Cosmopolitodus
| Cosmopolitodus | |
|---|---|
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| Зубная серия C. hastalis | |
Научная классификация 
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| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Животное |
| Филум: | Chordata |
| Сорт: | Хондрихти |
| Подкласс: | Elasmobranchii |
| Подразделение: | Selachimorpha |
| Заказ: | Lamniformes |
| Семья: | Lamnidae |
| Род: | † Cosmopolitodus Glikman, 1964 |
| Тип видов | |
| † Болезнь Космополитаналодуса Агассиз , 1843
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| Разновидность | |
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| Синонимы | |
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Cosmopolitodus - это вымерший род акулы скумбрии , который жил между тридцатью до миллионами лет назад во время позднего олигоцена до ранних плейстоценовых эпох . Его типовым видом является Cosmopolitodus hastalis , широко зубы Mako (другие общие названия включают вымерший гигант Мако и белая акула с широкими зубами ). В 2021 году Isurus Planus был переназначен на род и, таким образом, стал вторым видом C. Planus . [ 3 ] Тем не менее, некоторые исследователи по -прежнему рассматривают оба вида Cosmopolitodus как виды Carcharodon . [ 4 ]
Его зубы могут достигать длины до 3,5 дюймов (7,5 см) и находятся во всем мире. [ 5 ] Считается, что он является предком Великой Белой Акулы, аргумент, поддерживаемый переходными видами Carcharodon Hubbelli , [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Но по состоянию на 2021 год филогенетический анализ. для доказательства не было проведено [ 3 ]
Таксономия
[ редактировать ]Этимология
[ редактировать ]Cosmopolitodus получен из древнегреческого κοσμοπολίτης " kosmopolítēs ", что означает «гражданин мира» и ὀΔών " odṓn ", что означает «зуб». Конкретное имя Hastalis может быть получено из латинского слова Hasta, означающего «копье». Спорные виды Xiphodon вытекают из древнегреческого ξίφος « Xíphos », что означает «меч» и ὀΔών « odṓn », что означает «зуб».
Таксономическая история
[ редактировать ]
Таксономия C. hastalis , особенно статус его рода, уже давно подвергается дебатам. Первоначальное биномиальное название было впервые дано как Оксирхина Хастлис и Оксирхина Ксипходон для узких и широких изменений соответственно швейцарским натуралистом Агассизом в своем 1843 году Луи . 1838. [ 8 ] В начале и середине 20 -го века различные роды и виды других Lamniformes были бы внедрены в два таксона, поскольку род Oxyrhina начал использоваться в качестве таксона мусора . Акулы, ранее идентифицированные как вариации оксирхинских гастилис или оксирхина Xiphodon, включали в себя два вида вымерших наследственных макосов, Исурус Десори и Исурус Ретрофлекс , зубчатый мако ( Carcharomodus escheri ) и ложно-зубчатый мако ( Parotodus bendenenii ). [9] Eventually, later studies would begin to show that much of the sharks within the genus and two species are distinct from each other, discarding the genus Oxyrhina altogether and creating another issue on what new taxa the sharks should be placed in. As of now, the genus is still uncertain and debated.[8]
Shortly after the discarding of the genus Oxyrhina, a review by Holec et al. (1995) placed the species hastalis and xiphodon as a species of mako under the genus Isurus, citing the similarities between the teeth of the two and that of modern mako sharks.[9] In 2001, a study by Ward & Bonavi (2001) considered Isurus hastalis and Isurus xiphodon as conspecific and declared the latter a nomen dubium.[10] Although this conclusion is widely accepted, some scientists disagree, with a study by Whitenack and Gottfried (2010) demonstrating geometrically morphological differences between I. hastalis and I. xiphodon.[11] The scientific name Isurus hastalis is considered as the "traditional view" in the debate regarding the shark's taxonomy.[8]
Ward & Bonavi (2001) reexamined the teeth of I. hastalis and noted a strong morphological similarity between it and the extant great white shark. The study concluded that I. hastalis is a direct ancestor of the great white and is more related to it than other makos. They moved the species into the genus Cosmopolitodus, which was a move that was first proposed by Glikman (1964) but was long rejected beforehand.[10] Later discoveries supports Ward & Bonavi's conclusion of its ancestry to the great white. An analysis of a newly discovered Carcharodon hubbelli by Ehret et al. (2012) further cemented the theory of C. hastalis's ancestry to the great white, however, they also proposed that Cosmopolitodus should be moved to Carcharodon, remarking that the two genera were separated solely due to the lack of serrations in C. hastalis and the lack of lateral cusplets in C. carcharias and pointing out examples of Late Miocene C. hastalis teeth showing basal serrations.[12] Cione et al. (2012) also noted a possibility of moving all species in the genus Cosmopolitodus into the genus Carcharodon to avoid a possible paraphyly that would occur if one of them, which was traditionally identified as C. xiphodon, is a putative sister species of C. carcharias. However, the study also noted that this would only be done if the putative sister species is conspecific with C. hastalis. The study concluded that there is indeed a putative sister species of C. carcharias distinct from C. hastalis and proposed the taxon Carcharodon plicatilis for it, resolving the paraphyly issue.[13]
