Кермаак Макандс

Кермаак Макандс
Имя Кермака, как это появляется на фолио 121V из AM 45 Fol ( Codex Frisianus ): « Kiarnakr Son Makamals ».

Кермак Макмагхан ( Fl. 1262–1264) был шотландским дворянином тринадцатого века. В 1262 году он утверждает, что он помог Уильяму I, графу Росса в особенно жестокой атаке в Гебридах . Само нападение зарегистрировано скандинавской сагой тринадцатого века и, вероятно, проводилось от имени Александра III, короля Шотландии , который хотел включить острова в шотландское царство . В следующем году Хакон Хейконарсон, король Норвегии, начал экспедицию на острова, чтобы завершить норвежские власти. Кампания последнего оказалась полной неудачей, и после его отъезда и смерти в том же году шотландцы заставили представить ведущих магнатов острова. В 1264 году Кермак зарегистрирован, получивший компенсацию за оказанные услуги. Родословная пятнадцатого века, касающаяся клана Мэтисона ( Clann Mhic Mhathain ), кажется, указывает на то, что Kermac идентичен определенному монотичке Mac Mathghamhna, предку клана . Последний может или не может быть предком клана Маккензи ( Знает знание .

Шотландский вассал

Locations relating to Kermac's life and times.

В середине тринадцатого века Александр II, король шотландцев и его сын и преемник Александр III, король шотландцев , предприняли несколько попыток включить Гебридов в шотландское царство . Forming a part of the Kingdom of the Isles, these islands were a component of the far-flung Norwegian commonwealth. The independence of the Islesmen, and the lurking threat of their nominal overlord, the formidable Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, constituted a constant source of concern for the Scottish Crown.

Seal of Alexander III depicting the armament of a contemporary mounted knight.

In 1261, Alexander III sent an embassy to Norway attempting to negotiate the purchase of the Isles from the Norwegian Crown. When mediation came to nought, Alexander III evidently orchestrated an invasion into the Isles as means to openly challenge his Norwegian counterpart's authority. Specifically, the thirteenth-century Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar indicates that Kermac aided William I, Earl of Ross during this action, and states that the two led a force of Scots who burnt down a town and churches on Skye. The invaders are described to have killed many men and women in their attack, and to have viciously impaled little children upon their spears. It is possible that the remarkable savagery attributed to the Scots may have been intended to terrorise the Islesmen into submission. The island itself appears to have formed part of the kingdom controlled by Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles. The earl's followers in this enterprise were likely drawn from his vast provincial lordship.

Nineteenth-century stained glass window commemorating the Battle of Largs.

Thus provoked, Hákon assembled an enormous fleet to reassert Norwegian sovereignty along the north and west coasts of Scotland. In July 1263, this fleet disembarked from Norway, and by mid August, Hákon reaffirmed his overlordship in Shetland and Orkney, forced the submission of Caithness, and arrived in the Hebrides. Having rendezvoused with his vassals in the region, Hákon secured several castles, oversaw raids into the surrounding mainland. Unfortunately for the Norwegian king, stormy weather drove some of his ships ashore on the Ayrshire coast. A series of inconclusive skirmishes upon the shore near Largs, together with ever-worsening weather, discouraged the Norwegians and convinced them to turn for home. After redistributing portions of the region to certain faithful supporters, Hákon led his forces from the Hebrides and reached the Northern Isles, where he fell ill and died that December.

Alexander III of Scotland Rescued from the Fury of a Stag by the Intrepidity of Colin Fitzgerald, an eighteenth-century depiction of an unhistorical Mackenzie ancestor purported to have lived during Kermac's floruit.

