Храм Абу Лу'луа

Храм Абу Лу'луа
Храм Абу Лу'луа
	Место в Иране
Общая информация
Status	intact; closed since 2007
Type	mausoleum
Architectural style	Mongol, Safavid
Location	Kashan
Country	Iran
Coordinates	33°58′11.0″N 51°24′59.5″E / 33.969722°N 51.416528°E
Named for	Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz (d. 644)
Completed	c. 13th–15th century
Known for	purported resting place of the assassin of Umar ibn al-Khattab

Храм Абу Лу'луа ( персидская : могила Абололо ), также известная как храм Баба Шуджа Аль-Дин ( Баба Шуджоддин ) ^{[ 3 ]} это мавзолей, построенный на том, что, как считается, является последним местом отдыха Абу Лу'луа Фируза , персидского раба, который убил второго исламского халифа Умара ибн аль-Хаттаба в 644 году. ^{[ 4 ]}

Структура восходит к монгольской эпохе, ^{[ 2 ]} и находится в Кашане (провинция Исфахан, Иран ). ^{[ 5 ]} Традиционно это было центральное местонахождение ежегодного фестиваля, празднующего Абу Лу'луа, называемый Омар Кошан («убийство Умара»).

Здание было закрыто в 2007 году правительством Ирана из -за давления со стороны Международного союза мусульманских ученых . ^{[ 1 ]}

Здание

Первоначальная структура была построена до периода Safavid (1501–1736), в некоторое время в эпоху Монгола (13–15 века). ^{[ 2 ]} Тем не менее, куполо и Иван датируются с периодом Safavid или позже. ^[2]

Festival

The historical Abu Lu'lu'a died in Medina (the capital of the early caliphate, situated in the Arabian Peninsula) shortly after his assassination of Umar ibn al-Khattab in 644 CE.^[6] At some later time, legends arose according to which Abu Lu'lu'a was saved from his pursuers by Ali ibn Abi Talib (the cousin and son-in-law of the prophet Muhammad, who is also revered by Shi'ite Muslims as the first Imam). According to these stories, Ali instantaneously transported Abu Lu'lu'a by means of a special prayer to Kashan, where he married and lived out the rest of his life.^[7]

During the 16th-century Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam, a festival started to be celebrated in honor of Abu Lu'lu'a, commemorating his assassination of Umar.^[8] Named Omar Koshan (lit. 'the killing of Umar'), it was originally held around Abu Lu'lu'a's sanctuary in Kashan, each year at the anniversary of Umar's death (26 Dhu al-Hijja of the Islamic year).^[9] Later it also started to be celebrated elsewhere in Iran, sometimes on 9 Rabi' al-Awwal rather than on 26 Dhu al-Hijja.^[10] The festival celebrated Abu Lu'lu'a, nicknamed for the occasion Bābā Shujāʿ al-Dīn (lit. 'Father Courageous of the Faith'), as a national hero who had defended the religion by killing the oppressive caliph.^[11]

Due to political sensitivities, from the Qajar period (1789–1925) onward the festival gradually stopped being celebrated in the major cities of Iran, until it was eventually banned officially by the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979.^[12] Nevertheless, the festival itself is still celebrated in Iran, though often secretly and indoors rather than outdoors.^[13] It is now held on the 9th day of the month of Rabi' Al-Awwal of the Islamic year, lasting until the 27th of the same month.^[14]

Controversy

The shrine as photographed in September 2015

In recent years, controversy was caused when al-Azhar University demanded the Iranian government demolish Abu Lu'lu'a's shrine because the shrine was considered to be "offensive and un-Islamic" by mainstream Sunni scholars. The issue caused the cancellation of diplomatic relations between the university and the Iranian government.^[15] Due to this Sunni pressure, which also included an intervention by the International Union for Muslim Scholars, the Iranian government shut down the shrine in 2007.^[1]