However, Yun argued that the tooth fossil remains of Cosmopolitodus and the great white "have been documented from the same deposits, hence the former cannot be a chronospecific ancestor of the latter." He also criticized the fact that the "Cosmopolitodus morphotype has never been tested through phylogenetic analyses," and denoted that as of 2021, the argument that the Carcharodon lineage with narrow, serrated teeth evolved from Cosmopolitodus with broad, unserrated teeth is uncertain.[3][14]
Description
[edit]
C. hastalis teeth can grow up to 8.9 cm (3.5 in) in length, suggesting a very large shark. Its body was probably very similar to that of modern great whites. It is also believed to have a cosmopolitan distribution, with C. hastalis teeth being found worldwide.[15] The species is divided into two forms based on tooth morphology, each with a unique evolutionary line. The maximum adult length is estimated between 5 and 7 m (16 and 23 ft).[16][17] Smaller individuals were about 2.6–4.5 metres (8.5–14.8 ft) long.[18]
Teeth
[edit]C. planus teeth are somewhat similar to those of other mako sharks, especially the extinct species C. hastalis and Isurus desori. Adult upper teeth are generally 2–4 cm long with an unserrated cutting edge and no lateral cusplets. True to its name, each tooth is "hooked", the point of which is shifted away from the middle axis, in the direction of the corners of the mouth. In this, the teeth of C. planus and I. desori differ from C. hastalis. I. desori teeth are much more heterodontic than C. planus and their roots are more uneven in thickness and shape, with more narrow builds and rounder lobes, somewhat making the appearance of a heart. But the crowns of the lower teeth of this species are described to be more straight and identical to the lower teeth of C. hastalis.[19][20] The hooked teeth, which probably would be efficient for gripping prey, would suggest a diet of smaller and medium-sized animals.
Broad-form
[edit]
The broad form is characterized by broad-shaped teeth often described as being identical to that of modern great whites besides the lack of serrations.[15] Fossil evidence shows that the broad-form is the direct ancestor of the genus Carcharodon, and specimens from the Pisco Formation in Peru show an evolutionary mosaic between them.[12]
This form is also commonly labeled by its species synonym xiphodon to reflect its difference from the narrow-form, although this is scientifically invalid.[21]
Narrow-form
[edit]The narrow form has more slender teeth than its broad-form counterpart, which resemble broadened Isurus oxyrhinchus teeth. Unlike the broad-form, the narrow form is believed to be the ancestor of two extinct sharks, the hooked-tooth "mako" (Cosmopolitodus/Isurus planus), and the serrated "mako" (Carcharomodus escheri)[15]
Paleobiology
[edit]Hunting behavior
[edit]
C. hastalis was a confirmed hunter of marine mammals. It most likely would have been one of the major predators in its ecosystem, preying upon small whales and other mammals. Trace fossils in the form of tooth marks on the bones of a Pliocene dolphin of the species Astadelphis gastaldii reveal that C. hastalis attacked its prey from below and behind, much like the modern great white shark does. The deepest bite marks on the dolphin's ribs indicate the shark aimed for the abdomen of its prey to inflict a fatal bite quickly and incapacitate its prey, and that when the dolphin was attacked a second time, it was bitten near the dorsal fin, suggesting that the dolphin rolled over while injured. The size of the bites indicates further that the shark responsible was estimated to be 4 m (13 ft) long.[22]
A well-preserved skeleton of a juvenile C. hastalis from Peru described in 2017 showcases that the shark also included fish in its diet. Stomach contents preserved with the fossil show this shark also fed on pilchards such as ancient sardines (genus Sardinops), suggesting bony fish featured prominently in the shark's diet while it was young.[23]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Klug, S.; Kriwet, J., "Skeletal remains of the Miocene lamniform shark, Cosmopolitodus hastalis, from Peru" (PDF), Erlanger Geologische Abhandlungen, 6: 99
- ^ Ebersole, J.A.; Ebersole, S.M.; Cicimurri, D.J. (2017). "The occurrence of early Pleistocene marine fish remains from the Gulf Coast of Mobile County, Alabama, USA". Palaeodiversity. 10 (1): 97–115. doi:10.18476/pale.v10.a6. S2CID 134476316.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Yun, C. (2021). "A tooth of the extinct lamnid shark, Cosmopolitodus planus comb. nov. (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Miocene of Pohang City, South Korea" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae. 18 (1): 9–16. doi:10.35463/j.apr.2022.01.02. S2CID 242113412.
- ^ Zevallos-Valdivia, L.; Martínez-Pérez, C.; García-Flores, V.; Chávez-Valencia, A.; Botella, H. (2023). "First record of palaeozoic vertebrates from Peru". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology. 38 (1): 95–100. doi:10.7203/sjp.25691. S2CID 256585278.