Although Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar declares that the Norwegian campaign was a triumph, in reality it was an utter failure. Hákon had failed to break Scottish power; and the following year, Alexander III seized the initiative, and oversaw a series of invasions into the Isles and northern Scotland. According to the thirteenth-century Gesta Annalia I, one such expedition was undertaken by Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan, William, Earl of Mar, and Alan Hostarius. Heavy fines were extracted from the northern reaches of the Scottish realm. Two hundred head of cattle were extracted from the Caithnessmen, and one hundred eighty head of cattle from the Earl of Ross himself. The severity of this latter fine could be evidence that the earl's actions during the Scoto-Norwegian conflict were deemed unacceptable by the Scottish Crown. In fact, the aforesaid Alexander Comyn and Alan are known to have extracted twenty head of cattle from William's earldom and granted this sum to Kermac as compensation for services rendered.

In 1266, almost three years after Hákon's abortive campaign, terms of peace were finally agreed upon between the Scottish and Norwegian Crowns. Specifically, with the conclusion of the Treaty of Perth in July, Hákon's son and successor, Magnús Hákonarson, King of Norway, formally resigned all rights to Mann and the islands on the western coast of Scotland. In so doing, the territorial dispute over Scotland's western maritime region was settled at last.

Ancestral figure

According to tradition, Eilean Donan Castle was constructed by a chieftain from Kintail, a man who could be identical to Kermac. The present structure dates to the early twentieth century, and serves as an example of modern romanticism rather than a mediaeval fortress.

Kermac appears to be identical to Coinneach mac Mathghamhna, a figure who appears in the pedigree of Clan Matheson (Clann Mhic Mhathain) preserved within the fifteenth-century MS 1467. If correct, Kermac would be the clan's eponymous ancestor, and the record of 1264 would be the earliest recorded instance of the Gaelic surname borne by the clan. Another clan covered within MS 1467 is the neighbouring Clan Mackenzie (Clann Choinnich). Although this Mackenzie genealogy can be interpreted as evidence of a line of descent from Coinneach as well, an alternative interpretation of this source is that it is evidence that the clans share an earlier common ancestor.

According to tradition that seems to refer to Coinneach, a young chieftain from Kintail—a man related to the Mathesons—spent time on the Continent in the service of the King of France. After having travelled to distant lands on a ship provided by the king, this chieftain is said to have returned home to Scotland a prosperous and accomplished man, and was later commissioned by Alexander II, King of Scotland to construct Eilean Donan Castle. According to the mediaeval chronicler Matthew Paris, Hugh de Châtillon, Count of Saint-Pol commissioned the construction of a great ship at Inverness in preparation for the Seventh Crusade. Although it is unknown whether Kermac was indeed a sea-going participant in this crusade led by Louis IX, King of France, some Scottish noblemen certainly did accompany the king on the campaign.

References

Primary sources

• "AM 45 Fol". Handrit.is. n.d. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
• Anderson, AO, ed. (1922). Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286. Vol. 2. London: Oliver and Boyd.
• Black, R; Black, M (n.d.a). "Kindred 11 MacKenzie". 1467 Manuscript. Retrieved 2 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
• Black, R; Black, M (n.d.b). "Kindred 12 Matheson". 1467 Manuscript. Retrieved 11 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
• Carpenter, D (2013). "Scottish Royal Government in the Thirteenth Century From an English Perspective". In Hammond, M (ed.). New Perspectives on Medieval Scotland, 1093–1286. Studies in Celtic History. The Boydell Press. pp. 117–160. ISBN 978-1-84383-853-1. ISSN 0261-9865.
• Dasent, GW, ed. (1894). Icelandic Sagas and Other Historical Documents Relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen on the British Isles. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 4. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
• Flateyjarbok: En Samling af Norske Konge-Sagaer med Indskudte Mindre Fortællinger om Begivenheder i og Udenfor Norse Same Annaler. Vol. 3. Oslo: P.T. Mallings Forlagsboghandel. 1868. OL 23388689M.
• Fraser-Mackintosh, C (1875). Invernessiana: Contributions Toward a History of the Town & Parish of Inverness. Inverness: Messrs Forsyth.
• Giles, JA, ed. (1853). Matthew Paris's English History. Bohn's Antiquarian Library. Vol. 2. London: Henry G. Bohn.
• Luard, HR, ed. (1880). Matthæi Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora. Vol. 5. London: Longman & Co.
• Macbain, A; Kennedy, J, eds. (1894). Reliquiæ Celticæ: Texts, Papers and Studies in Gaelic Literature and Philology, Left by the Late Rev. Alexander Cameron, LL.D. Vol. 2. Inverness: The Northern Counties Newspaper and Printing and Publishing Company. OL 24821349M.
• Macrae, A (1910). History of the Clan Macrae With Genealogies. Dingwall: George Souter. OL 23304367M.
• Skene, WF, ed. (1871). Johannis de Fordun Chronica Gentis Scotorum. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. OL 24871486M.
• Skene, WF, ed. (1872). John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. OL 24871442M.
• Skene, WF (1890). Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: David Douglas.
• Thomson, T, ed. (1836), The Accounts of the Great Chamberlains of Scotland, vol. 1, Edinburgh
• Unger, CR, ed. (1871). Codex Frisianus: En Samling Af Norske Konge-Sagaer. Norske historiske kildeskriftfonds skrifter ;9. Oslo: P.T. Mallings Forlagsboghandel. hdl:2027/hvd.32044084740760.
• Vigfusson, G, ed. (1887). Icelandic Sagas and Other Historical Documents Relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen on the British Isles. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 2. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

