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Робоски резня

(Перенаправлено с резней Uludere )

Roboski Pearl
Часть конфликта курда
Похоронная процессия жертв
Тип Воздушная атака
Расположение
Улудере , провинция Ширнак , Турция
Цель PKK
Курдские контрабандисты [ 1 ]
Дата 28 декабря 2011 г. ( 2011-12-28 )
9:37 вечера ( UTC+02: 00 )
Выполнено F-16 Turkish Air Force Fightc
Casualties34[2] killed

Инцидент с Робоски ( курдский : резня Робоски ), также известный как авиаудация Улудере , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] состоялся 28 декабря 2011 года в Ортасу, Улудере, недалеко от границы с Ираком-Турция , когда турецкие ВВС бомбили группу курдских гражданских лиц, которые участвовали в контрабанде бензина и сигарет, убив 34. [ 5 ] [ 2 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Согласно заявлению турецких ВВС, группа была принята за членов Курдистанской рабочей партии (РПК). [ 5 ]

Инцидент

[ редактировать ]

Группа из 40 курдских жителей деревни переехала в ночь на 28 декабря 2011 года с иракской территории к турецкой границе. Они были в основном подростками из семьи Энкю Ортасу в районе Улудере в провинции Ширнак , Турция. [ 6 ] Согласно турецкой информации, они контрабанды сигареты , дизельное масло и другие товары, упакованные на мулов , в Турцию. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ]

Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) received information about activities in the region on the night of December 28, which was supplied by United States intelligence services[13] based on a U.S. drone footage.[14] The TAF reviewed the footage from the unmanned aerial vehicles flying over the terrain and evaluated the smugglers as a group of militants of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Pentagon officials were quoted as saying that American drones initially spotted the group, but after alerting the Turks their offer to conduct more detailed surveillance was declined, and "Turkish officers instead directed the Americans who were remotely piloting the drone to fly it somewhere else."[15] Two F-16 Fighting Falcons of the Turkish Air Force bombed the area.[11][16]

The next morning, relatives searched for the missing people, and found the bodies of the victims. 34 people belonging to the group were killed during and shortly after the airstrike.[2] Two smugglers escaped to Iraq. Only one survivor, Servet Encü, returned to his village. 28 of the dead were from the Encü family.[12] The bodies, some of them burnt beyond recognition or dismembered, were transported to their hometown on mules due to the rough terrain.[10]

Servet Encü stated that generations of people in his village and neighboring settlements had been in the smuggling business due to financial need. He added that Iraqi traders brought diesel oil or tea by vehicles to within 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) of the border, and the villagers bought the goods and brought them home on trails, which took about two and a half hours. He said that the smuggling action had been well known to the border security forces.[10]

Funeral

[edit]

The funeral of the victims, following an autopsy performed at the Uludere hospital, took place at a newly established cemetery between the villages Ortasu and Gülyazı. The funeral convoy, formed by about 1,000 vehicles and attended by a crowd of about 10,000 people, covered the distance of 20 km (12 mi) between the district center and the cemetery in one hour.[10][12][16]

Protests

[edit]
A banner during the Gezi Park protests demanding prosecution for perpetrators of the airstrike in Uludere, bottom right

Major protests followed in Turkey's predominantly Kurdish cities.[17] In Diyarbakır, protests turned violent with police using batons and tear gas against protesters who threw stones and Molotov cocktails at police.[18] Protests were also held in Ankara[19] and Istanbul, where over 1,000 protesters gathered in Taksim Square; they threw stones at police and smashed vehicles before police dispersed the crowds with tear gas and water cannons.[20]

District governor Naif Yavuz, who was at the autopsy and the funeral service, later paid a condolence visit to the houses of the relatives of the victims. Shortly after his visit, he was attacked by a mob, which attempted to lynch him. He escaped the attack with the help of his security guards, and was hospitalized for his injuries. The attack was made by people from outside the village.[21]

In Nicosia, around 300 Kurdish Cypriots marched on the Turkish embassy in Northern Cyprus, where Murat Kanatlı, head of the left-wing New Cyprus Party, spoke to the crowd and accused Turkey of escalating tensions in the country's southeast. The demonstration ended peacefully.[22]

In Tehran, a group of Iranian Kurds demonstrated in front of the Turkish embassy.[citation needed]