- ^ "Carcharodon hastalis Agassiz 1843 (white shark)". Fossilworks. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- ^ Crumpton, Nick (November 14, 2012). "Great whites 'not from megashark'". BBC News.
- ^ Dana J. Ehret; Bruce J. Macfadden; Douglas S. Jones; Thomas J. Devries; David A. Foster; Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi (2012). "Origin of the white shark Carcharodon (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) based on recalibration of the Upper Neogene Pisco Formation of Peru". Palaeontology. 55 (6): 1139–1153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01201.x.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "A Well Preserved Skeleton of the Fossil Shark Cosmopolitodus Hastalis from the Late Miocene of Peru, Featuring Fish Remains as Fossilized Stomach Contents". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy). 123 (1). 2017. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/8005. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Kocsis, László (February 2007). "Central Paratethyan shark fauna (Ipolytarnóc, Hungary)". Geologica Carpathica. 58: 27–40.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Additions to and a review of the Miocene Shark and Ray fauna of Malta". ResearchGate.
- ^ Whitenack †, Лиза Б.; Готфрид, Майкл Д. (2010). «Морфометрический подход к решению делимитации видов на основе зубов в ископаемых акулах Мако, Исурус (Elasmobranchii: Lamniformes)» . Журнал палеонтологии позвоночных . 30 (1): 17–25. Bibcode : 2010jvpal..30 ... 17w . doi : 10.1080/02724630903409055 . S2CID 85821523 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Эрет, Дана Дж.; Макфадден, Брюс Дж.; Джонс, Дуглас С.; Деври, Томас Дж.; Фостер, Дэвид А.; Salas-Gismondi, Родольфо (2012). «Происхождение белой акулы Carcharodon (Lammimforms: Lammidae) на основе рецирбрации верхней неогеновой писко -образования Перу » Палеонтология 55 (6): 1139–1 Bibcode : 2012Palgy..55.1139e Doi : 10.1111/ j.1475-4983.2012.01201.x S2CID 128666594
- ^ Сионон, Альберто Луис; Кабрера, Даниэль Альфредо; Барла, Мария Джулия (2012). Южная Атлантика; Geobios . 45 (2): 167–172. Bibcode : 2012goobi . doi : 10.1016/j.-geobios . HDL : 11336/139163 .
- ^ Юн, Чан-Гю (7 августа 2020 г.). «Новый пример Cosmopolitodus hastalis (Lamniformes, Lamnidae) из миоцена Южной Кореи | Zoodiversity» . Zoodiversity . 54 (5): 433–438. doi : 10.15407/Zoo2020.05.433 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в «Великие белые акулы и доисторические белые акулы» .
- ^ Патрик Л. Джамбура; Джулия Тюрцер; Faviel A. Lopez-Romero; Каталин картинки; Письменное Юрген (2019). Carcharodon изначально оригинален.
- ^ Pimiento, C.; Cantalapiedra, JL; Shimada, K.; Field, DJ; Smaers, JB (2019). «Эволюционные пути к гигантизму в акулах и лучах» (PDF) . Эволюция 73 (3): 588–599. doi : 10.1111/evo.13680 . ISSN 1558-5646 . PMID 30675721 . S2CID 59224442 .
- ^ Маккормак, Джереми; Griffiths, Michael L.; Ким, Сора Л.; Шимада, Кеншу; Карнес, Молли; Майш, Гарри; Педерзани, Сара; Бургон, Николас; Jaouen, Klervia; Беккер, Мартин А.; Юнс, Нильс (31 мая 2022 года). «Трофическое положение Otodus megalodon и великих белых акул во времени, раскрываемой цинками изотопами» . Природная связь . 13 (1): 2980. Bibcode : 2022natco..13.2980m . doi : 10.1038/s41467-022-30528-9 . ISSN 2041-1723 . PMC 9156768 . PMID 35641494 . S2CID 249235478 .
- ^ Кок, Джо (2002). Ископаемые акулы зубы мира: руководство коллекционера .
- ^ Ciampaglio, C., Ricketts, d. Миоценовое безумие: идентификатор ископаемого ископаемого и информационное руководство. Бейкерсфилд, Калифорния. Музей естественной истории Buena Vista.
- ^ «Отличная белая линия» . Elasmo.com . Получено 20 апреля 2022 года .
- ^ «Челюсти - 4 миллиона до нашей эры: как вымершая акула напала на ее добычу» .
- ^ Collacta, Альберто; Ландини, Уолтер; Будиэль Чакальтана, Сезар Аугусто; Вальдивия Вера, Вальдир; Альтамирано Сьерра, Али Дж.; Шмитт Урбин, Марио; Bianucci, Джованни (март 2017 г.). «Хорошо сохранившийся скелет ископаемой акулы Cosmopolitodus hastalis из позднего микена Перу, в котором рыб остается окаменелым содержанием желудка » . Институциональный репозиторий Ingemet .