Эстонская канонная лодка Пиккер
 Модель корабля Pikker в Эстонском морском музее
| |
| История | |
|---|---|
 Эстония | |
| Имя | хуй |
| Строитель | Факторы порта в Таллинне [ 1 ] |
| Запущен | 1939 |
| Введено в эксплуатацию | 1940 |
| Выведено из эксплуатации | 29 октября 1940 года |
 Советский Союз | |
| Имя | Сборщик , пикант и другие |
| Введено в эксплуатацию | 29 октября 1940 года |
| Выведено из эксплуатации | 1961 |
 Советский Союз | |
| Имя | Moskowskij Uniwiersitiet (Московский университет) |
| Введено в эксплуатацию | 1961 |
| Выведено из эксплуатации | 1972 |
| Судьба | Сброшен в 1978 году [ 2 ] или 1976 [ 3 ] |
| Общие характеристики | |
| Класс и тип | Снойка , яхта [ 3 ] |
| Смещение |
|
| Длина | 58 м (190 футов 3 дюйма) |
| Черновик | 2,4 м (7 футов 10 дюймов) |
| Движитель | |
| Скорость | 18 кН (33 км/ч; 21 миль в час) [ 1 ] |
| Дополнение |
|
| Датчики и Системы обработки | радар (с 1948 года) [ 1 ] |
| Вооружение |
|
Пиккер был эстонской канонной лодкой оригинального дизайна от Второй мировой войны , построенной в Таллинне с средствами из публичной коллекции. Он служил в эстонском флоте и в Советском флоте , где участвовал в эвакуации Таллинна во время Второй мировой войны. Корабль работал в Балтийском море с 1940 по 1946 год, после чего он был назначен в Черный морской флот , где он служил эксклюзивной яхтой для советских лидеров. В 1961 году он был переведен в качестве исследовательского судна в Московский государственный университет .
Происхождение
[ редактировать ]Подводной фонд
[ редактировать ]В 1930 -х годах правительство Эстонии стремилось построить две подводные лодки. Около половины требуемой суммы была получена от продажи двух старых эсминцев, Леннука и Вамбола , Перу . Чтобы обеспечить оставшиеся средства, подводной фонд был создан 31 мая 1933 года. К концу 1934 года он собрал 53 000 крон - наиболее поднятые любыми национальными усилиями по сбору до этого момента. Однако эта сумма была примерно в 60 раз меньше, чем необходимый вклад для строительства. Затем было решено, что подводные лодки будут финансироваться из государственного бюджета. В марте 1935 года военный лидер, генерал Йохан Лейдонер , решил продолжить сбор средств для гораздо более дешевой подводной лодки . Повышение нового, меньшее количество 300 000 крон также оказалось трудным, некоторые военнослужащие предложили заказать безоружное судно. Вместо этого было решено продолжить еще один раунд кампании, который в конечном итоге завершился 5 июля 1937 года. [ 4 ]
Строительство и задание в эстонском флоте
[ редактировать ]
The ship was ordered from the Tallinna Sadamatehased shipyard in the same year[ А ] и запущен летом 1939 года. [ 1 ] Первоначально он должен был служить в эстонской пограничной гвардии в качестве патрульного судна, а также использоваться в качестве президентской яхты для главы государства во время иностранных визитов. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] Из -за угрозы войны он был захвачен военно -морским флотом, либо во время строительства [ 1 ] или после запуска и оборудования. [ 3 ] Корабль был заказан весной 1940 года под названием Pikker , [b][5] named after the god from Estonian mythology who controls weather phenomena, especially thunderstorms.[1][6] Pikker was assigned to the Allveelaevastiku divisjoni on 11 May 1940, along with both Kalev-class submarines, for which it was to serve as a depot ship. The first commander of the vessel was Commander Alfred Pupp.[3][1]
Service in the Soviet Union
[edit]Before the war
[edit]After Estonia was occupied by the Red Army in June 1940, Pikker was taken over by the Soviet Baltic Fleet and classified as an aviso.[7] The exact date of the ship's seizure is unclear. Hartmut Ehlers states that the official inclusion took place on October 20, after the actual occupation,[3] while Jarosław Malinowski and Oskar Myszor indicate October 29 as the date of actual takeover, considering the order 00208 from August 18/19 as the official one.[8] Like other former Estonian ships, the vessel temporarily retained its name, written in Cyrillic (Пиккер). In the Soviet Navy, the crew size was increased from 29 to 43 members.[7]
World War II
[edit]After the German aggression against the Soviet Union began on 22 June 1941, Pikker became the flagship of the Fleet's Military Council – the presidential cabins were occupied by Fleet Commander Vladimir Tributs.[9] When the Germans started their attack on Tallinn, the decision was made to evacuate the city. Besides the already accommodated members of the Military Council, Pikker took on board several important communist notables of the Estonian SSR. It departed from Tallinn on the night of August 27/28 as part of the 2nd squadron escorting the evacuation of troops. On the way, it assisted the survivors of the flotilla leader Minsk (type Leningrad), which had hit a mine, rescuing a total of 78 people.[10] Pikker and the accompanying submarines were attacked by enemy aircraft, but none of the dropped bombs hit the target.[7][11] It reached the Kronstadt base on August 29. After a few weeks, Pikker was relocated to Leningrad, where it was rearmed – instead of two 75 mm guns, three 45 mm guns were installed. The ship remained in the base until the end of the war, changing its name to Kijew (Киев) on 2 December 1941,[12] to Luga (Луга) on 15 March 1943,[12] and possibly to Ilmen (Ильмень) in 1944.[3][7]
Black Sea
[edit]After the war, the ship underwent reconstruction in Tallinn, then sailed to Sevastopol, where work continued at the Sevmorzavod shipyard. The vessel was adapted to its original, representative function. The guns were removed, and only light armament was installed. The ship was equipped with radar and sun awnings, new furniture was added, and more motorboats and lifeboats were included. The ship received a new name, Rion (Рион),[12] on June 21[7] or July 21,[3] 1948.