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Isma'il 2007, referred to by Ismail 2016, p. 93; Ali 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Anonymous 1975. Quote: "اصل بنا احتمالا مربوط به دوران قبل از صفويه وبقول به دوران مغول ميرسد ولى گنبد وايوان آن ازبناهاى دوران صفويه ودورانهاى بعد مياشد.".
^ Anonymous 1975.
^ On Abu Lu'lu'a, see Pellat 2011.
^ Algar 1990.
^ Pellat 2011.
^ Fischer 1980, p. 16; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23. According to Ali 2018, the earliest version of the transportation story as related by Imād al-Dīn Ṭabarī in his Kāmil-e Bahāī (675 AH = 1276–7 CE) mentioned a mystical transportation to Qom, but later the story was changed to Abu Lu'lu'a's being transported to Kashan instead, possibly to authenticate the presence of the mausoleum in Kashan.
^ Algar 1990; Torab 2007, p. 196.
^ Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; cf. Algar 1990.
^ Calmard 1996, p. 161; Algar 1990.
^ Calmard 1996, p. 161; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; Torab 2007, p. 196.
^ Algar 1990; Torab 2007, pp. 194–195.
^ Torab 2007, p. 195.
^ Torab 2007, p. 198.
^ Ismail 2016, p. 93.

Sources cited

Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7.
Ali, Sayyid (12 November 2018). "Is Abu Lulu Buried in Kashan?". Iqra Online.
Anonymous (6 September 1975) [15 Shahrivar 1354 SH]. "بقعه ابولولو / ۱۰۹۱" (PDF). دانشنامه‌ی تاریخ معماری و شهرسازی ایران [Encyclopaedia of the History of Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran]. Registration no. 1091 (in Persian). Ministry of Roads and Urban Development.
Calmard, Jean (1996). "Shi'i Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi'ism: Folklore and Popular Religion". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Pembroke Persian Papers. Vol. 4. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 139–190. ISBN 1-86064-023-0.
Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674466159.
Исмаил, Фарадж (13 июня 2007 г.). «После вмешательства Международной федерации мусульманских ученых: иранские власти закрыли храм« Абу Лулух аль -Маджуси, убийца Омара бин Аль -Хаттаба » . Аль -Аравия . Архивировано из оригинала 15 июня 2007 года. {{cite web}}: Cs1 maint: непредвзятый URL ( ссылка )
Исмаил, Райхан (2016). Саудовские священнослужители и Шиа Ислам . Нью -Йорк: издательство Оксфордского университета. ISBN 9780190627508 .
Джонсон, Розмари Стэнфилд (1994). «Выживание суннитов в Safavid Iran: анти-суннитская деятельность во время правления Tahmasp I» . Иранские исследования . 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi : 10.1080/00210869408701823 . JSTOR 4310889 .
Пеллат, Чарльз (2011). "Абу Ло'лоа" . В Яршатере, Эсан (ред.). Энциклопедия Ираника .
Тораб, Азам (2007). Выполнение ислама: пол и ритуал в Иране . Лейден: Брилл. doi : 10.1163/9789047410546_009 .

[shutdown-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Isma'il 2007, referred to by Ismail 2016, p. 93; Ali 2018.

[iranarchpedia-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Anonymous 1975. Quote: "اصل بنا احتمالا مربوط به دوران قبل از صفويه وبقول به دوران مغول ميرسد ولى گنبد وايوان آن ازبناهاى دوران صفويه ودورانهاى بعد مياشد.".

[3] Anonymous 1975.

[4] On Abu Lu'lu'a, see Pellat 2011.

[5] Algar 1990.

[6] Pellat 2011.

[7] Fischer 1980, p. 16; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23. According to Ali 2018, the earliest version of the transportation story as related by Imād al-Dīn Ṭabarī in his Kāmil-e Bahāī (675 AH = 1276–7 CE) mentioned a mystical transportation to Qom, but later the story was changed to Abu Lu'lu'a's being transported to Kashan instead, possibly to authenticate the presence of the mausoleum in Kashan.

[8] Algar 1990; Torab 2007, p. 196.

[9] Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; cf. Algar 1990.

[10] Calmard 1996, p. 161; Algar 1990.

[11] Calmard 1996, p. 161; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; Torab 2007, p. 196.

[12] Algar 1990; Torab 2007, pp. 194–195.

[13] Torab 2007, p. 195.

[14] Torab 2007, p. 198.

[15] Ismail 2016, p. 93.

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Здание

Festival

Controversy

See also

References

Sources cited