In Erbil, Iraq, the killings were protested by some 500 Iraqi Kurds, some of whom clashed with Iraqi Kurdistan security forces; no casualties were reported. Some protesters carried pictures of PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan and chanted "fight, fight for freedom" and "Erdogan is a terrorist". At the protest, Kurdish activist Ali Mahmoud told the press that "The crime ... is a real genocide, a war crime and a crime against humanity, and breaches international laws, we demand that Turkey be judged in the international courts."[23]

Responses

[edit]

Bahoz Erdal, the leader of the PKK's military wing, called for a Kurdish uprising in response to the incident: "We urge the people of Kurdistan... to react after this massacre and seek a settling of accounts through uprisings." Meanwhile, Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) leader Selahattin Demirtaş released a statement claiming that "It’s clearly a massacre of civilians, of whom the oldest is 20," but he called for Kurds to respond through democratic means.[24] He also quoted Erdoğan on Syrian President Bashar al-Assad: "A leader who kills his own people has lost his legitimacy" and said "now I say the same thing back to him."[25][26]

Prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan made assurances that essential administrative and judicial investigations were initiated.[11] Hüseyin Çelik, the deputy chairman and spokesman of the ruling party AK Party, announced that the families of the victims would be compensated constituting a "material apology". He added that a verbal apology could follow after incident's details were uncovered.[16]

The Republican People's Party (CHP), Turkey's largest opposition party, sharply criticized what they perceived as the government's attempt to portray the incident as understandable collateral damage, with Kurdish CHP deputy Sezgin Tanrikulu saying that "If there are some who think that death of these innocents is just a natural result of the struggle against terror, it means that Turkey has already been divided on moral grounds."[27]

Graeme Wood at the New York Times blog asked if Erdoğan was a 'New Assad' dictator and oppressor.[25][26]

In a MetroPOLL public opinion survey of 1,174 Turkish people, 14.5% said the state was ultimately responsible for the deaths, 11.5% said the smugglers, 9.5% said the PKK, 5.4% said the prime minister of the government and 4.9% said it was the General Staff. When asked whether the government had fulfilled its responsibilities towards the incident, some 45% said yes, with 38.1% saying no.[28]

[edit]

On March 22, 2013, a special investigative commission at the Turkish Grand National Assembly found that there had been no deliberate intent by the officials involved. On January 7, 2014, a criminal investigation against the state officials concluded with a plea of negligence. Various charges were also pressed against the civilians and families of the deceased, some of which ended in sentences against individuals.[29]

Against officials involved

[edit]

On January 9, 2012, the commander of the Gülyazı military border post near Roboski, Gendarmerie Colonel Hüseyin Onur Güney, was suspended from duty following a military investigation. 17 active duty army staff were also prosecuted for allowing border smuggling.[30]

On January 9, 2012, a special commission to investigate the Uludere airstrike was established at the Turkish Grand National Assembly.[31] During the hearings, opposition MPs complained that the Ministry of Defence declined to answer questions and used the confidentiality order taken by the prosecutors office as an excuse.[32] On March 22, 2013, the commission submitted an 85-page report which concluded that the military operation which ended with 34 civilian casualties was without deliberate intent.[33][34] Three members of the commission from the opposition parties lodged a minute of dissent to the report, mainly criticising the lack of thorough investigation.[35][36][37]

The criminal investigation was administered by the Diyarbakır State Prosecutor's Office. Prosecutors admitted to being delayed while waiting for documents they had demanded from the office of Chief of General Staff, which were needed before they could interrogate military personnel.[38][39] Despite the limitations, prosecutors were able to confirm on August 6, 2012, that the villagers were clearly discernible from the footage of the unmanned aerial vehicle taken before the airstrike.[40] The Wall Street Journal reported that it was a U.S. drone that spotted the group on the Iraqi border.[13] On June 11, 2013, the Diyarbakır Prosecutor's Office, after investigating the case for more than 18 months, found negligence rather than deliberate intent by the military staff. They then declared a lack of jurisdiction and transferred the investigation to the military prosecutor.[41]

