14.90250°W / 64.70222; -14.90250 (Þrándarjökull)
11 Tindfjallajökull 19   1,462 63°48′N 19°35′W / 63.800°N 19.583°W / 63.800; -19.583 (Tindfjallajökull)
12 Torfajökull 15   1,190 63°53′39″N 19°07′37″W / 63.89417°N 19.12694°W / 63.89417; -19.12694 (Torfajökull)
13 Snæfellsjökull 11   1,446 64°48′32″N 23°46′16″W / 64.80889°N 23.77111°W / 64.80889; -23.77111 (Snæfellsjökull)

These 13 largest glaciers had, at slightly different times around the year 2000, an aggregate area of 10,863 km2 (4,194 sq mi) (out of about 11,079 km2 (4,278 sq mi) for all glaciers of Iceland).[11] The total glacial area in 2019 was down to 10,400 km2 (4,000 sq mi), and had decreased by more than 2,200 km2 (850 sq mi) since the end of the 19th century.[3]: 27 

Glaciers

[edit]
Карта
Викимедия | © OpenStreetMap
Glacier locations in Iceland as on this page

The list of glaciers below and their characteristics is incomplete. Many of the smaller glaciers that are presently only glacier remnants have not been added to the list. There are for example over 170 glaciers on the Tröllaskagi peninsula,[3]: 3  northern Iceland and many have little significance or have regressed. Okjökull is mentioned in the table below although it is no longer recognised as a glacier as it has recent significance by its rate of disappearance of a large glacier due to climate change. In Iceland the recent maximum extent of glaciers occurred in a process from the onset of the Little Ice Age about 1450 CE and did not stop until about 1900 CE.[3]: 1  Some outlet glaciers have shown marked surges over relatively short periods of time resulting in growth in glacial size.[3]: 4  This has only changed the recent overall trend to smaller total area of glacial ice for a brief period in 1963–1964 from a surge in Brúarjökull.[3]: 25  Other glaciers have been linked, for example in the 1980s Mýrdalsjökull and Eyjafjallajökull were one continuous ice cap.[12]

Table 2: Selected Iceland Glaciers
Name Alternative Names (italics if historic)[13] Glacier type Area in 1945 – 1946 (km2)[3]: Table 2  Other area (km2) Other year Area in 2019 (km2)[3] Loss 2019 from max. area[3] Ice cap grouping Recent surges[2]: 377  Location[14]
Vatnajökull Austurjökular, Austurjökull, Grímsvatnajökull, Klofakjökull ice cap 8326 8086[11] 2000[11] 7720 12 % Vatnajökull Yes 64°24′N 16°48′W / 64.400°N 16.800°W / 64.400; -16.800 (Vatnajökull)
Brúarjökull Jökuldalsjökull outlet glacier 1600[5]: 70  2017[5]: 70  Vatnajökull Yes 64°42′58″N 16°09′35″W / 64.716190°N 16.159659°W / 64.716190; -16.159659 (Brúarjökull (Vatnajökull))
Eyjabakkajökull Fljótsdalsjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull Yes 64°40′43″N 15°34′47″W / 64.678645°N 15.579806°W / 64.678645; -15.579806 (Eyjabakkajökull (Vatnajökull))
Kverkkvíslarjökull Kverkjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°39′59″N 15°30′44″W / 64.666375°N 15.512287°W / 64.666375; -15.512287 (Kverkkvíslarjökull (Vatnajökull))
Kvíslarjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°39′49″N 15°28′18″W / 64.663538°N 15.471586°W / 64.663538; -15.471586 (Kvíslarjökull (Vatnajökull))
Vesturdalsjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°38′45″N 15°21′52″W / 64.645739°N 15.364441°W / 64.645739; -15.364441 (Vesturdalsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Suðurfjallsjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°37′01″N 15°17′03″W / 64.617009°N 15.284251°W / 64.617009; -15.284251 (Suðurfjallsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Axarfellsjökull Öxarfellsjökull, Axarfjallsjökull, Axarjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°36′11″N 15°15′45″W / 64.603169°N 15.262585°W / 64.603169; -15.262585 (Axarfellsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Norðurtungnajökull outlet glacier remnant Vatnajökull No 64°34′38″N 15°19′34″W / 64.577231°N 15.326020°W / 64.577231; -15.326020 (Norðurtungnajökull (Vatnajökull))
Austurtungnajökull Skyndidalsjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°33′20″N 15°20′02″W / 64.555671°N 15.333884°W / 64.555671; -15.333884 (Austurtungnajökull (Vatnajökull))
Lambatungnajökull Þórðarjökull, Lambatungujökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°31′51″N 15°24′20″W / 64.530742°N 15.405656°W / 64.530742; -15.405656 (Lambatungnajökull (Vatnajökull))
Hoffellsjökull Norðurfellsjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°27′35″N 15°30′59″W / 64.459725°N 15.516329°W / 64.459725; -15.516329 (Hoffellsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Svínafellsjökull (Eastern) outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°26′31″N 15°30′39″W / 64.442026°N 15.510783°W / 64.442026; -15.510783 (Svínafellsjökull (Eastern Vatnajökull))
Viðborðsjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°26′35″N 15°38′27″W / 64.442976°N 15.640820°W / 64.442976; -15.640820 (Viðborðsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Fláajökull Mýrajöklar, Mýrajökull, Hólmsárjökull, Hólsárjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°21′55″N 15°39′08″W / 64.365281°N 15.652337°W / 64.365281; -15.652337 (Fláajökull (Vatnajökull))
Heinabergsjökull Eystri-Heinabergsjökull, Heinabergsjökull eystri, Heiðnabergsjökull, Heinabergsjöklar, Heinabergsjökull, Mýrajöklar outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°19′33″N 15°50′29″W / 64.325945°N 15.841440°W / 64.325945; -15.841440 (Heinabergsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Skálafellsjökull Vestri-Heinabergsjökull, Heinabergsjökull vestri, Heinabergsjökull vestari, Heinabergsjöklar, Heinabergsjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°16′46″N 15°54′10″W / 64.279557°N 15.902787°W / 64.279557; -15.902787 (Skálafellsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Eyvindstungnajökull Sultartungnajökull, Sultartungujökull, Hálsajökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°14′55″N 15°48′13″W / 64.248730°N 15.803664°W / 64.248730; -15.803664 (Eyvindstungnajökull (Vatnajökull))
Birnudalsjökull outlet glacier remnant Vatnajökull No 64°14′34″N 15°55′14″W / 64.242884°N 15.920688°W / 64.242884; -15.920688 (Birnudalsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Breiðamerkurjökull ice dome Vatnajökull Yes 64°07′50″N 16°21′26″W / 64.130626°N 16.357136°W / 64.130626; -16.357136 (Breiðamerkurjökull (Vatnajökull))
Brókarjökull Steinajökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°15′38″N 16°08′20″W / 64.260599°N 16.138824°W / 64.260599; -16.138824 (Brókarjökull (Vatnajökull))
Fellsárjökull Fellsjökull, Bríkurjökull, Þverártindsjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°10′51″N 16°09′21″W / 64.180712°N 16.155898°W / 64.180712; -16.155898 (Fellsárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Norðlingalæðarjökull Norðlingalægðarjökull ice stream Vatnajökull No 64°07′19″N 16°16′03″W / 64.122030°N 16.267561°W / 64.122030; -16.267561 (Norðlingalæðarjökull (Vatnajökull))
Esjufjallajökull ice stream Vatnajökull No 64°06′20″N 16°20′03″W / 64.105537°N 16.334086°W / 64.105537; -16.334086 (Esjufjallajökull (Vatnajökull))
Mávabyggðajökull ice stream Vatnajökull No 64°05′42″N 16°23′33″W / 64.094997°N 16.392597°W / 64.094997; -16.392597 (Mávabyggðajökull (Vatnajökull))
Öræfajökull Hnappafellsjökull, Hnappavallajöklar, Hnappavallajökull, Knappafellsjökull, Sandfellsjökull, Jökull ice dome Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 64°00′55″N 16°38′58″W / 64.015245°N 16.649515°W / 64.015245; -16.649515 (Öræfajökull (Vatnajökull))
Fjallsjökull Ærfjallsjökull, Hrútárjökull eystri, Eystri Hrútárjökull,Hrútárjökull outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 64°01′51″N 16°28′49″W / 64.030868°N 16.480236°W / 64.030868; -16.480236 (Fjallsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Hrútárjökull Hrútárjökull vestri, Hrútárjöklar outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 64°00′25″N 16°29′46″W / 64.006949°N 16.496238°W / 64.006949; -16.496238 (Hrútárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Bræðrajökull Breida outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 63°59′02″N 16°31′54″W / 63.983864°N 16.531766°W / 63.983864; -16.531766 (Bræðrajökull (Vatnajökull))
Kviarjökull outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 63°57′07″N 16°30′36″W / 63.951961°N 16.509975°W / 63.951961; -16.509975 (Kviarjökull (Vatnajökull))
Hólárjökull outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 63°57′08″N 16°34′39″W / 63.952146°N 16.577416°W / 63.952146; -16.577416 (Hólárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Stigárjökull outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 63°56′50″N 16°37′04″W / 63.947322°N 16.617836°W / 63.947322; -16.617836 (Stigárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Stórhöfðajökull outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 63°56′55″N 16°38′43″W / 63.948589°N 16.645326°W / 63.948589; -16.645326 (Stórhöfðajökull (Vatnajökull))
