Шаревотер Скополи
| Шаревотер Скополи | |
|---|---|
| |
Научная классификация 
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| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Животное |
| Филум: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Procellariiformes |
| Family: | Procellariidae |
| Genus: | Calonectris |
| Species: | C. diomedea
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| Binomial name | |
| Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli, 1769)
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Shearwater Scopoli ( Calonectris diomedea ) - это морская птица в семействе Петров Procellariidae . Он размножается на скалистых островах и на крутых побережьях в Средиземноморье, но за пределами сезона размножения в Атлантике. Это коричневато -серое вверху с более темными крыльями и в основном белым внизу. Счет бледно -желтый с темным пятном возле кончика. Пол одинаково. Раньше считалось конспецифичным с Shearwater Кори .
Таксономия
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Шаревотер Скополи был официально описан в 1769 году австрийским натуралистом Джованни Антонио Скополи . Он поместил его с другими бенреями в роду Procellaria и придумал биномиальное название Procellaria diomedea . Скополи не упомянул типовую местность , но это было обозначено в 1946 году Британским Союзом орнитологов как острова Тремити в Адриатике . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Shearwater Shearwater Скополи в настоящее время помещается в род Calonectris , который был введен в 1915 году орнитологами Грегори Мэтьюсом и Томом Иредейлом . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Название рода сочетает в себе древнегреческий калос , означающий «хорошо» или «благородный» с родом Nectris , который использовался для Shearwaters немецким натуралистом Генрихом Куль в 1820 году. Название Nectris происходит от древнегреческого Nēktris, означающего «пловца». Конкретный эпитет Diomedea относится к Diomedes , герою греческой мифологии . Его жена была последовательно неверна, когда он сражался в Трои , поэтому он ушел, чтобы основать город в Италии. После его смерти его обезумевшие друзья были превращены в белые морские птицы. [6][7] The species is considered to be monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[5]
Scopoli's shearwater and Cory's shearwater were previously considered as conspecific. They formed the Cory's shearwater complex (Calonectris diomedea). Based on the lack of hybridization and differences in mitochondrial DNA, morphology and vocalization, the complex was split into two separate species. The English name "Cory's shearwater" was transferred to Calonectris borealis while what was previously the nominate subspecies became Scopoli's shearwater (Calonectris diomedea).[5][8]
Most ornithological authorities treat Cory's shearwater and Scopoli's shearwater as separate species.[5][9][10] The Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology will join them as of their October 2025 update to The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World.[11][12]
Description
[edit]Scopoli's shearwater is 45–52 cm (18–20 in) in overall length with a wingspan of 112–122 cm (44–48 in).[13] The upperparts are brownish-grey with most feathers fringed with a lighter brown. The wings are a darker brown. The upper tail-coverts are tipped whitish and the tail is dark brown. The underparts are mostly white with a brown border which is most prominent of the trailing edge of the wing. The bill is pale yellow with a dark patch near the tip. The legs and feet are a pale flesh colour.[14] The sexes are similar in appearance but the male is on average slightly larger than the female.[15][16]
The appearance is very similar to Cory's shearwater and the two species can be difficult to distinguish. The underside of the wing of Scopoli's shearwater has more white on the primary feathers at the wingtip, in particular the outermost large feather (P10).[16][17] The Cape Verde shearwater is smaller and is significantly darker above.[14]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]
Scopoli's shearwater breeds on islands in the Mediterranean from the Chafarinas Islands off the Moroccan coast in the west to the Dodecanese near Turkey in the east. The largest colony is on the rocky island of Zembra, 13 km (8.1 mi) off the Tunisian coast. The colony contains between 141,000 and 223,000 breeding pairs which represents more than 75 percent of the global population.[18] Other large colonies are on the island of Linosa in the Strait of Sicily,[19] and on the Balearic Islands.[18]
At the end of October, after the breeding season, Scopoli's shearwaters migrate to the Atlantic and stream out of the Mediterranean through the Strait of Gibraltar.[20] They return to the Mediterranean at the end of February. Studies using light level geolocators have found that birds tagged either on the island of Linosa or on the Pantaleu islet in the Balearic Islands wintered in regions associated with major upwellings in the south east Atlantic. The birds either foraged off the coast of West Africa in the upwelling associated with the Canary Current or continued further south and foraged in the Benguela Current off the coast of Namibia.[21][22]
Food and feeding
[edit]Scopoli's shearwater mainly feeds on small fish, but it also consumes cephalopods and crustacean. It feeds by skimming over the surface or by surface feeding but only rarely plunges completely beneath the surface. Sometimes it will follows whales and tuna to pick up food scraps and to catch small fish driven to the surface. It will also scavenge discards from fishing vessels.[14][23]
References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Calonectris diomedea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T45061132A132667885. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T45061132A132667885.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ British Ornithologists' Union (1946). "Seventeenth Report of the Committee on the Nomenclature and Records of the Occurrence of Rare Birds in the British Islands, and on certain necessary Changes in the Nomenclature of the B.O.U. List of British Birds". Ibis. 88 (4): 533–534 [534]. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1946.tb03508.x.
- ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 88.
- ^ Mathews, Gregory M.; Iredale, Tom (1915). "On some petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean". Ibis. 57 (3): 572–609 [590, 592]. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1915.tb08206.x.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Petrels, albatrosses". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 86, 267, 136. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Kuhl, Heinrich (1820). Beiträge zur Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomie (in German and Latin). Frankfurt am Main: Verlag der Hermannschen Buchhandlung. p. 148.
- ^ Sangster, G.; Collinson, J.M.; Crochet, P.-A.; Knox, A.G.; Parkin, D.T.; Votier, S.C. (2012). "Taxonomic recommendations for Western Palearctic birds: eighth report". Ibis. 154 (4): 874–883. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2012.01273.x.
- ^ Dickinson, E.C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr., eds. (2013). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-9568611-0-8.
- ^ "Species Factsheet: Scopoli's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea". BirdLife International. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ eBird, Team. "Preparing for Taxonomy Time: Changes to Cory's Shearwater - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 2024-08-16.
- ^ "Clements Checklist". Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
- ^ Svensson, Lars; Mullarney, Killian; Zetterström, Dan (2009). Collins Bird Guide (2nd ed.). London: HarperCollins. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-00-726814-6.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1977). "Calonectris diomedea Cory's Shearwater". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 136–140. ISBN 978-0-19-857358-6.
- ^ Gómez-Díaz, E.; González-Solís, J.; Peinado, M.A.; Page, R.D.M. (2006). "Phylogeography of the Calonectris shearwaters using molecular and morphometric data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (2): 322–332. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.006. PMID 16814569. See Supplementary Data for morphological measurements.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Flood, Robert; Gutiérrez, Ricard (2019). "The status of Cory's Shearwater in the western Mediterranean Sea". Dutch Birding. 41: 159–165.
- ^ Flood, Robert L.; Gutiérrez, Ricard (2021). "Field separation of Cory's Calonectris borealis and Scopoli's C. diomedea Shearwaters by underwing pattern" (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 49 (2): 311–320.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Defos du Rau, P.; Bourgeois, K.; Thévenet, M.; Ruffino, L.; Dromzée, S.; Ouni, R.; Abiadh, A.; Estève, R.; Durand, J.-P.; Anselme, L.; Faggio, G.; Yahya, J.M.; Rguibi, H.; Renda, M.; Miladi, B.; Hamrouni, H.; Alilech, S.; Nefla, A.; Jaouadi, W.; Agrebi, S.; Renou, S. (2015). "Reassessment of the size of the Scopoli's Shearwater population at its main breeding site resulted in a tenfold increase: implications for the species conservation". Journal of Ornithology. 156 (4): 877–892. doi:10.1007/s10336-015-1187-4.
- ^ Baccetti, N.; Capizzi, D.; Corbi, F.; Massa, B.; Nissardi, S.; Spano, G.; Sposimo, P. (2009). "Breeding shearwaters on Italian islands: population size, island selection and co-existence with their main alien predator, the black rat". Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia. 78: 83–99.
- ^ Tellería, José Luis (1980). "Autumn migration of Cory's Shearwater through the Straits of Gibraltar". Bird Study. 27 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1080/00063658009476652.
- ^ Müller, M.S.; Massa, B.; Phillips, R.A.; Dell’omo, G. (2014). "Individual consistency and sex differences in migration strategies of Scopoli's shearwaters Calonectris diomedea despite year differences". Current Zoology. 60 (5): 631–641. doi:10.1093/czoolo/60.5.631. hdl:10447/102989.
- ^ De Felipe, F.; Рейес-Гонсалес, JM; Милитано, т.; Neves, VC; Враг, Дж.; Оро, Д.; Рамос, Р.; González-Solís, J. (2019). «Происходит ли сексуальная сегрегация в течение необращающего периода? Сравнительный анализ в пространственной и кормлении экологии трех сдвига Calonectris » . Экология и эволюция . 9 (18): 10145–10162. doi : 10.1002/ECE3.5501 . PMC 6787824 . PMID 31624542 .
- ^ Мишель, Л.; Cianchetti-Benedetti, M.; Catoni, C.; Dell'omo, G. (2021). «Как пьеса пьесы. Новое понимание в области питания и ассоциаций морских кормления с использованием видеокамеров, которые носится птицами» . Морская биология . 169 (1): 7. doi : 10.1007/s00227-021-03994-w .