Bothrops Jararacussu
| Bothrops Jararacussu | |
|---|---|
| |
Научная классификация 
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| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Животное |
| Филум: | Chordata |
| Сорт: | Рептилия |
| Заказ: | Шкалы |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Viperidae |
| Genus: | Bothrops |
| Species: | B. jararacussu
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| Binomial name | |
| Bothrops jararacussu | |
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| Synonyms[2] | |
Bothrops Jararacussu , широко известный на английском языке как Jararacussu , является очень ядовитым Viper, видом эндемичными для Южной Америки . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Это одна из самых страшных змей в Южной Америке и может вырасти до 2,2 метра (7,2 фута). [ 3 ]
Описание и поведение
[ редактировать ]Jararacussu - это довольно большая гадюка для ямы; Выросший до 2,2 метра, с крепким телом и головой и очень агрессивным поведением. Цвет тела и головы широко варьируется, цвет фона может быть коричневым или желтым почти черным, рисунок темных и световых чешуек составлен в серии темных арков, пятна образуются на дорсальной средней линии, которые выглядят как буква х Он имеет глаза среднего размера, с эллиптическими учениками по вертикали. С дорсальными масштабами сильно килевые. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
У них большие клыки с 2,5 см, и они могут вводить много яда. Они обычно питаются амфибиями и грызунами. [ 6 ] Они ововивипарусны , рожая от 16 до 20 молодых, в сезон дождей. В основном суточные и ночные, они обычно разогреваются на утреннем солнце и выходят на охоту ночью. [7]
Geographic range
[edit]It is found in South America in coastal Brazil (from Bahia to Santa Catarina), Paraguay, southeastern Bolivia, and northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province).[2] They can be found in the atlantic forest and semi-deciduous forest.[6] They also live in perennial forests, pine forests in Paraná in low swampy regions and along river banks.[4]
Common names
[edit]In Brazil, Bothrops jararacussu is known by many common names, among which are the following: jararacuçu, jararacuçu-verdadeiro, patrona, surucucu, surucucu-dourada, surucucu-tapete, urutu-dourado, and urutu-estrela.[8] Elsewhere in South America it is called Yarara-cussu, Yarara dorada, Yarara guasu, Yarara guazu, Painted Yope and Yoperojobobo.[5]
Venom
[edit]Like all other species in the genus Bothrops, the jararacussu has rather potent venom, potent enough to kill sixteen people. The venom contains cytotoxins, hemotoxins and myotoxins, one study with 29 bites of jararacussu in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, found. Severe signs of local and systemic envenoming such as necrosis, shock, spontaneous systemic hemorrhage and renal failure were observed in patients bitten by specimens over 50 cm. Smaller specimens were more likely to cause blood incoagulability. Fourteen patients developed coagulopathy, six had necrosis (causing amputation of one) and five had abscess. Two were in shock, while four developed kidney failure. Three patients aged 3, 11 and 65 years died due to respiratory and circulatory failure, even with large doses of specific anti-venom management in an intensive care unit. The autopsy of two patients showed acute tubular necrosis, cerebral edema, hemorrhagic rhabdomyolysis at the site of the bite and disseminated intravascular coagulation. One survivor had chronic renal failure, whose autopsy showed bilateral cortical necrosis.[9]
Cerebral hemorrhage and kidney failure have already been reported, in a man bitten by a young jararacussu.[10] The LD50 value is 0.14 mg/kg (intravenous injection), 4.92 mg/kg (subcutaneous injection) and 2.73 mg/kg (intraperitoneal injection), while the venom yield is 1000 mg, enough to kill 10,163 rats.[11] Two myotoxins with PLA2 structure, BthTX-I and BthTX-II were isolated from the venom of B. jararacussu, BthTX-I induces various effects such as edema, degranulation of mast cells, irreversible blocking of muscle contraction, rupture of liposomes, and cytotoxicity on muscle cells and endothelial, while BthTX-II induces edema and leukocyte migration.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Scott, N.; Pelegrin, N.; Montero, R.; Kacoliris, F.; Carreira, S.; Cacciali, P.; Giraudo, A. (2019). "Bothrops jararacussu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T178720A55929242. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T178720A55929242.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Bothrops jararacussu at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 28 April 2020.
- ^ Milani Júnior, R; Jorge, MT; de Campos, FP; Martins, FP; Bousso, A; Cardoso, JL; Ribeiro, LA; Fan, HW; França, FO; Sano-Martins, IS; Cardoso, D; Ide Fernandez, C; Fernandes, JC; Aldred, VL; Sandoval, MP; Puorto, G; Theakston, RD & Warrell, DA (May 1997). "Snake bites by the jararacuçu (Bothrops jararacussu): clinicopathological studies of 29 proven cases in São Paulo State, Brazil". QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 90 (5): 323–334. doi:10.1093/qjmed/90.5.323. PMID 9205667.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Living Hazards Database (LHD) – Search by Scientific Name" (PDF). Acq.osd.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "WCH Clinical Toxinology Resources". Toxinology.com. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Jararacuçu (Bothrops jararacussu)". FAUNA DIGITAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-16.
- ^ "Jararaca-do-Pampa (Bothrops pubescens)". FAUNA DIGITAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-16.
- ^ Ferreira, A.B.H. 1986. Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa: Segunda Edição. Nova Fronteira. Rio de Janeiro. p. 984.
- ^ Milani Júnior, R.; Jorge, M. T.; de Campos, F. P.; Martins, F. P.; Bousso, A.; Cardoso, J. L.; Ribeiro, L. A.; Fan, H. W.; França, F. O.; Sano-Martins, I. S.; Cardoso, D. (May 1997). "Snake bites by the jararacuçu (Bothrops jararacussu): clinicopathological studies of 29 proven cases in São Paulo State, Brazil". QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 90 (5): 323–334. doi:10.1093/qjmed/90.5.323. ISSN 1460-2725. PMID 9205667.
- ^ Pinho, FM & Burdmann, EA (March 2001). "Fatal cerebral hemorrhage and acute renal failure after young Bothrops jararacussu snake bite". Renal Failure. 23 (2): 269–77. doi:10.1081/jdi-100103499. PMID 11417959. S2CID 8930686.
- ^ "LD50 and venom yields | snakedatabase.org". snakedatabase.org. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
- ^ Pereira, I. C.; Barbosa, A. M.; Salvador, M. J.; Soares, A. M.; Ribeiro, W.; Cogo, J. C.; Zamuner, S. R. (2009). "Anti-inflammatory activity of Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract against the inflammatory reaction induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom and isolated myotoxins BthTX-I and II". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 15 (3): 527–545. doi:10.1590/S1678-91992009000300013. ISSN 1678-9199.
Дальнейшее чтение
[ редактировать ]- LaCerda, JP 1884. Уроки яда змей в Бразилии и о методе обработки ядовитых укусов калистом перманганата . Lombaerts & C. Rio de Janeiro. 194 стр. ( Bothrops Jaracussu , стр. 8.)
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
СМИ, связанные с Bothrops Jararacussu в Wikimedia Commons