Rion was assigned as an escort for the yacht Angara. It hosted the highest leaders of the Soviet Union and allied states, such as Joseph Stalin, Leonid Brezhnev,[3] Josip Broz Tito,[12] and Nikita Khrushchev, who sailed on it from Izmail to Sevastopol.[12]
In 1961, the ship was decommissioned from the Soviet Navy and handed over to Moscow State University. The Sevastopol shipyard converted it into a research vessel, including the installation of a boom-type trawl. Under the new name Moskowskij Uniwiersitiet (Московский университет),[12] it was used for Black Sea research from bases in Sevastopol and Yalta. It was decommissioned in 1972.[3][7]
Fate of the ship
[edit]There are various theories about the ship's fate. According to one of the former Estonian crew members, it was scrapped in 1976.[3] Other sources state that it was scrapped in 1978, but there is disagreement about whether this occurred in Inkerman.[2][13] The version that the ship was beached on the Caucasian coast and served as a restaurant is largely dismissed.[13] After regaining independence, Estonia made several attempts to locate its presidential yacht, but these efforts were unsuccessful.[13]
The Estonian Maritime Museum currently holds a pre-war metal model of Pikker.[1]
Construction
[edit]Pikker was a ship measuring 58 m in length (57 m at the design waterline) and 7.34 m in width. Its standard draft was 2.4 m. The full displacement was 540 tons, while the design[3] or standard[1] displacement was 500 tons. Around the 20th meter from the bow, there was a deck break. The superstructure fitted into this break was intended for the president and other official guests. Its standard was higher compared to the other compartments, featuring large windows instead of portholes. The forward superstructure had two levels. Both superstructures had masts, and between them, on the aft superstructure, there was a funnel.[1]
Pikker was powered by two diesel engines manufactured by Deutsche Werke Kiel. Their combined power of 1,900 hp allowed the vessel to reach a maximum speed of 18 knots.[1]
The main armament of the ship in the Estonian Navy consisted of two 75 mm caliber guns, each with a barrel length of 50 calibers (L/50) – one located at the bow and the other mounted on the edge of the aft superstructure. The armament was supplemented by two 7.62 mm machine guns and an anti-aircraft Lewis gun. During the war, the main guns were replaced with three 45 mm caliber guns. An optional piece of equipment was a depth charge launcher.[1]
On the aft superstructure, on both sides of the funnel, there were a motorboat (on the starboard side) and a wooden lifeboat (on the port side).[1]
List of ship names
[edit]| Latin alphabet | Cyrillic script | Date of name assignment | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pikker | Пиккер | 1940 | Pikker (mythology) |
| Kijew | Киев | 2 December 1941 | Kyiv |
| Luga | Луга | 15 March 1943 | Luga or Luga river |
| Ilmien[c] | Ильмень | 1944 | Lake Ilmen |
| Rion | Рион | 21 June 1948 | Rioni |
| Moskowskij Uniwiersitiet | Московский университет | 1961 | Moscow State University |
Notes
[edit]- ^ Bartelski & Morozow (2014) state that the ship was ordered in January 1939, which would have given the Tallinn shipyard very little time to build it.
- ^ Bartelski & Morozow (2014) give the name Pikkeri.
- ^ Malinowski & Myszor (2010, p. 66) list this name as hypothetical.
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Malinowski & Myszor (2010, p. 65)
- ^ Jump up to: a b Malinowski & Myszor (2010, pp. 66–67)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ehlers, Hartmut (2012). "Marynarka Wojenna i Paramilitarne Siły Morskie Estonii 1918-1940". Okręty Wojenne (in Polish). 1 (111). Tarnowskie Góry: 46–49. ISSN 1231-014X.
- ^ Bartelski & Morozow (2014)
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Eesti Kaitsevägi » Merevägi » Ajalugu". www.mil.ee (in Estonian). 2014-04-16. Archived from the original on 2013-03-03.
- ^ Zubiński, Tadeusz (2011). Mitologia estońska i liwska. Biblioteka Tradycji Europejskiej (in Polish). Sandomierz: Wydawnictwo Armoryka. ISBN 978-83-62661-11-4.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Malinowski & Myszor (2010, p. 66)
- ^ Malinowski & Myszor (2010, pp. 65–66)
- ^ Tributs (1985, p. 63)
- ^ Platonov, Andreĭ (2005). Tragedii Finskogo zaliva (in Russian). Moscow: Eksmo. pp. 186–187. ISBN 978-5-9533-4953-6.
- ^ Tributs (1985, p. 84)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "скр "Пиккер"". lomsh8146.narod.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-07-13.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Kostricenko, Witalij (2003). "Судьба президентской яхты". fleet.sebastopol.ua (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2014-08-08.
Bibliography
[edit]- Malinowski, Jarosław; Myszor, Oskar (2010). ""Zaginiony" flagowiec estońskiej floty". Okręty Wojenne (in Polish). 2 (100). Tarnowskie Góry. ISSN 1231-014X. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- Bartelski, Andrzej; Morozow, Mirosław (2014). "Okręty podwodne Estonii". Morze, statki i okręty (in Polish). 3/4 (143). Warsaw: Magnum X. ISSN 1426-529X.
- Tributs, Vladimir (1985). Балтийцы сражаются (in Polish). Moscow: Wojenizdat.