Gljúfursárjökull outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 63°56′43″N 16°40′05″W / 63.945290°N 16.668075°W / 63.945290; -16.668075 (Gljúfursárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Rótarfjallsjökull Rótarfjallsjökull (if combined with Kotárjökull) outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 63°57′19″N 16°41′57″W / 63.955389°N 16.699114°W / 63.955389; -16.699114 (Rótarfjallsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Kotárjökull Rótarfjallsjökull (if combined with Rótarfjallsjökull), Flögujökull, Slögujökull outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 63°57′27″N 16°43′22″W / 63.957424°N 16.722694°W / 63.957424; -16.722694 (Kotárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Virkisjökull Virkisajökull, Falljökull vestari outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 63°58′44″N 16°48′03″W / 63.978921°N 16.800936°W / 63.978921; -16.800936 (Virkisjökull (Vatnajökull))
Falljökull outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 63°58′29″N 16°46′42″W / 63.974811°N 16.778269°W / 63.974811; -16.778269 (Falljökull (Vatnajökull))
Svínafellsjökull Svinafellsjökull outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 64°00′57″N 16°50′20″W / 64.015732°N 16.838770°W / 64.015732; -16.838770 (Svínafellsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Skaftafellsjökull Skaptafellsjökull outlet glacier Öræfajökull/Vatnajökull No 64°03′23″N 16°53′02″W / 64.056352°N 16.883845°W / 64.056352; -16.883845 (Skaftafellsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Skeiðarárjökull outlet glacier 1380[5]: 70  2017[5]: 70  Vatnajökull Yes 64°03′59″N 17°15′12″W / 64.066275°N 17.253269°W / 64.066275; -17.253269 (Skeiðarárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Grænalónsjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°12′52″N 17°30′34″W / 64.214373°N 17.509394°W / 64.214373; -17.509394 (Grænalónsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Djúpárjökull Kistufellsjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°11′55″N 17°34′14″W / 64.198591°N 17.570690°W / 64.198591; -17.570690 (Djúpárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Beinadalsjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°12′02″N 17°37′48″W / 64.200423°N 17.630053°W / 64.200423; -17.630053 (Beinadalsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Síðujökull Nyrðri-Skeiðarárjökull, Skeiðarárjökull nyrðri outlet glacier Vatnajökull Yes 64°08′55″N 17°51′37″W / 64.148534°N 17.860290°W / 64.148534; -17.860290 (Síðujökull (Vatnajökull))
Skaftárjökull Skaptárjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°13′23″N 18°02′17″W / 64.223100°N 18.037936°W / 64.223100; -18.037936 (Skaftárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Tungnaárjökull Tungnaárjökull, Tungnárjöklar outlet glacier Vatnajökull Yes 64°19′25″N 18°04′58″W / 64.323691°N 18.082795°W / 64.323691; -18.082795 (Tungnaárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Sylgjujökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull Yes 64°26′16″N 17°57′56″W / 64.437888°N 17.965556°W / 64.437888; -17.965556 (Sylgjujökull (Vatnajökull))
Köldukvíslarjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull Yes 64°34′35″N 17°49′56″W / 64.576494°N 17.832260°W / 64.576494; -17.832260 (Köldukvíslarjökull (Vatnajökull))
Bárðarbunga Bardarbunga, Bárđarjökull, Bárdharnúpur, Bárđargnípa ice dome Vatnajökull No 64°37′52″N 17°30′20″W / 64.631065°N 17.505430°W / 64.631065; -17.505430 (Bárðarbunga (Vatnajökull))
Rjúpnabrekkujökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°42′06″N 17°31′52″W / 64.701787°N 17.531005°W / 64.701787; -17.531005 (Rjúpnabrekkujökull (Vatnajökull))
Dyngjujökull Kistufellsjökull outlet glacier 1000[5]: 70  2017[5]: 70  Vatnajökull Yes 64°45′20″N 16°53′03″W / 64.755656°N 16.884035°W / 64.755656; -16.884035 (Dyngjujökull (Vatnajökull))
Kverkjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°42′12″N 16°37′42″W / 64.703455°N 16.628337°W / 64.703455; -16.628337 (Kverkjökull (Vatnajökull))
Skarphéðinsjökull outlet glacier Vatnajökull No 64°39′03″N 16°36′23″W / 64.650746°N 16.606291°W / 64.650746; -16.606291 (Skarphéðinsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Langjökull Lángjökull, Langijökull ice cap 992 904[15] 2007[15] 836 24 % Langjökull Yes 64°45′N 19°59′W / 64.750°N 19.983°W / 64.750; -19.983 (Langjökull)
Baldjökull outlet and ice dome glacier 100[15] 2007[15] Langjökull No 64°49′05″N 19°56′59″W / 64.818061°N 19.949602°W / 64.818061; -19.949602 (Baldjökull (Langjökull))
Þjófadalajökull Fúlukvíslarjökull outlet glacier 24[15] 2007[15] Langjökull No 64°50′52″N 19°49′00″W / 64.847746°N 19.816715°W / 64.847746; -19.816715 (Þjófadalajökull (Langjökull))
Leiðarjökull outlet glacier 86[15] 2007[15] Langjökull No 64°47′21″N 19°47′05″W / 64.789288°N 19.784789°W / 64.789288; -19.784789 (Leiðarjökull (Langjökull))
