Чеснок сицилийский
| Медовый чеснок | |
|---|---|
| |
| Соцветие | |
| |
| Листва | |
Научная классификация 
| |
| Королевство: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Allioideae |
| Genus: | Allium |
| Subgenus: | A. subg. Nectaroscordum |
| Species: | A. siculum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Allium siculum | |
| Synonyms[1][2][3] | |
|
Synonymy | |
Чесночный сицилийский ( Syn. Nectaroscordum sicilian ), известный как медовый чеснок , [ 4 ] Сицилийская медовая лилия , сицилийский медовый чеснок или средиземноморские колокольчики - это европейский и турецкий вид растений в роду Allium . Он родом в регионах вокруг Средиземноморья и Черных морей и выращивается в других регионах как декоративная и кулинарная трава. [ 1 ]
Описание
[ редактировать ]У него есть эффектные кластеры изящно опущенных цветов в форме колокольчиков, произведенных в мае и начале июня, сидящих на высоком зеленом стебле до 1,2 м высотой. Цветочки (цветы), подвешенные на длинных пониженных цветоностях , имеют кремовые окрашенные с бордовой полосой вниз по каждому лепестру, имеют белые расклешенные кончики и окрашены в зеленый цвет у основания. За цветами следуют декоративные, прямое семя, в конце лета. Голубая серая листва является треугольной по поперечному сечению и сильно скручивается по длине восходящих листьев. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Проникающий, скучный запах высвобождается, когда растение разрезано.
Распределение и среда обитания
[ редактировать ]Allium siculum is native to Turkey, iran, Crimea, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, southern France including Corsica, and Italy (Basilicata, Abruzzo, Umbria, Toscana, Sicily, Sardinia),[7] growing in damp, shady woods.
Taxonomy
[edit]Allium siculum is a member of a small subgenus Nectaroscordum of Allium, which consists of only this species and Allium tripedale.[8]
A. siculum comprises two subspecies:
- Allium siculum subsp. dioscoridis (Sm.) K.Richt. (Syn. Allium bulgaricum (Janka) Prodán, Allium dioscoridis Sm., Allium meliophilum Juz.,Nectaroscordum bulgaricum Janka, Nectaroscordum dioscoridis Sm., Nectaroscordum meliophilum (Juz.) Stank., Nectaroscordum siculum subsp. bulgaricum (Janka) Stearn) - native to Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Crimea, introduced in Great Britain[9]
- Allium siculum subsp. siculum - native to France (including Corsica), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily)[10]
Uses
[edit]Ornamental
[edit]Allium siculum is grown as an ornamental in flower gardens.[11] It has showy, drooping blossoms, with each umbel (clusters of flowers on stalks originating in the same place)[12] having up to 30 individual flowers,[11] which are white, pink, and green in colour.[13] Although the flowers initially face downwards, they turn to face upwards just before forming seedheads.[14] It also has unusual twisted foliage.[15] Unlike the majority of other Allium species, A. siculum grows well in shade.[16]
Culinary
[edit]In Bulgaria, the leaves of Allium siculum subsp. dioscoridis, which is known by the vernacular names 'samardala' and 'Bulgarian honey garlic', are used in the preparation of spice mixes and salts, and as a seasoning.[17][18][19]
Properties
[edit]Lachrymatory agents
[edit]Similarly to onions when chopped, if Allium siculum is crushed it gives off chemicals that make the eyes water,[citation needed] which are termed 'lachrymatory agents'.[20][21] The lachrymatory agent (Z)-butanethial S-oxide, along with several 1-butenyl thiosulfinates are detected by mass spectrometry using a DART ion source. (Z)-Butanethial S-oxide (the higher homolog of syn-propanethial-S-oxide, the onion lachrymatory agent) isolated from the plant was shown to be identical to a synthetic sample. The precursor to the lachrymatory compound, (RS,RC)-(E)-S-(1-butenyl) cysteine S-oxide (homoisoalliin), was isolated from homogenates of A. siculum, and a closely related species, Allium tripedale, and fully characterized.[22][23]
A. siculum is not eaten by grazing animals, such as deer; this is thought to be because of its garlic-like smell.[11]
Toxicity
[edit]A. siculum may be toxic to cats and dogs.[13] In other Allium species, this toxicity has been attributed to the presence of organosulphur compounds which induce haemolysis, resulting in haemolytic anaemia.[24]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". wcsp.science.kew.org. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
- ^ Plant List, Allium siculum[permanent dead link]
- ^ Kubec, R.; Kim, S.; McKeon, D. M.; Musah, R. A. (2002). "Isolation of S-butylcysteine sulfoxide and six butyl-containing thiosulfinates from Allium siculum". Journal of Natural Products. 65 (7): 960–964. doi:10.1021/np020064i. PMID 12141853.
- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ "Allium Species Four". Pacific Bulb Society.
- ^ "Nectaroscordum siculum". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 2014-03-29. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Aglio della Sicilia, Allium siculum
- ^ Friesen, N.; Fritsch, R. M.; Blattner, F. R. (2006). "Phylogeny and new intrageneric classification of Allium (Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences". Aliso. 22: 372–395. doi:10.5642/aliso.20062201.31.
- ^ "Allium siculum subsp. dioscoridis (Sm.) K.Richt". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ^ "Allium siculum subsp. siculum". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Allium siculum Ucria". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Archived from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ^ "Definition of umbel". Lexico.com. Oxford University Press. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Nectaroscordum siculum". BBC Gardeners' World Magazine. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ^ Leendertz, Lia (2011-09-16). "Plant of the week: Nectaroscordum siculum". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2016-05-21. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
- ^ Mashayekhi, Saeideh; Columbus, J. Travis (2014). "Evolution of leaf blade anatomy in Allium (Amaryllidaceae) subgenus Amerallium with a focus on the North American species". American Journal of Botany. 101 (1): 63–85. doi:10.3732/ajb.1300053. ISSN 1537-2197. PMID 24384305.
- ^ "Planting for Pollinators" (PDF). royalparks.org.uk. The Royal Parks. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
- ^ Ivanova, Teodora; Chervenkov, Mihail; Stoeva, Tatyana; Chervenkov, Stoyan; Bosseva, Yulia; Georgieva, Almira; Tsvetanova, Elina; Alexandrova, Albena; Dimitrova, Dessislava (2018-06-01). "Samardala: specificities and changes in the ethnobotanical knowledge about Allium siculum subsp. dioscoridis (Sm.) K. Richt. in Bulgaria". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 65 (5): 1349–1357. doi:10.1007/s10722-018-0618-5. ISSN 1573-5109. S2CID 3748750.
- ^ Vrancheva, R.; Stoyanova, M.; Mihaylova, D.; Aneva, I.; Deseva, I.; Petkova, N.; Ivanov, I.; Pavlov, A. (October 2019). "Polyphenol profile and antioxidant activity of wild growing populations of Nectaroscordum siculum ssp. bulgaricum (Janka) Stearn in Bulgaria" (PDF). International Food Research Journal. 26 (5): 1635–1640.
- ^ Alexieva, Iordanka; Mihaylova, Dasha; and Popova, Aneta (2013). Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extracts of fresh samardala (Allium bulgaricum L.) leaves.
- ^ "Definition of lachrymatory". Lexico.com. Oxford University Press. 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-21.[dead link]
- ^ "Lachrymatory agent". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
- ^ Блок Э. (2010). Чеснок и другие Alliums: знания и наука . Королевское общество химии. ISBN 978-0854041909 .
- ^ Kubec, R.; Коди, РБ; Дейн, AJ; Муса, Ра; Schraml, J.; Vattekkatte, A.; Блок Э. (2010). «Применение масс-спектрометрии DART в Allium химии . ( Z )-Бутанетное S -оксид и 1-бутенил тиосульфинаты и их S- ( E ) -1-бутенилцистеин -s -оксид из Allium siculum ». Журнал сельскохозяйственной и пищевой химии . 58 (2): 1121–1128. doi : 10.1021/jf903733e . PMID 20047275 .
- ^ Salgado, BS; Монтейро, LN; Rocha, NS (2011). «Отравление видов Allium у собак и кошек» (PDF) . Журнал ядовитых животных и токсинов, включая тропические заболевания . 17 (1): 4–11. doi : 10.1590/s1678-91992011000100002 . ISSN 1678-9199 .