Мулай Ахмед - это Раисуни
Мулай Ахмед - это Раисуни | |
|---|---|
| Мулай Ахмед Аль -Рисуни | |
 Мулай Ахмед - это Раисули | |
| General Emir of the Jebala Tribal Confederacy | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1871 Zinat |
| Died | April 1925 (aged 53–54) Prison in Tamasint (near Al Hoceima) |
Мулай Ахмед эр Райсуни (арабский: «Мулай Ахмед Аль -Рисуни», известный как Райсули для большинства английских специальных предложений, также Райсулли , Райс Ули и Рэйсуни ; 1871 [ 1 ] - апрель 1925 года [ 2 ] ) был Шарифом (потомок Исламского Пророка Мухаммеда ) и лидер племенной конфедерации Джебалы в Марокко на рубеже 20 -го века.
В то время как его считали иностранцы и марокканское правительство как бриганд, некоторые марокканцы, особенно среди Джебалы, считали его героической фигурой, борьбы с репрессивным, коррумпированным правительством, в то время как другие считали его вором. Историк Дэвид С. Вулман назвал Раисуни «комбинацией Робина Гуда , феодала барона и тиранического бандита». [ 3 ] Многие считали его «Последним из пиратов Барбари », хотя пиратство Барбари побережье закончилось серединой 19 -го века. С другой стороны, по словам Дугласа Порча , американского историка, Райсуни был частью правила, а не исключением, в том, что каждый успешный марокканский политик в то время объединил злодейство с святой. [ 4 ]
He died in April 1925 after having been captured and imprisoned by his rival Abd el Krim.
Early life
[edit]
Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni was born in the village of Zinat sometime in 1871.[citation needed] Due to his place of origin and his reportedly handsome visage, one of his other nicknames was "the Eagle of Zinat."[citation needed] He was the son of a prominent Caid, and began following in his father's footsteps. However, Raisuni eventually drifted into crime, stealing cattle and sheep and earning the ire of Moroccan authorities. He was also widely known as a womanizer.[citation needed]
By most accounts, the formative event in Raisuni's life was his arrest and imprisonment by Abd-el-Rahman Abd el-Saduk, the Pasha of Tangier, who was Raisuli's cousin and foster brother.[citation needed] The Pasha had invited Raisuni to dinner in his home in Tangier, only for his men to capture and brutalize Raisuni when he arrived. He was sent to the dungeon of Mogador and chained to a wall for four years. His friends were allowed to bring him food and he managed to survive. Raisuni was released from prison as part of a general clemency early in the reign of Sultan Abdelaziz - soon to become Raisuni's greatest enemy.[citation needed]
Outlaw and pirate
[edit]Raisuni was hardened by his imprisonment, and returned to criminality after his release. However, he became more ambitious than before, growing to resent the Sultan's fealty to the various European powers - Britain, France, Spain and Germany - jockeying for influence in Morocco.[5] With a small but devoted band of followers, Raisuni embarked on a second career: kidnapping prominent officials and holding them for ransoms.
Raisuni's first victim was Walter Burton Harris, an Englishman and correspondent for The Times who already knew Raisuni.[6] Rains demanded not money, but the release of several of Raisuni's men held in prison; Harris was released after only three weeks captivity.[7]
Many of Raisuni's other victims of this time were Moroccan military and political officials; his men only rarely kidnapped Europeans. In between kidnappings, Raisuni extorted 'tribute' from villagers in territories controlled by his followers, executing those who refused to pay. He also periodically maintained a small fleet of boats for seagoing piracy; however, he was less successful in this endeavor than in his kidnapping and extortion schemes. [citation needed]
Raisuni had a mixed reputation. He became known for his chivalry and respectful attitude towards his hostages; he pledged Ion Perdicaris that he would defend him from any harm, and was known to have befriended many of his other hostages.[8][9] He was also known as a well-educated man who enjoyed reading any book he could, and was extremely generous to his family and followers.
