Murmansk Oblast
Murmansk Oblast | |
|---|---|
| Мурманская область | |
 Coat of arms | |
| Anthem: Anthem of Murmansk Oblast | |
 | |
| Coordinates: 68°02′N 34°34′E / 68.033°N 34.567°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal district | Northwestern[1] |
| Economic region | Northern[2] |
| Administrative center | Murmansk |
| Government | |
| • Body | Oblast Duma[3] |
| • Governor[5] | Andrey Chibis[4] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 144,902 km2 (55,947 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 26th |
| Population | |
| • Total | 667,744 |
| • Estimate (2018)[8] | 753,557 |
| • Rank | 62nd |
| • Density | 4.6/km2 (12/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 93.1% |
| • Rural | 6.9% |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK  [9]) |
| ISO 3166 code | RU-MUR |
| License plates | 51 |
| OKTMO ID | 47000000 |
| Official languages | Russian[10] |
| Website | http://www.gov-murman.ru/ |
Murmansk Oblast[a] is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country, with a total land area of 144,900 square kilometres (55,900 sq mi). Its only internal border is the Republic of Karelia to the south, and it is bordered internationally by Finland to the west and Norway to the northwest and the Barents Sea lies to the north and White Sea lies to the south and east. Its administrative center is the city of Murmansk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 795,409,[7] but at the 2021 Census this had declined to 667,744.[14]
Geography
[edit]
Geographically, Murmansk Oblast is located mainly on the Kola Peninsula almost completely north of the Arctic Circle[15] and is a part of the larger Sápmi (Lapland) region that spans over four countries.[16] The oblast borders with the Republic of Karelia in Russia in the south, Lapland Region in Finland in the west, Finnmark County in Norway in the northwest, and is bounded by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the south and east.[15] Arkhangelsk Oblast of Russia lies across the White Sea.[15]
Much of the oblast's relief is hilly, with the Khibiny and Lovozero ranges rising as high as 1,200 meters (3,900 ft) above sea level and stretching from west to east.[15] The highest point of Murmansk Oblast is Yudychvumchorr, a flat-topped peak of the Khibiny.[17] The north of the oblast is mostly covered by tundra; forest tundra prevails further south, while the southern regions are in the taiga zone.[15] There are over 100,000 lakes and 18,000 rivers in the oblast.[15] The coast contains the Rybachy Peninsula and the Cape Svyatoy Nos peninsulas.
The climate is harsh and unstable, due to the proximity of the Gulf Stream on one side and Arctic cold fronts on the other.[15] Sharp temperature changes, high winds, and abundant precipitation are common throughout the year, with the heating season lasting for ten straight months.[15] However, the waters of the Murman Coast in the south remain warm enough to remain ice-free even in winter.[18]
There is also a large number of islands belonging to the oblast, the main ones being (west to east) the Aynovy Islands, Bolshoy Oleny Island, Kildin Island Malyy Oleniy Island, Kharlov Island, Vesknyak Island, Litskiye Island, Nokuyev Island, Vitte Island, Lumbovskiy Island, Goryainov Island and Sosnovets Island.
Lakes
[edit]Climate
[edit]Most areas of the Kola Peninsula are subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfc). The nearby islands usually belong to tundra (Köppen climate classification: ET).