Secondary sources

• "Alexander III of Scotland Rescued from the Fury of a Stag by the Intrepidity of Colin Fitzgerald ('The Death of the Stag')". National Galleries of Scotland. n.d. Retrieved 11 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
• Alexander, D; Neighbour, T; Oram, R (2002). "Glorious Victory? The Battle of Largs, 2 October 1263". History Scotland. 2 (2): 17–22.
• Archaeological Survey: Eilean Donan Castles, Ross-shire (PDF). Field Archaeology Specialists. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
• Barrow, GWS (2006). "Skye From Somerled to A.D. 1500" (PDF). In Kruse, A; Ross, A (eds.). Barra and Skye: Two Hebridean Perspectives. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 140–154. ISBN 0-9535226-3-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
• Beuermann, I (2010). "'Norgesveldet?' South of Cape Wrath? Political Views Facts, and Questions". In Imsen, S (ed.). The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World c. 1100–c. 1400. Trondheim Studies in History. Trondheim: Tapir Academic Press. pp. 99–123. ISBN 978-82-519-2563-1.
• Black, GF (1971) [1946]. The Surnames of Scotland: Their Origin, Meaning, and History. New York: The New York Public Library. ISBN 0-87104-172-3. OL 8346130M.
• Brown, M (2004). The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1237-8.
• Caldwell, DH (1998). Scotland's Wars and Warriors: Winning Against the Odds. Discovering Historic Scotland. Edinburgh: The Stationery Office. ISBN 0-11-495786-X.
• Cochran-Yu, DK (2015). A Keystone of Contention: The Earldom of Ross, 1215–1517 (PhD thesis). University of Glasgow.
• Cowan, EJ (1990). "Norwegian Sunset — Scottish Dawn: Hakon IV and Alexander III". In Reid, NH (ed.). Scotland in the Reign of Alexander III, 1249–1286. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers. pp. 103–131. ISBN 0-85976-218-1.
• Crawford, BE (2004) [1985]. "The Earldom of Caithness and Kingdom of Scotland, 1150–1266". In Stringer, KJ (ed.). Essays on the Nobility of Medieval Scotland. Edinburgh: John Donald. pp. 25–43. ISBN 1-904607-45-4. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
• Crawford, BE (2013). The Northern Earldoms: Orkney and Caithness From 870 to 1470. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited. ISBN 978-0-85790-618-2.
• Crawford or Hall, BE (1971). The Earls of Orkney-Caithness and Their Relations With Norway and Scotland, 1158–1470 (PhD thesis). University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/2723.
• Duncan, AAM (1996) [1975]. Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom. The Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Mercat Press. ISBN 0-901824-83-6.
• Duncan, AAM; Brown, AL (1956–1957). "Argyll and the Isles in the Earlier Middle Ages" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 90: 192–220. doi:10.9750/PSAS.090.192.220. eISSN 2056-743X. ISSN 0081-1564. S2CID 189977430.
• Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
• Grant, A (2000). "The Province of Ross and the Kingdom of Alba". In Cowan, EJ; McDonald, RA (eds.). Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 88–126. ISBN 1-86232-151-5.
• Jordan, WC (1979). Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study of Rulership. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• MacCoinnich, A (2003). "'Kingis rabellis' to 'Cuidich 'n' Rìgh'? Clann Choinnich: The Emergence of a kindred, c.1475–c.1514". In Boardman, S; Ross, A (eds.). The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland, 1200–1500. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 175–200. ISBN 1851827498.
