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Женщины в Великобритании

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До 20 -го века в Соединенном Королевстве было мало женщин. До Закона о дисквалификации пола (удаление) 1919 года женщинам не было разрешено практиковать закон в Соединенном Королевстве . [ 1 ] К 1931 году было около 100 женщин -адвокатов . [ 1 ] Первое юридическое партнерство только для женщин было основано в 1933 году. [ 2 ] В 2010 году доклад адвоката показал, что 22 процента партнеров в 100 лучших фирмах Великобритании были женщины; Последующий отчет в 2015 году показал, что цифра не изменилась. [ 3 ] С 2014 года ряд крупных корпоративных фирм адвокатов устанавливают целевые показатели гендерного разнообразия для увеличения процента женщин в своих партнерских отношениях. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] К 2019 году 51% британских солиситоров были женщинами. [ 2 ]

Фон

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Eliza Orme circa 1900

Юридическая степень

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Элиза Орме была первой женщиной в Великобритании, получившей юридическую степень в 1888 году. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Она не была вызвана в английскую бар до конца 1920 -х годов после первых женских пионеров. В 1889 году Летиция Алиса Уоллингтон стала первой женщиной, получившей степень бакалавра законов в Великобритании или Ирландии . В 1892 году Корнелия Сорабаджи стала первой женщиной, которая изучала право в Оксфордском университете . [ 9 ] Дороти Бонарджи стала первой женщиной, получившей юридическую степень в Университетском колледже Лондона в 1917 году. [ 10 ]

Barristers and solicitors

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In 1903, Bertha Cave applied to join Gray's Inn; the application was ultimately rejected.[11] In 1913, the Law Society refused to allow women to take legal exams; this was challenged in the Court of Appeal in the case of Bebb v The Law Society, where the Law Society's stance was upheld.[1] The plaintiff in that case was Gwyneth Bebb, who was expected to be the first female to be called to the bar but died before that could happen.[12][13] The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 received Royal Assent on 23 December 1919.[2] The next day, Helena Normanton became the first woman to join an Inns of Court.[14]

Helena Normanton circa 1950

Thus, in 1922, Ivy Williams was the first woman called to the bar (although she never practiced),[15][16][17][18] and Helena Normanton became the first practising female barrister in the UK.[19][20][21] In September 2018 a barristers' chambers was renamed in her honour.[22] Williams was also the first woman to teach law at an English university,[15] In 2022, Jessikah Inaba became the first Black visually-impaired (female) barrister in the United Kingdom.[23]

Regarding solicitors, Madge Easton Anderson became the first female solicitor in the United Kingdom in 1920 upon being admitted to practice law in Scotland.[24][20] In 1922, Carrie Morrison, Mary Pickup, Mary Sykes, and Maud Crofts became the first women in England to qualify as solicitors; Morrison was the first of them admitted as a solicitor.[1][25] Kathleen Hoahing became the first female to qualify as a solicitor in Britain in 1927, though she would relocate soon afterwards to China.[26][27][28]

Senior advocate or barrister

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Helena Normanton and Rose Heilbron became the first two female barristers to be appointed King's Counsel in 1949.[29] Heibron was also the first woman to achieve a first class honours degree in law at the University of Liverpool (in 1935), England's first woman judge as Recorder of Burnley (in 1956), the first woman to sit as a judge in the Old Bailey (in 1972), and the second female High Court judge (in 1974).[29] Patricia Scotland was the first Black female to become a Queen's Counsel in the United Kingdom in 1991,[30] and whereas Kim Hollis became the first Asian female barrister to become Queen's Counsel in 2002 in the United Kingdom.[31]

Law society

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In 2002, the Law Society appointed its first female President, Carolyn Kirby.[2] In 2021, Stephanie Boyce became the first Black female President of the Law Society.[32] In 2022, Lubna Shuja became the first Asian and Muslim (female) President of the Law Society.[33]

Judicial officers

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Upon the passing of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919, the following seven women became the first Justices of the Peace: Lady Crewe, Lady Londonderry, Margaret Lloyd George, Gertrude Tuckwell, Mary (Mrs Humphry) Ward, Elizabeth Haldane, and Beatrice Webb.[34]

Elizabeth Lane (1940) became the first female County Court judge (1962), and the first English High Court judge (1965).[35][36] Although not a barrister, Pauline Henriques became the United Kingdom's first Black female magistrate in 1966.[37] Chand Lal-Sarin became Britain's first female magistrate of Indian-origin in 1970.[38] In 1978, Heilbron became the first woman to become the Presiding Judge of any Circuit when she was appointed to the Northern Circuit.[29] Linda Dobbs became the first Black (female) High Court judge in 2004.[32] In 2015, Bobbie Cheema-Grubb became the first Asian (female) High Court judge[39] In 2020, Raffia Arshad became the first hijab-wearing court judge in the United Kingdom.[40]

Baroness Hale became the first female Justice (2009) and President (2017) of the Supreme Court.[41][35][42] She was also the first female to become a Law Lord in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 2004.