Kirkjujökull outlet glacier 23[15] 2007[15] Langjökull No 64°43′01″N 19°52′08″W / 64.716935°N 19.868960°W / 64.716935; -19.868960 (Kirkjujökull (Langjökull))
Norðurjökull Nyrðri-Skriðjökull, Nyrðriskriðjökull outlet glacier 62[15] 2007[15] Langjökull No 64°39′51″N 19°54′47″W / 64.664110°N 19.913022°W / 64.664110; -19.913022 (Norðurjökull (Langjökull))
Suðurjökull Fremri-Skriðjökull outlet glacier 54[15] 2007[15] Langjökull Yes 64°35′34″N 19°58′55″W / 64.592710°N 19.982027°W / 64.592710; -19.982027 (Suðurjökull (Langjökull))
Eystri-Hagafellsjökull Hagafellsjökull eystri, Hagafellsjökull, Eystri-Hagafellsjökull, Hagavatnsjökull syðri outlet glacier 111[15] 2007[15] Langjökull Yes 64°31′27″N 20°14′28″W / 64.524123°N 20.241120°W / 64.524123; -20.241120 (Vestari-Hagafellsjökull (Langjökull))
Vestari-Hagafellsjökull Hagafellsjökull vestri, Hagafellsjökull, Vestri-Hagafellsjökull, Skjaldbreiðarjökull outlet glacier 137[15] 2007[15] Langjökull Yes 64°31′39″N 20°25′34″W / 64.527623°N 20.426063°W / 64.527623; -20.426063 (Vestari-Hagafellsjökull (Langjökull))
Lónsjökull Lónjökull outlet glacier 137[15] 2007[15] Langjökull No 64°34′46″N 20°31′30″W / 64.579413°N 20.525066°W / 64.579413; -20.525066 (Lónsjökull (Langjökull))
Geitlandsjökull outlet glacier 13[15] 2007[15] Langjökull No 64°36′04″N 20°37′00″W / 64.601113°N 20.616758°W / 64.601113; -20.616758 (Geitlandsjökull (Langjökull))
Svartárjökull outlet glacier 39[15] 2007[15] Langjökull No 64°37′29″N 20°33′10″W / 64.624633°N 20.552818°W / 64.624633; -20.552818 (Svartárjökull (Langjökull))
Þrístapajökull Hallmundarjökull outlet glacier 104[15] 2007[15] Langjökull Yes 64°44′33″N 20°10′53″W / 64.742405°N 20.181384°W / 64.742405; -20.181384 (Þrístapajökull (Langjökull))
Hofsjökull Arnarfellsjökull ice cap 948 889[11] 1999[11] 810 22 % Hofsjökull Yes 64°49′N 18°49′W / 64.817°N 18.817°W / 64.817; -18.817 (Hofsjökull)
Austari-Jökulsárjökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°56′23″N 18°42′47″W / 64.939788°N 18.713100°W / 64.939788; -18.713100 (Austari-Jökulsárjökull (Hofsjökull))
Álftabrekkujökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°52′36″N 19°01′41″W / 64.876595°N 19.027947°W / 64.876595; -19.027947 (Álftabrekkujökull (Hofsjökull))
Blautukvíslarjökull Blautkvíslarjökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°39′39″N 18°55′14″W / 64.660700°N 18.920541°W / 64.660700; -18.920541 (Blautukvíslarjökull (Hofsjökull))
Blágnípujökull Blágnýpujökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull Yes 64°45′00″N 19°07′42″W / 64.749924°N 19.128285°W / 64.749924; -19.128285 (Blágnípujökull (Hofsjökull))
Blöndujökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull Yes 64°47′03″N 19°06′07″W / 64.784233°N 19.101822°W / 64.784233; -19.101822 (Blöndujökull (Hofsjökull))
Brattöldujökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°42′46″N 19°03′12″W / 64.712668°N 19.053390°W / 64.712668; -19.053390 (Brattöldujökull (Hofsjökull))
Háöldujökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull Yes 64°50′13″N 18°29′22″W / 64.837012°N 18.489312°W / 64.837012; -18.489312 (Háöldujökull (Hofsjökull))
Illviðrajökull Illviðrahnjúkajökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°56′32″N 18°37′44″W / 64.942262°N 18.628798°W / 64.942262; -18.628798 (Illviðrajökull (Hofsjökull))
Klakksjökull Klakkajökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°51′16″N 18°30′08″W / 64.854424°N 18.502156°W / 64.854424; -18.502156 (Klakksjökull (Hofsjökull))
Kvíslajökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull Yes 64°51′22″N 19°07′11″W / 64.855997°N 19.119645°W / 64.855997; -19.119645 (Kvíslajökull (Hofsjökull))
Lambahraunsjökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°57′29″N 18°52′55″W / 64.958015°N 18.881929°W / 64.958015; -18.881929 (Lambahraunsjökull (Hofsjökull))
Löngukvíslarjökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°54′25″N 18°30′39″W / 64.906869°N 18.510728°W / 64.906869; -18.510728 (Löngukvíslarjökull (Hofsjökull))
Miklafellsjökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°52′21″N 18°31′35″W / 64.872626°N 18.526511°W / 64.872626; -18.526511 (Miklafellsjökull (Hofsjökull))
Miklukvíslarjökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°40′18″N 18°53′42″W / 64.671529°N 18.895048°W / 64.671529; -18.895048 (Miklukvíslarjökull (Hofsjökull))
Múlajökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull Yes 64°39′30″N 18°41′58″W / 64.658427°N 18.699487°W / 64.658427; -18.699487 (Múlajökull (Hofsjökull))
Nauthagajökull Ólafsfellsjökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°39′54″N 18°46′14″W / 64.665066°N 18.770648°W / 64.665066; -18.770648 (Nauthagajökull (Hofsjökull))
Rótarjökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°42′21″N 18°41′26″W / 64.705850°N 18.690525°W / 64.705850; -18.690525 (Rótarjökull (Hofsjökull))
Sátujökull Eystri-Sátujökull, Lambahraunsjöklar outlet glacier Hofsjökull Yes 64°56′34″N 18°57′11″W / 64.942719°N 18.952919°W / 64.942719; -18.952919 (Sátujökull (Hofsjökull))
Tungufönn outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°52′39″N 18°29′13″W / 64.877521°N 18.486907°W / 64.877521; -18.486907 (Tungufönn (Hofsjökull))
Tvífellsjökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°57′28″N 18°48′50″W / 64.957741°N 18.813858°W / 64.957741; -18.813858 (Tvífellsjökull (Hofsjökull))
Þverfellsjökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull No 64°42′09″N 19°01′35″W / 64.702558°N 19.026399°W / 64.702558; -19.026399 (Þverfellsjökull (Hofsjökull))
Þjórsárjökull outlet glacier Hofsjökull Yes 64°45′17″N 18°34′44″W / 64.754660°N 18.578787°W / 64.754660; -18.578787 (Þjórsárjökull (Hofsjökull))
Mýrdalsjökull Miđdalsjökull, Mirdalsjökull, Mýdalsjökull,Austrurjökull, Eyjafjallajökull, Höfđabrekkujökull, Höfđajökull, Höfđarjökull, Kötlugjárjökull, Kötlujökull, Sólheimajökull, Austurjökull, Þykkvabæjarjökull ice cap 652 597[11] 1999[11] 520 29 % Mýrdalsjökull Yes 63°40′N 19°06′W / 63.667°N 19.100°W / 63.667; -19.100 (Mýrdalsjökull)
Entujökull outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull No 63°43′19″N 19°14′52″W / 63.721896°N 19.247785°W / 63.721896; -19.247785 (Entujökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Hafursárjökull outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull No 63°33′36″N 19°06′24″W / 63.560108°N 19.106772°W / 63.560108; -19.106772 (Hafursárjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Hrunárjöklar outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull No 63°38′23″N 19°21′44″W / 63.639713°N 19.362359°W / 63.639713; -19.362359 (Hrunárjöklar (Mýrdalsjökull))
Huldujökull Hvítijökull outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull No 63°34′07″N 18°55′47″W / 63.568617°N 18.929861°W / 63.568617; -18.929861 (Huldujökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Jökulsárgilsjökull outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull No 63°36′00″N 19°19′15″W / 63.599961°N 19.320905°W / 63.599961; -19.320905 (Jökulsárgilsjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Klifurárjökull Klifandajökull, Klifandijökull outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull No 63°32′43″N 19°12′51″W / 63.545412°N 19.214065°W / 63.545412; -19.214065 (Klifurárjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Krossárjökull outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull No 63°40′42″N 19°19′19″W / 63.678219°N 19.321833°W / 63.678219; -19.321833 (Krossárjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Kötlujökull Höfðabrekkujökull ,Kötlufalljökull outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull No 63°35′13″N 18°51′03″W / 63.586865°N 18.850900°W / 63.586865; -18.850900 (Kötlujökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Sandfellsjökull outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull No 63°40′20″N 18°53′37″W / 63.672329°N 18.893662°W / 63.672329; -18.893662 (Sandfellsjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Sléttjökull Mælifellsjökull outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull Yes 63°46′31″N 19°05′34″W / 63.775350°N 19.092845°W / 63.775350; -19.092845 (Sléttjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Sólheimajökull outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull No 63°33′48″N 19°17′48″W / 63.563343°N 19.296693°W / 63.563343; -19.296693 (Sólheimajökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Mosakambsjökull Thoroddsengletscher outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull No 63°32′59″N 19°02′38″W / 63.549800°N 19.044024°W / 63.549800; -19.044024 (Mosakambsjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Tungnakvíslarjökull outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull No 63°39′09″N 19°21′34″W / 63.652553°N 19.359430°W / 63.652553; -19.359430 (Tungnakvíslarjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Öldufellsjökull outlet glacier Mýrdalsjökull Yes 63°44′24″N 18°52′58″W / 63.739960°N 18.882730°W / 63.739960; -18.882730 (Öldufellsjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Drangajökull ice cap 161 146[11] 2004[11] 137 49 % Drangajökull Yes 66°09′N 22°15′W / 66.150°N 22.250°W / 66.150; -22.250 (Drangajökull)[3]