• MacGregor, M (2002). "The Genealogical Histories of Gaelic Scotland". In Fox, A; Woolf, D (eds.). The Spoken Word: Oral Culture in Britain, 1500–1850. Politics, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 196–239. ISBN 0-7190-5746-9.
• Macleod, A (2013) [2012]. From An Antique Land: Visual Representations of the Highlands and Islands, 1700-1880. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-907909-07-8.
• Macquarrie, A (2001). "Crusades". In Lynch, M (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford Companions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 0-19-211696-7.
• Macquarrie, AD (1982). The Impact of the Crusading Movement in Scotland, 1095–c.1560 (PhD thesis). Vol. 1. University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/6849.
• Matheson, W (1950). "Traditions of the MacKenzies". Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness. 39–40: 193–228.
• McDonald, RA (1997). The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100–c. 1336. Scottish Historical Monographs. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-898410-85-0.
• McDonald, RA (2003a). "Old and New in the Far North: Ferchar Maccintsacairt and the Early Earls of Ross, c.1200–1274". In Boardman, S; Ross, A (eds.). The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland, 1200–1500. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 23–45.
• McDonald, RA (2003b). Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 9781862322363.
• McKichan, F (2014). "Lord Seaforth (1754–1815): The Lifestyle of a Highland Proprietor and Clan Chief". Northern Scotland. 5 (1): 50–74. doi:10.3366/nor.2014.0073. eISSN 2042-2717. ISSN 0306-5278.
• Hanks, P, ed. (2006) [2003]. "Matheson". Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195081374. Retrieved 11 March 2016 – via Oxford Reference.
• Miket, R; Робертс, Д.Л. (2007). Средневековые замки Скай и Лохалша . Эдинбург: Бирлинн.
• Мунро, R; Munro, J (2008). «Семья Росс (пер. C.1215 - C.1415)» . Оксфордский словарь национальной биографии (октябрь 2008 г. изд.). Издательство Оксфордского университета. doi : 10.1093/ref: ODNB/54308 . ISBN  978-0-19-861411-1 Полем Получено 5 июля 2011 года . ( Требуется членство в публичной библиотеке в Великобритании .)
• Oram, RD (2011) [2001]. Короли и королевы Шотландии . Порт Бримскома: История пресса . ISBN  978-0-7524-7099-3 .
• Рейд, NH (2011). «Александр III (1241–1286)» . Оксфордский словарь национальной биографии (май 2011 г. изд.). Издательство Оксфордского университета. doi : 10.1093/ref: ODNB/323 . Получено 5 июля 2011 года . ( Требуется членство в публичной библиотеке в Великобритании .)
• Селлар, D (1981). «Highland Family Origins: родословная и родословная подделка». В Maclean, L (ed.). Средневековья в высокогорье . Полевой клуб Инвернесса. С. 103–116.
• Селлар, WDH (1997–1998). «Передняя родословная пересмотрена». Труды гэльского общества Инвернесса . 60 : 233–258.
• Wærdahl, RB (2011). Crozier, A (ed.). Включение и интеграция притоков короля в норвежское царство, c. 1195–1397 . Северный мир: Северная Европа и Балтика c. 400–1700 г. н.э. Народы, экономика и культуры. Лейден: Брилл . ISBN  978-90-04-20613-7 Полем ISSN   1569-1462 .