On January 7, 2014, military prosecutors (the General Staff Military Prosecutor's Office) decided to not press charges (nolle prosequi) against the military personnel, citing that no investigation was necessary for suspected military staff İlhan Bölük, Yıldırım Güvenç, Aygün Eker, Halil Erkek and Ali Rıza Kuğu as "they committed a major error but performed their duties within the given orders".[42][43][44]

Previously, on May 23, 2012, then Minister of Interior İdris Naim Şahin stated that the authorisation for the operation had been given at the air forces command centre in Ankara.[45] On January 7, 2014, it was reported that the Chief of General Staff, Necdet Özel, had authorised the operation approximately 90 minutes before the first strike.[46] In January 2012 the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) filed a lawsuit against the Turkish government at the International Criminal Court (ICC).[47] In December 2013 the ICC ruled it won't accept the lawsuit, since Turkey has not signed the Rome Statute.[48]

Regarding civilians and families of the deceased

[edit]

Five persons were arrested for attempting to murder Uludere district governor Naif Yavuz on 9 January 2012.[30]

On January 16, 2012, survivors Davut, Servet and Hacı Encü were tried on passport law abuse, illegal border-crossing and smuggling charges.[49]

On June 28, 2012, six months after the airstrike, NGO members and relatives of the deceased who intended to protest at the site of the deaths were subjected to police violence and were dispersed by pressurised water cannons.[50] On 25 December 2012, four days before the anniversary of the airstrike, the police detained 19 individuals in and around Sirnak.[51]