Kaldalónsjökull Lónjökull outlet glacier Drangajökull Yes 66°07′17″N 22°17′00″W / 66.121291°N 22.283419°W / 66.121291; -22.283419 (Kaldalónsjökull (Drangajökull))
Leirufjarðarjökull Leirujökull outlet glacier Drangajökull Yes 66°11′40″N 22°25′03″W / 66.194573°N 22.417515°W / 66.194573; -22.417515 (Leirufjarðarjökull (Drangajökull))
Reykjarfjarðarjökull outlet glacier Drangajökull Yes 66°11′41″N 22°10′46″W / 66.194648°N 22.179542°W / 66.194648; -22.179542 (Reykjarfjarðarjökull ([Drangajökull))
Ljótarjökull outlet glacier Drangajökull No 66°13′08″N 22°15′10″W / 66.218859°N 22.252795°W / 66.218859; -22.252795 (Ljótarjökull (Drangajökull))
Þaralátursjökull outlet glacier Drangajökull No 66°12′24″N 22°13′07″W / 66.206605°N 22.218649°W / 66.206605; -22.218649 (Þaralátursjökull (Drangajökull))
Jökulbunga ice dome Drangajökull No 66°10′25″N 22°17′10″W / 66.173667°N 22.285983°W / 66.173667; -22.285983 (Jökulbunga (Drangajökull))
Eyjafjallajökull Austurjökull, Hájökull ice cap 87 80[11] 2003[11] 66 43 % Eyjafjallajökull No 63°38′N 19°36′W / 63.633°N 19.600°W / 63.633; -19.600 (Eyjafjallajökull)[3]
Akstaðajökull Kaplaskarðsjökull outlet glacier Eyjafjallajökull No 63°38′24″N 19°42′12″W / 63.640038°N 19.703251°W / 63.640038; -19.703251 (Akstaðajökull (Eyjafjallajökull))
Gígjökull Falljökull , Skriðjökull outlet glacier Eyjafjallajökull No 63°39′10″N 19°36′58″W / 63.652823°N 19.616139°W / 63.652823; -19.616139 (Gígjökull (Eyjafjallajökull))
Hvannárjökull outlet glacier Eyjafjallajökull No 63°38′25″N 19°29′09″W / 63.640361°N 19.485940°W / 63.640361; -19.485940 (Hvannárjökull (Eyjafjallajökull))
Kaldaklifsjökull outlet glacier Eyjafjallajökull No 63°35′48″N 19°32′20″W / 63.596634°N 19.538813°W / 63.596634; -19.538813 (Kaldaklifsjökull (Eyjafjallajökull))
Seljavallajökull Tungugilsjökull outlet glacier Eyjafjallajökull No 63°35′46″N 19°36′35″W / 63.596099°N 19.609792°W / 63.596099; -19.609792 (Seljavallajökull (Eyjafjallajökull))
Steinsholtsjökull outlet glacier Eyjafjallajökull No 63°39′10″N 19°33′17″W / 63.652798°N 19.554701°W / 63.652798; -19.554701 (Steinsholtsjökull (Eyjafjallajökull))
Tungnafellsjökull ice cap 40 38[11] 2000[11] 32 34 % Tungnafellsjökull No 64°45′N 17°55′W / 64.750°N 17.917°W / 64.750; -17.917 (Tungnafellsjökull)
Hagajökull fremri Fremri-Hagajökull outlet glacier Tungnafellsjökull No 64°45′01″N 17°58′40″W / 64.750271°N 17.977724°W / 64.750271; -17.977724 (Hagajökull fremri (Tungnafellsjökull))
Hagajökull innri Innri-Hagajökull outlet glacier Tungnafellsjökull No 64°46′10″N 17°56′38″W / 64.769528°N 17.943963°W / 64.769528; -17.943963 (Hagajökull innri (Tungnafellsjökull))
Tungnajökull outlet glacier Tungnafellsjökull No 64°46′43″N 17°53′07″W / 64.778523°N 17.885268°W / 64.778523; -17.885268 (Tungnajökull (Tungnafellsjökull))
Fellsjökull outlet glacier Tungnafellsjökull No 64°45′51″N 17°49′54″W / 64.764128°N 17.831697°W / 64.764128; -17.831697 (Fellsjökull (Tungnafellsjökull))
Kaldagilsjökull outlet glacier Tungnafellsjökull No 64°43′27″N 17°58′09″W / 64.724147°N 17.969097°W / 64.724147; -17.969097 (Kaldagilsjökull (Tungnafellsjökull))
Þórisjökull Thorisdalurjökull, Sudurjöklar glacier 30 30[11] 2000[11] 23.8 46 % Þórisjökull No 64°32′31″N 20°42′56″W / 64.54194°N 20.71556°W / 64.54194; -20.71556 (Þórisjökull)
Eiríksjökull BallLjökull,Arnarvatnsjökull ice cap 25.4 22[11] 2000[11] 20.5 45 % Eiríksjökull No 64°46′24″N 20°24′34″W / 64.77333°N 20.40944°W / 64.77333; -20.40944 (Eiríksjökull)
Brækur eystri Eystri Bækur, Eystri-Brækur, Brækur, Brókarjöklar outlet glacier Eiríksjökull No 64°47′57″N 20°23′33″W / 64.799164°N 20.392579°W / 64.799164; -20.392579 (Brækur eystri (Eiríksjökull))
Brækur vestri Vestri Bækur, Brækur, Brókarjöklar outlet glacier Eiríksjökull No 64°47′26″N 20°25′49″W / 64.790420°N 20.430220°W / 64.790420; -20.430220 (Brækur vestri (Eiríksjökull))
Klofajökull Stórijökull outlet glacier Eiríksjökull No 64°47′53″N 20°21′58″W / 64.798109°N 20.366119°W / 64.798109; -20.366119 (Klofajökull (Eiríksjökull))
Þorvaldsjökull outlet glacier Eiríksjökull No 64°46′44″N 20°20′43″W / 64.778826°N 20.345410°W / 64.778826; -20.345410 (Þorvaldsjökull (Eiríksjökull))
Ögmundarjökull outlet glacier Eiríksjökull No 64°47′20″N 20°21′47″W / 64.788768°N 20.363053°W / 64.788768; -20.363053 (Ögmundarjökull (Eiríksjökull))
Þrándarjökull Thrándarjökull,Miđlandsjökull, Sviđinhornajökull glacier 27 17[11] 2000[11] 14.2 59 % No 64°42′08″N 14°54′09″W / 64.70222°N 14.90250°W / 64.70222; -14.90250 (Þrándarjökull)
Tindfjallajökull Tindafjallajökull glacier 16.8 15[11] 2000[11] 12.4 45 % No 63°48′N 19°35′W / 63.800°N 19.583°W / 63.800; -19.583 (Tindfjallajökull)