Key Women in UK Law

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England and Wales

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Northern Ireland

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Scotland

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Other notable figures in Scotland

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British Overseas Territories or Crown Dependencies

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Anguilla

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Bermuda

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  • Lois Browne-Evans (1953):[84][85] First female lawyer in Bermuda, as well as Bermuda's first female Attorney General (1999)
  • Priya De Soya:[86] First female to become Crown Counsel in Bermuda (1976)
  • Dianna Kempe (1973[87]):[88][89] First female magistrate in Bermuda (1976). She is also the first female lawyer to become Queen's Counsel (QC) in Bermuda (2000).
  • Norma Wade-Miller (1977):[90][91][92][93] First female appointed as a substantive (permanent) magistrate in Bermuda (1981). She was also the first female Judge of the High Court, Justice of the Supreme Court of Bermuda and Acting Chief Justice in Bermuda.
  • Patricia Dangor:[94] First female to serve as a Judge of the Bermuda Court of Appeals (2014)
  • Karen Williams-Smith:[95] First Black female to serve as the President of the Bermuda Bar Association (2017)
  • Cindy Clarke:[96] First female to serve as the Director of Public Prosecutions in Bermuda (2020)

British Virgin Islands

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Dancia Penn: First female lawyer in the British Virgin Islands

Cayman Islands

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  • Annie Huldah Bodden (1959):[107] First female to qualify as a lawyer in the Cayman Islands
  • Adrianne Webb (1975):[108][109] First female lawyer called to the Caymanian Bar Association
  • Theresa Lewis Pitcairn:[110] First female to serve as the President of the Caymanian Bar Association (2001)
  • Priya Levers:[111][112] First female to serve as a Judge of the Cayman Islands Grand Court (2003)
  • Cheryll Richards:[113] First (female) Director of Public Prosecutions for the Cayman Islands (2011). In 2010, Richards became the first female Queen's Counsel (QC) in the Cayman Islands.[114]
  • Margaret Ramsay-Hale:[115] First female to serve as the Chief Justice of the Cayman Islands (2022)
  • Marilyn Brandt:[116] First Caymanian (female) attorney to serve as the Deputy Solicitor General in the Portfolio of Legal Affairs (2022)

Channel Islands

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  • Sarah Kelly (1997):[117] First female advocate appointed Greffier to the Jurats of Alderney (2005–2012)
  • Jessica Roland:[118] First female to serve as a Deputy Bailiff in Guernsey (2019)
  • Anita Sarella Regal:[119] First female admitted as an advocate of the Royal Court of Jersey (1968)
  • Barbara Myles:[35] First female (non-attorney) jurat in Jersey (1980–2001)
  • Bridget Shaw:[120] First female magistrate in Jersey (2013)
  • Rose Colley:[121] First female to serve as the President of the Law Society of Jersey (2020)

Falkland Islands

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  • Rosie McIlroy:[122] First woman lawyer (non-native) to enter into private law practice in the Falkland Islands. According to various sources, her legal career also included serving as Crown Solicitor (c. 1987),[123] Senior Magistrate (c. 1989),[124][125] and Chief Magistrate (c. 1989)[126][127] in the Falkland Islands.
  • Melanie Louise Best Chilton:[128][129][130] First woman lawyer (non-native) to serve as Law Commissioner and an Attorney General of the Falkland Islands (2006-2007).
  • Rosalind Catriona Cheek (United Kingdom, 1998):[130][131][132][133][134][135][136] First Falkland Islander female to become Principal Crown Counsel (2006). She later became the second female Law Commissioner in the Falkland Islands (2015).

Gibraltar

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  • Pamela Benady (1955):[137][138][139] First female barrister (who was of Jewish descent) in Gibraltar
  • Dorothy Ellicott:[140] First female Justice of the Peace in Gibraltar (1970)
  • Karen Ramagge Prescott (1988):[141][142][143][144] First female judge (a Gibraltarian) in Gibraltar (upon her appointment as a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Gibraltar in 2010). She later became the first female Bencher of the Middle Temple (2017).
  • Gillian Guzman (1994):[145] First female Queen's Counsel (QC) in Gibraltar (2012)
  • Janet Smith (1972):[146][147] First female appointed as a Judge of the Gibraltar Court of Appeal (2017)

Isle of Man

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Montserrat

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Pitcairn Islands

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Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

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Turks and Caicos Islands

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See also

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References

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