| City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Murmansk | −6.5 / −12.7 (20.3 / 9.1) | −6.4 / −12.3 (20.5 / 9.9) | −1.9 / −8.2 (28.6 / 17.2) | 2.9 / −3.3 (37.2 / 26.1) | 8.4 / 1.5 (47.1 / 34.7) | 13.8 / 5.9 (56.8 / 42.6) | 17.7 / 9.6 (63.9 / 49.3) | 15.3 / 8.3 (59.5 / 46.9) | 10.7 / 5.1 (51.3 / 41.2) | 3.6 / −0.3 (38.5 / 31.5) | −1.8 / −6.2 (28.8 / 20.8) | −4.1 / −9.6 (24.6 / 14.7) |
| Kandalaksha | −7.7 / −15.8 (18.1 / 3.6) | −6.9 / −15.4 (19.6 / 4.3) | −1.6 / −11.1 (29.1 / 12.0) | 3.8 / −5.1 (38.8 / 22.8) | 9.8 / 1.1 (49.6 / 34.0) | 16.2 / 7.0 (61.2 / 44.6) | 19.5 / 10.5 (67.1 / 50.9) | 16.9 / 8.4 (62.4 / 47.1) | 11.4 / 3.8 (52.5 / 38.8) | 4.0 / −1.4 (39.2 / 29.5) | −1.9 / −7.5 (28.6 / 18.5) | −5.0 / −12.0 (23.0 / 10.4) |
| Vayda-Guba | −2.2 / −7.3 (28.0 / 18.9) | −2.7 / −7.9 (27.1 / 17.8) | −1.1 / −5.6 (30.0 / 21.9) | 1.8 / −2.6 (35.2 / 27.3) | 6.4 / 1.4 (43.5 / 34.5) | 10.3 / 5.1 (50.5 / 41.2) | 14.1 / 8.4 (57.4 / 47.1) | 13.4 / 8.2 (56.1 / 46.8) | 10.0 / 5.4 (50.0 / 41.7) | 4.8 / 1.0 (40.6 / 33.8) | 1.1 / −3.2 (34.0 / 26.2) | −0.6 / −5.2 (30.9 / 22.6) |
| Sosnovets Island | −5.7 / −10.7 (21.7 / 12.7) | −6.2 / −11.2 (20.8 / 11.8) | −3.6 / −8.7 (25.5 / 16.3) | 0.0 / −4.8 (32.0 / 23.4) | 4.3 / −0.4 (39.7 / 31.3) | 8.9 / 3.8 (48.0 / 38.8) | 12.4 / 7.2 (54.3 / 45.0) | 12.0 / 7.8 (53.6 / 46.0) | 9.6 / 5.8 (49.3 / 42.4) | 4.7 / 1.0 (40.5 / 33.8) | −0.1 / −3.9 (31.8 / 25.0) | −3.1 / −7.0 (26.4 / 19.4) |
History
[edit]The Saami, now a very small minority, are the indigenous people of the region. Russians started exploring the shores of the White Sea as early as in the 12th century, and in 1916 during World War I founded the Russian city of Murmansk as an ice-free supply port.[19]As of 2010 Murmansk had 307,257 (2010 Russian census),[7] people - nearly 40% of the oblast's population. Many Finns also immigrated to Murmansk during the Finnish famine, around the year 1860.[20]
The oblast was established on May 28, 1938 from Murmansk Okrug of Leningrad Oblast (comprising the city of Murmansk, Kirovsky, Kolsky, Lovozersky, Polyarny, Saamsky, Teribersky, and Tersky Districts) and Kandalakshsky District of the Karelian ASSR.[11]
The area of Pechengsky District (Petsamo in Finnish), which was ceded to Finland by the 1920 Treaty of Tartu and gave Finland access to the Barents Sea, became once again part of the RSFSR in 1940. After the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947, the local Saami population was given the choice either of staying in Soviet Russia or resettling in Finland.[citation needed] Most of them chose the second option.[citation needed] On 30 October 1997, Murmansk, alongside Astrakhan, Kirov, Ulyanovsk, and Yaroslavl signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, gaining autonomy.[21] The autonomous status operated until 31 May 2003.[22]
Politics
[edit]
During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Murmansk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.
The Charter of Murmansk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Murmansk Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.