However, towards those who were not worthy of ransom, emissaries of the Pasha and the Sultan, or those disloyal to him, he was known for cruelty. A favorite punishment of Raisuni's was burning out an enemy's eyes with heated copper coins. On one occasion, he returned the head of an envoy to the Pasha in a basket of melons.[citation needed]
The Perdicaris incident
[edit]In 1904, Raisuni was propelled onto the international stage when he kidnapped the Greek-American expatriate Ion Perdicaris and his stepson Cromwell Varley and held them for a ransom of $70,000 ($2,370,000 in 2023).[10][11] American President Theodore Roosevelt, then running for re-election, made political capital out of the incident, sending a squadron of warships to Morocco to force Abdelaziz's compliance with Raisuni's demands, famously proclaiming "Perdicaris Alive or Raisuli Dead!"[10][12]
After a near-confrontation between the government of Morocco and troops of the United States of America, Raisuni received his ransom money and concessions; he was appointed Pasha of Tangier and Governor of Jibala province, and all of his imprisoned followers were released. However, Raisuni was ousted from the post in 1906 due to corruption and cruelty to his subjects; a year later he was again declared an outlaw by the Moroccan government.[citation needed]
Shortly after his dismissal, Raisuni kidnapped Sir Harry "Caid" Maclean, a British army officer serving as a military aide to the Sultan's army. Raisuni ransomed Maclean for £20,000 from the British government (£2,720,000 in 2023).[13]
Later years
[edit]For years, Raisuni continued to antagonize the Moroccan government, even after Abdelaziz's forced abdication.[citation needed] He briefly regained favor with the Moroccan government, by siding with Mulay Hafid's overthrow of Abdelaziz, and was restored again as Pasha of Tangier. However, at the instigation of the Spanish government, the Sultan removed Raisuni from his post in 1912.[citation needed]
In 1913, Raisuni led several Rif tribes in a bloody revolt against the Spanish, and continued a protracted guerilla war against them. His men were finally defeated by Colonel Manuel Fernández Silvestre on 3 October 1919 in the Battle of Fondak Pass, although Raisuni and most of his troops managed to slip away.[14] Silvestre was later infamous as the Spanish commander at the Battle of Annual.
During World War I, Raisuni was reportedly in contact with agents of the German government to lead a tribal rebellion against France. Responding to these rumors, French troops launched a punitive expedition into Spanish Morocco in May 1915, which dispersed Raisuni's followers but failed to capture Raisuni himself.[15] In September 1922, and after an interview with Colonel José Villalba Riquelme and permission of the High Commissioner of Spain in Morocco, Ricardo Burguete, he submitted to the Spanish authorities and subsequently joined forces with the Spanish army in the Rif War of the 1920s.[16] This agreement was heavily criticized at the time as Raisuni's forces, heavily weakened by their conflict with Abd el Krim, were seen as on the verge of defeat.[16] Raisuni was intensely jealous of Abd el Krim and his growing popularity with the Rif peoples, hoping to gain control of Western Morocco with a Spanish victory.
In January 1925, after the Spanish army retreat to the Estella Line, Abd el Krim's followers attacked Raisuni's palace, killing most of his guards and capturing Raisuni.[17][18] He was jailed in Tamasint (near Al Hoceima), where he died by the end of April 1925, having suffered from dropsy (Edema) for several years. Rumors of his survival persisted, however, as Raisuni had been erroneously reported dead in 1914 and 1923. He is still regarded as a folk hero by many in Morocco, although his reputation is mixed at best.[4]
Portrayal in popular culture
[edit]Movies
[edit]- Ветер и лев - его изобразил Шон Коннери в сильно выдуманном фильме 1975 года «Ветер» и «Лев» , который был снят в Испании американским режиссером Джоном Милиусом . Милиус в основном нарисовал в статье « Американский журнал « Наследие » Барбары В. Тучман . [ 19 ]
Книги
[ редактировать ]Было опубликовано ряд других работ о Раисуни, хотя многие сейчас не в печати.
- Полнометральная биография Расули, написанная Розитой Форбс : Султан гор: история жизни о Расули , [ 20 ] опубликовал год смерти Расули (1925).
- Французский историк - Allouche опубликовал коллекцию своей переписки с Раисуни в 1951 году. [ Цитация необходима ]
- Раисуни также представлен в мемуарах Уолтера Б. Харриса: Харрис, Уолтер Бертон (1921). Марокко, это было . В. Блэквуд и сыновья. - Общая страница: 333
- Шиан, Винсент (1926). Американец среди риффи . Century Company . - Общая страница: 345
- Вулман, Дэвид С. (1968). Повстанцы в RIF: Абд Эль Крим и восстание RIF . Издательство Стэнфордского университета . - Общая страница: 257
- История войны RIF в Кресч, Дуглас (2005). Завоевание Марокко: история . Фаррар, Страус и Жиру . ISBN 9781429998857 Полем - Общая страница: 368
Библиография
[ редактировать ]Примечания
- ^ Forbes 1924 , p. 29
- ^ Время 1925a
- ^ Woolman 1968 , p. 46
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Корч 2005 , с. 104
- ^ Пауэлл, Дж. Марк (17 декабря 2023 г.). «Обработка кризиса заложников в стиле 1904 года» . Мой журнал . Получено 22 марта 2024 года .