Snæfellsjökull Snjófellsjökull, Snjófjallsjökull, Jökull, Vesturjökull ice cap 13.9 12[11] 2002[11] 8.8 65 % Snæfellsjökull No 64°48′32″N 23°46′16″W / 64.80889°N 23.77111°W / 64.80889; -23.77111 (Snæfellsjökull)
Blágilsjökull outlet glacier Snæfellsjökull No 64°49′29″N 23°48′07″W / 64.824680°N 23.802064°W / 64.824680; -23.802064 (Blágilsjökull (Snæfellsjökull))
Hólatindajökull outlet glacier Snæfellsjökull No 64°47′54″N 23°47′54″W / 64.798249°N 23.798206°W / 64.798249; -23.798206 (Hólatindajökull (Snæfellsjökull))
Hyrningsjökull outlet glacier Snæfellsjökull No 64°48′50″N 23°45′18″W / 64.814018°N 23.754867°W / 64.814018; -23.754867 (Hyrningsjökull (Snæfellsjökull))
Jökulhálsjökull outlet glacier Snæfellsjökull No 64°49′11″N 23°46′24″W / 64.819627°N 23.773420°W / 64.819627; -23.773420 (Jökulhálsjökull (Snæfellsjökull))
Kvíahnúksjökull outlet glacier Snæfellsjökull No 64°47′42″N 23°45′51″W / 64.795005°N 23.764250°W / 64.795005; -23.764250 (Kvíahnúksjökull (Snæfellsjökull))
Torfajökull glacier 16 11[11] 1999[11] 8.1 64 % Torfajökull No 63°53′39″N 19°07′37″W / 63.89417°N 19.12694°W / 63.89417; -19.12694 (Torfajökull)
Hrútfellsjökull Hrútafellsjökull, Regnbúđajökull, Regnbogajökull, Regnbúđajöklar ice cap 7.7 7[11] 2000[11] 4.4 59 % Hrútfellsjökull No 64°44′31″N 19°44′17″W / 64.742019°N 19.737955°W / 64.742019; -19.737955 (Hrútfellsjökull)
Miðjökull Þríjökull outlet glacier Hrútfellsjökull No 64°44′54″N 19°42′48″W / 64.748283°N 19.713292°W / 64.748283; -19.713292 (Miðjökull)
Norðvesturjökull outlet glacier Hrútfellsjökull No 64°45′10″N 19°44′58″W / 64.752811°N 19.749425°W / 64.752811; -19.749425 (Norðvesturjökull)
Vesturjökull Þríjökull outlet glacier Hrútfellsjökull No 64°45′05″N 19°43′34″W / 64.751358°N 19.726103°W / 64.751358; -19.726103 (Vesturjökull)
Bláfellsjökull glacier No 64°30′30″N 19°50′15″W / 64.508452°N 19.837440°W / 64.508452; -19.837440 (Bláfellsjökull)
Hofsjökull Eystri Hofsjökull glacier 7.1 5[11] 2000[11] 3.1 74 % No 64°36′57″N 15°03′02″W / 64.615778°N 15.050621°W / 64.615778; -15.050621 (Hofsjökull Eystri)
Okjökull Ok glacier remnant 7.4 4[11] 2000[11] 0.07 99 % No 64°36′22″N 20°52′47″W / 64.606012°N 20.879676°W / 64.606012; -20.879676 (Okjökull)
Kaldaklofsjökull glacier 3.9 1.6 79 % No 63°53′32″N 19°08′20″W / 63.892189°N 19.138959°W / 63.892189; -19.138959 (Kaldaklofsjökull)
Snæfell ice cap 5.3 4.4 45 % Snæfell No 64°47′51″N 15°33′44″W / 64.797389°N 15.562109°W / 64.797389; -15.562109 (Snæfell)
Ljósurðarjökull outlet glacier Snæfell No 64°47′55″N 15°34′38″W / 64.798745°N 15.577155°W / 64.798745; -15.577155 (Ljósurðarjökull (Snæfell))
Dökkurðarjökull outlet glacier Snæfell No 64°48′11″N 15°35′14″W / 64.802959°N 15.587212°W / 64.802959; -15.587212 (Dökkurðarjökull (Snæfell))
Axlarjökull outlet glacier Snæfell No 64°47′36″N 15°35′27″W / 64.793352°N 15.590935°W / 64.793352; -15.590935 (Axlarjökull (Snæfell))
Sótajökull glacier remnant Snæfell No 64°47′36″N 15°35′27″W / 64.793352°N 15.590935°W / 64.793352; -15.590935 (Sótajökull (Snæfell))
Dimmagilsjökull outlet glacier Snæfell No 64°47′34″N 15°33′19″W / 64.792775°N 15.555374°W / 64.792775; -15.555374 (Dimmagilsjökull (Snæfell))
Lambadalsskarðsfönn glacier remnant No 65°55′09″N 23°07′59″W / 65.919283°N 23.132946°W / 65.919283; -23.132946 (Lambadalsskarðsfönn)
Móafellsjökull glacier remnant No 65°52′53″N 18°57′10″W / 65.881283°N 18.952700°W / 65.881283; -18.952700 (Móafellsjökull)
Unadalsjökull glacier remnant No 65°51′22″N 18°58′16″W / 65.856049°N 18.971008°W / 65.856049; -18.971008 (Unadalsjökull)
Deildardalsjökull glacier remnant No 65°49′37″N 18°59′58″W / 65.827027°N 18.999510°W / 65.827027; -18.999510 (Deildardalsjökull)
Búrfellsjökull glacier Yes 65°49′13″N 18°42′30″W / 65.820171°N 18.708362°W / 65.820171; -18.708362 (Búrfellsjökull)
Teigardalsjökull glacier Yes 65°49′19″N 18°40′48″W / 65.821953°N 18.680073°W / 65.821953; -18.680073 (Teigardalsjökull)
Hálsjökull glacier No 65°51′59″N 18°28′10″W / 65.866504°N 18.469381°W / 65.866504; -18.469381 (Hálsjökull)
Vatnsdalsjökull glacier remnant No 65°31′32″N 18°40′06″W / 65.525441°N 18.668367°W / 65.525441; -18.668367 (Vatnsdalsjökull)
Þverárjökull glacier remnant No 65°46′05″N 18°46′42″W / 65.768101°N 18.778406°W / 65.768101; -18.778406 (Þverárjökull)
Tungnahryggsjökull glacier remnant No 65°40′54″N 18°50′31″W / 65.681756°N 18.841809°W / 65.681756; -18.841809 (Tungnahryggsjökull)
Gljúfurárjökull glacier No 65°42′44″N 18°39′34″W / 65.712173°N 18.659577°W / 65.712173; -18.659577 (Gljúfurárjökull)
Barkárdalsjökull glacier No 65°39′18″N 18°50′10″W / 65.655128°N 18.836164°W / 65.655128; -18.836164 (Barkárdalsjökull)