Governors of Murmansk Oblast
[edit]| Name | Period |
|---|---|
| Yury Yevdokimov | December 1997 – March 21, 2009 |
| Dmitry Dmitriyenko | March 21, 2009 – April 4, 2012 |
| Marina Kovtun | April 4, 2012 – March 21, 2019 |
| Andrey Chibis | March 21, 2019 – incumbent |
Chairmen of the Murmansk Oblast Duma
[edit]| Name | Period |
|---|---|
| Pavel Sazhinov | 1994–2007 |
| Yevgeny Nikora | 2007–2011 |
| Vasily Shambir | 2011–2014 |
| Mikhail Ilinykh | 2014 – Incumbent |
Source:[23]
Administrative divisions
[edit]Demographics
[edit]| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 23,006 | — |
| 1959 | 567,672 | +2367.5% |
| 1970 | 799,527 | +40.8% |
| 1979 | 965,462 | +20.8% |
| 1989 | 1,146,757 | +18.8% |
| 2002 | 892,534 | −22.2% |
| 2010 | 795,409 | −10.9% |
| 2021 | 667,744 | −16.1% |
| Source: Census data | ||
Population: 667,744.[24] (2021 Census);[25] 795,409 (2010 Russian census);[7] 892,534 (2002 Census);[26] 1,146,757 (1989 Soviet census).[27]
The indigenous people of the area, the Saami, are only a tiny minority today. As of the 2002 Census, 92.2% of the oblast's population live in urban areas.[28] The most populous city is the Oblast's administrative center, Murmansk, with 270,000 inhabitants in 2021.[28] Other large cities and towns include Severomorsk, Apatity, Kandalaksha, Monchegorsk, and Kirovsk.
According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition of the oblast was as follows:[7]
- Russians: 89%
- Ukrainians: 4.8%
- Belarusians: 1.7%
- Tatars: 0.8%
- Finns: 0.5%
- Karelians: 0.2%
- Norwegians: 0.2%
- Komi: 0.2%
- Saami: 0.2%
- others: 2.4%
- 73,484 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[29]
Vital statistics for 2022:[30][31]
- Births: 5,682 (7.9 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 8,777 (12.1 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):[32]
1.47 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[33]
Total — 68.29 years (male — 63.72, female — 72.85)
In 2009, the urban areas were marked by natural population decline (−0.16% per year) and the rural areas were marked by natural population growth (+0.35% per year).[34]
Religion
[edit]According to a 2012 survey[35] 41.7% of the population of Murmansk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches, 1% are adherents of Islam, 0.4% are adherents of Rodnovery (Slavic native faith) and other indigenous folk religions, and 1% are members of the Catholic Church. In addition, 28% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 12% is atheist, and 12.5% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[35]
Economy
[edit]The Murmansk Oblast is very rich in natural resources and has deposits of over 700 minerals.[37] The main industries of the region are in the sphere of raw material extraction and basic processing.[38] The largest industries are metallurgy (36,6%), electric power-production (22,9%) and food-industry, including fishing (13,7%).[39][40] The icefree port of Murmansk plays an important role in marine transportation in Russia, and the oblast has a 41% share of the total Russian marine transport market.[41][42] The fishing industry is among the most profitable in the region, supplying 16% of Russia's total fish production. Murmansk is a key base for three fishing fleets, including Russia's largest, the Murmansk Trawl Fleet.[38]
The economy of the region is export-oriented. Main export items are nickel products, apatite concentrate, copper and copper products, aluminium and ferrous metals.[41] The Murmansk Region produces almost 100 percent of Russia's apatite concentrate (3.7 million tons in 1998), 43 percent of nickel, 15 percent of copper, 12 percent of iron ore and iron ore concentrate (17.7 million and 6.4 million tons in 1998), and 40 percent of cobalt.[37][39]
The largest companies of the region – constituting 90% of the oblast's production – are Pechenganickel, Olcon, the Kola Nuclear Power Plant, Sevrybkholodflot, Murmanrybprom, Murmansk Trawl Fleet and Murmansk Shipping Company.[37]
Large oil and gas resources have been discovered on the shelf of the Barents sea, including the massive Shtokman field – one of the world's largest gas fields with estimated reserves of 3.8 trillion cubic meters.[37][42][43] Prospective oil fields could potentially yield up to 40 million tons in the next 10–15 years.[37] However, the development of the oil and gas resources will require considerable investment.[37]
In 2006, the Murmansk Oblast's gross regional product was 141.9 billion rubles, which amounts to about 0.4% of the Russian GDP.[41] Unemployment in 2006 was 3,4%.[41] GRP pro capita in 2007 was 225 044 rubles.[44] Regional automobile code is 51.