- ^ «Pressreader.com - подписки на цифровые журналы и газеты - Мулай Ахмед эр Райсуни» . Pressreader . 26 апреля 2018 года . Получено 22 марта 2024 года .
- ^ Фишер, Джон; Лучший, Энтони, ред. (2011). «Орел, чьи крылья нелегко забрать: Уолтер Бертон Харрис». На окраинах дипломатии: влияние на внешнюю политику Британской внешней политики, 1800-1945 . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9781409401193 .
- ^ Американский ежемесячный обзор обзоров Том 30 (4 -е изд.). Чикаго: обзор обзоров. 1904. С. 495–496.
- ^ «1904: Большая палка Тедди» . www.capitalcentury.com . Получено 2024-03-22 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Simon 2001 , с. 34–36
- ^ Звезда 1907 , с. 2
- ^ Время 1925 года
- ^ Вейр 2008 , с. 96
- ^ Эйр, Эдвард (1939). Европейская цивилизация, его происхождение и развитие, том 7 . Издательство Оксфордского университета. п. 273
- ^ The New York Times 1915 , с. 2
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Чендлер 1975 , с. 315
- ^ Рейд Саркис, Мередит; Whelon Wayman, Frank (2010). Прибегайте к войне: Руководство по данным по межгосударственным, врядным, внутригосударственным и не государственным войнам, 1816-2007 . CQ Press. с. 304 . ISBN 9780872894341 .
- ^ Чаттерджи, Рамананда (1926). Современный обзор, том 40 . Современный обзорный офис. п. 411.
- ^ Tuchman 1959 , с. 104–117
- ^ Forbes 1924
Ссылки
- Чендлер, Джеймс А. (апрель 1975 г.). «Испания и ее марокканский протекторат 1898 - 1927». Журнал современной истории . 10 (2). Sage Publications, Ltd : 301–322. doi : 10.1177/002200947501000205 . ISSN 1461-7250 . JSTOR 260149 . S2CID 159817508 .
- Форбс, Розита (1924). Султан гор: история жизни Расули . Холт - Общая страница: 351
- Харт, Дэвид М. (2001). Кабила: профили племени и отношения племени в Марокко и на границе Афганистана-Пакистана . ПРИБОРЫ Издатели. ISBN 9789055892044 Полем - Общая страница: 254
- New York Times (27 мая 1915 г.). «Райсули занят для Германии» . New York Times . Нью -Йорк. ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Получено 11 июля 2019 года .
- Кресч, Дуглас (2005). Завоевание Марокко: история . Фаррар, Страус и Жиру . ISBN 9781429998857 Полем - Общая страница: 368
- Саймон, Джеффри Д. (2001). Террористическая ловушка, второе издание: опыт Америки с терроризмом . Издательство Университета Индианы . ISBN 9780253028266 Полем - Общая страница: 496
- Звезда (19 октября 1907 г.). «Настоящий Райсуни» . Звезда (Крайстчерч) . Получено 11 июля 2019 года .
- Время (8 июня 1925 г.). «Национальные дела: неповиновение» . Время . Журнал Time . Получено 11 июля 2019 года .
- Время (17 августа 1925a). «Иностранные новости: El Riff» . Время . Журнал Time . Получено 11 июля 2019 года .
- Тухман, Барбара Вертхайм (август 1959 г.). «Perdicaris Alive или Raisuli Dead! - позже переиздано в компиляционной книге Тучмана, практикующей историю: избранные эссе (1981)» . Американское наследие . 10 (5): 104–117. ISSN 0002-8738 . Получено 11 июля 2019 года .
- Вейр, Уильям (2008). Партизанская война: нерегулярная война в двадцатом веке . Книги Stackpole . ISBN 9781461751090 Полем - Общая страница: 240
- Вулман, Дэвид С. (1968). Повстанцы в RIF: Абд Эль Крим и восстание RIF . Издательство Стэнфордского университета . - Общая страница: 257
- Дэвид Бенсаусан, когда-то был в Марокко: свидетельства из Иудео-Морокканского прошлого , изд. Du Lys, www.editionsdulys.ca, Montreal, 2010 ( ISBN 2-922505-14-6 .) Второе издание: www.iuniverse.com, Bloomington, In, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4759-2608-8 , 620p. ISBN 978-1-4759-2609-5 (электронная книга);