Myrkárjökull glacier No 65°37′12″N 18°49′46″W / 65.620002°N 18.829313°W / 65.620002; -18.829313 (Myrkárjökull)
Hjaltadalsjökull glacier No 65°34′28″N 18°53′36″W / 65.574454°N 18.893428°W / 65.574454; -18.893428 (Hjaltadalsjökull)
Vindheimajökull glacier remnant No 65°39′08″N 18°17′57″W / 65.652206°N 18.299226°W / 65.652206; -18.299226 (Vindheimajökull)
Fossárjökull glacier No 65°39′13″N 18°17′33″W / 65.653556°N 18.292536°W / 65.653556; -18.292536 (Fossárjökull)
Húsárjökull glacier No 65°38′35″N 18°19′18″W / 65.643171°N 18.321543°W / 65.643171; -18.321543 (Húsárjökull)
Bægisárjökull glacier Yes 65°35′03″N 18°22′26″W / 65.584207°N 18.373948°W / 65.584207; -18.373948 (Bægisárjökull)
Lambárdalsjökull glacier No 65°33′56″N 18°15′07″W / 65.565624°N 18.252002°W / 65.565624; -18.252002 (Lambárdalsjökull)
Glerárdalsjökull glacier remnant No 65°33′09″N 18°21′30″W / 65.552503°N 18.358396°W / 65.552503; -18.358396 (Glerárdalsjökull)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "BBC World Service - The Documentary Podcast, Iceland: The great thaw". BBC. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-04.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Björnsson, H.; Pálsson, F. (2008). "Icelandic glaciers". Jökull. 58 (1): 365–386. doi:10.33799/jokull2008.58.365.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hannesdóttir, H.; Sigurðsson, O.; Þrastarson, R.H.; Guðmundsson, S.; Belart, J.M.; Pálsson, F.; Magnusson, E.; Víkingsson, S.; Kaldal, I.; Jóhannesson, T. (2020). "A national glacier inventory and variations in glacier extent in Iceland from the Little Ice Age maximum to 2019". Jökull. 12: 1–34. doi:10.33799/jokull2020.70.001.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Cogley, J. G.; Hock, R.; Rasmussen, L. A.; Arendt, A. A.; Bauder, A.; Braithwaite, R. J.; Jansson, P.; Kaser, G.; Möller, M.; Nicholson, L.; Zemp, M. (2011). Glossary of Glacier Mass Balance and Related Terms. Paris: UNESCO-IHP, IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 86, IACS Contribution No. 2. pp. 1–115. Retrieved 23 May 2024.: 45 
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Baldursson, Snorri; Guðnason, Jónas; Hannesdóttir, Hrafnhildur; Þórðarson, Þorvaldur (2018). Nomination of Vatnajökull National Park dynamic nature of fire and ice for inclusion in the World Heritage List. Reykjavík: Vatnajökull National Park. ISBN 978-9935-9343-3-8.
  6. ^ "Okjökull glacier loses its glacier title due to its declining size". Iceland Magazine. 22 September 2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  7. ^ ""Jökullinn" Ok er ekki lengur jökull" ["Glacier" Ok is no longer a glacier]. www.ruv.is. RÚV. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b "Áhrif loftlagsbreytinga á stærð og afrennsli Langjökuls, Hofsjökuls og suður Vatnajökuls" [The impact of climate change on the size and drainage of Langjökull, Hofsjökull and south of Vatnajökull] (PDF). Raunvis.hi.is. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-08.
  9. ^ "Temporal Variability of Ice Flow on Hofsjokull, Iceland, Observed by ERS SAR Interferometry" (PDF). Earth.esa.int. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
  10. ^ "SP-572 - 2004 Envisat & ERS Symposium" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-04-03.[dead link]
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Miodońska, Alicja. Assessing evolution of ice caps in Suðurland, Iceland, in years 1986 - 2014, using multispectral satellite imagery: Masters Thesis (Thesis). Lund, Sweden: Lund University. pp. 1–110.: 20 
  12. ^ Miodońska, Alicja. Assessing evolution of ice caps in Suðurland, Iceland, in years 1986 - 2014, using multispectral satellite imagery:Masters Thesis (Thesis). Lund, Sweden: Lund University. pp. 1–110.: 72 
  13. ^ Sigurðsson, Oddur; Williams, Richard S. (2008). "Geographic Names of Iceland's Glaciers:Historic and Modern". In Richard S. Williams Jr.; Jane G. Ferrigno (eds.). Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World series (U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-D (PDF). Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  14. ^ "National Land Survey of Iceland-Mapviewer (Kortasja-Landmælingar Íslands)". Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Pope, A.; Willis, I.C.; Palsson, F.; Arnold, N.S.; Rees, W.G.; Björnsson, H.; Grey, L. (2016). "Elevation change, mass balance, dynamics and surging of Langjökull, Iceland from 1997 to 2007". Journal of Glaciology. 62 (233): 497–511. Bibcode:2016JGlac..62..497P. doi:10.1017/jog.2016.55.: 503 
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