Among the relatives of the deceased, Ferhat Encü, who lost 11 relatives in the airstrike, has been subject to continuous harassment by the police, reportedly being taken into custody four times on the same charge.[52] He later became a member of parliament for the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP)[53] but was dismissed and jailed for 10 months following a speech in parliament in which he condemned the Roboski airstrike.[54] Encü was prosecuted and sentenced for terrorist propaganda was released after 10 months.[55]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Türk Hava Kuvvetleri PKK Yerine Kaçakçıları Bombaladı".
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings Archived 2013-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "The Kurds and Turkey:". The Economist. June 9, 2012. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  4. ^ "US Defense: "No comment about intelligence in Roboski massacre", Turkey denies report on U.S. help". Ekurd.net. Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Beaumont, Peter (December 29, 2011). "Turkish air strikes kill dozens of smugglers near Iraq border". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b "State crime in Turkey: the Roboski Massacre". openDemocracy. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  7. ^ "Uludere'de Sağ Kurtulan Encü Anlattı". Aktif Haber (in Turkish). January 2, 2012. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  8. ^ "Questions grow over Uludere intel failure". Hürriyet Daily News. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  9. ^ "35 Tabuta Kilometrelerce Gözyaşı". Haberler (in Turkish). December 30, 2011. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Uludere'de Sağ Kurtulan Encü Anlattı". Aktif Haber (in Turkish). January 2, 2012. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Questions grow over Uludere intel failure". Hürriyet Daily News. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c "35 Tabuta Kilometrelerce Gözyaşı". Haberler (in Turkish). December 30, 2011. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Entous, Adam; Parkinson, Joe (May 16, 2012). "Turkey's Attack on Civilians Tied to U.S. Military Drone". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  14. ^ "ABD'den Uludere İtirafı". Hürriyet. May 16, 2012. Archived from the original on September 2, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  15. ^ "The Kurds and Turkey – Massacre at Uludere". The Economist. June 9, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Uludere apology may follow compensation". Hürriyet Daily News. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  17. ^ "Rudaw in English The Happening: Latest News and Multimedia about Kurdistan, Iraq and the World - Kurds Mourn Victims of Turkish Air Strike". Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  18. ^ "Kurdish Protesters Clash With Turkish Authorities Over Civilian Deaths | Middle East | English". Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  19. ^ "Demo held in Ankara over airstrike in SE - Tehran Times". Archived from the original on February 4, 2012.
  20. ^ "Kurds protest over deadly Turkey air raid - Europe - Al Jazeera English". Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  21. ^ "Uludere Kaymakamı 'linç girişimi'ni anlattı". Radikal (in Turkish). January 1, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  22. ^ "Turkish Cypriots and Kurds demonstrate - Cyprus Mail". Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  23. ^ "Turkey pledges airstrikes inquiry". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  24. ^ "Kurdish rebels call for an uprising in Turkey after dozens killed in an air strike". Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b Graeme Wood, "A Turkish Assad?" New York Times (blog), January 1, 2012.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b Carbone, Nick (December 12, 2011). "Recep Tayyip Erdogan: People's Choice for TIME's 2011 Person of the Year". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  27. ^ Арсу, Себнем (30 декабря 2011 г.). «Курды протестуют против авиаудара, убивая десятки в Турции» . New York Times . Архивировано из оригинала 31 марта 2017 года . Получено 28 февраля 2017 года .
  28. ^ «Большинство турок поддерживают образование на родном языке» . Архивировано с оригинала 27 марта 2012 года . Получено 27 марта 2012 года .
  29. ^ График: Что случилось в Робоски? Архивировал 2013-12-25 на машине Wayback .
  30. ^ Jump up to: а беременный [1] Архивировано 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback . Bianet . 9 января 2012 года.
  31. ^ [2] Архивировано 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback Bianet . 11 января 2012 года.
  32. ^ [3] Архивировано 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback Ayça не говорит. Bianet . 5 апреля 2012 года.
  33. ^ [4] Архивировано 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback Bianet . 22 марта 2013 года.
  34. ^ [5] Архивировано 2014-01-07 в The Wayback Machine Полный текст расследовательной комиссии отчета о Uludere. Получено 7 января 2014 года.
  35. ^ [6] Архивированный 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback Ertuğrul Kürkçü. Получено 7 января 2014 года.
  36. ^ [7] Архивировано 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback Atilla Kaya. Получено 7 января 2014 года.
  37. ^ [8] Архивировано 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback Levent Gök. Получено 7 января 2014 года.
  38. ^ «Военные чиновники не допрашивали» архивировали 2014-01-07 в машине Wayback , Bianet . 25 мая 2012 года.
  39. ^ [9] Архивировано 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback Bianet . 29 мая 2012 года.
  40. ^ Прокурор подтверждает, что жители деревни могут быть замечены в кадрах БПЛА, Bianet . 6 августа 2012 г. Архивировал 7 января 2014 года на машине Wayback .
  41. ^ Diyarbakır Прокурорная канцелярия ссылается на дело Улудере военному архивированию 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback . Сегодняшний Заман . 11 июня 2013 года.
  42. ^ Ayça Söylemez. года 7 2014 января . ​
  43. ^ [10] Архивировано 2014-01-07 в Antical Anadolu Agency. 7 января 2014 года.
  44. ^ Генерального военного прокурора военного прокурора Полное сканирование 15-страничного решения Nolle Prosequi со стороны 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback (на турецком). Получено 7 января 2014 года.
  45. ^ [11] Архивировано 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback Bianet . 23 мая 2012 года.
  46. ^ Начальник Генерального штаба Некдет Озель дал Робоски одобрение из своего дома! Архив 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback T24 . 7 января 2014 года.
  47. ^ «BDP подал заявку на ICC для расследования на резне Roboski - новая» . ANF ​​News . Получено 29 января 2020 года .
  48. ^ «ICC отказывается от приложения Roboski» . ANF ​​News . Получено 29 января 2020 года .
  49. ^ [12] Архивировано 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback Bianet . 16 января 2012 года.
  50. ^ [13] Архивировано 2014-01-07 на машине Wayback Bianet 28 июня 2012 года.
  51. ^ Экин Карака, полиция задержала 19 в Сирнаке, за несколько дней до архивирования годовщины резней 2014-01-07 в The Wayback Machine , Bianet . 25 декабря 2012 года.
  52. ^ Ayça Söylemez. Относительный родственник Roboski ищет компенсацию после того, как четыре задержания архивировали 2014-01-07 в The Wayback Machine , Bianet . 24 июля 2012 года.
  53. ^ (на турецком) şırnak Результаты выборов архивировали 2018-12-28 на машине Wayback Karar.com, 24 июня 2018 г.
  54. ^ Sassounian, Harut (20 ноября 2018 г.). «Курдский член турецкого парламента заключен в тюрьму после жесткой речи» . Армянский еженедельный . Получено 18 октября 2020 года .
  55. ^ ТМ. «Бывший заместитель HDP Ferhat Encü, освобожденный из тюрьмы - турецкая минута» . Получено 18 октября 2020 года .

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