Transport
[edit]- Airports in Murmansk (international), Kirovsk, Kandalaksha, Severomorsk (military), Lovozero (military), Ponoy, and Krasnoshchelye (small planes and choppers).
- Strategic Oktyabrskaya Railway which connects Murmansk with Saint-Petersburg and central Russia. Main stations are Murmansk, Olenegorsk, Kandalaksha. There is also important shoulder to Nikel, the Murmansk-Nikel Railway.
- Local one-way railways
- Sea routes to small military towns and naval bases on Murman Coast (Ostrovnoy, Svyatoy Nos).
- Automobile roads
Military
[edit]The Murmansk Oblast plays an important role for the Russian Navy, the Northern Fleet having its headquarters in Severomorsk, 25 km north of Murmansk. The Navy has several other bases and shipyards in the Murmansk Oblast.
The 200th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade is stationed at Pechenga.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Charter of Murmansk Oblast, Article 13
- ^ Официальный сайт Губернатора Мурманской области :: Биография [Official website of the Governor of Murmansk Oblast]. gubernator.gov-murman.ru (in Russian). April 8, 2014. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
- ^ Charter of Murmansk Oblast, Article 14.1
- ^ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Decree of May 28, 1938
- ^ "Murmansk – fylke". September 21, 2023.
- ^ "Russisk jagerfly har styrtet i Murmansk fylke". April 26, 2023.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service Russia (web).
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h 2007 Atlas of Murmansk Oblast, p. 2
- ^ Ratcliffe, p. 1
- ^ Физико-географическая статистика России (Physical and geographical statistics of Russia) - Yudychvumchorr
- ^ Field
- ^ Rybakov, Felix F. (September 23, 2005). "Murmansk". In Nuttall, Mark (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Arctic. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge. p. 1330. ISBN 9781136786808. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
From its foundation as a supply port during World War I, Murmansk developed as a seaport. The port does not freeze due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. This is significant for the Russian econony because year-round navigation is impossible in the Arkhangel'sk and St Petersburg seaport areas.
- ^ Mikko, Kuitula (2020). "Muurmannin rannalle ja Venäjän Lappiin : Suomalaisten siirtolaisuus Kuolan niemimaalle ja kuolansuomalaiset 1858–1917".
- ^ "Yeltsin Signs Power-Sharing Agreements With Five More Russian Regions". Jamestown. November 3, 1997. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ^ Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146.
- ^ "Мурманская областная Дума. Официальный сайт". murman.ru. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service Russia (web).
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
- ^ "ВПН-2010". perepis-2010.ru. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ^ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ^ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [Total fertility rate]. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on August 10, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
- ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved June 1, 2022.
- ^ "Миграция населения по потокам". Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Overview of Murmansk Region". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Murmansk Oblast Globalsecurity.org
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Murmansk region". Häme Polytechnic. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
- ^ "Murmansk Region". Retrieved June 5, 2009.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Non-working link message – Barentsinfo". barentsinfo.org. Retrieved January 26, 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Jump up to: a b Economic Development in the Murmansk Region in 2007
- ^ "UPDATE 1-Russia's Gazprom ups Shtokman reserves to 3.8 tcm". Reuters. November 15, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ Валовой региональный продукт на душу населения Федеральная служба государственной статистики
- ^
- Russian: Му́рманская о́бласть, romanized: Murmanskaya oblast', Russian pronunciation: [ˈmurmənskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]
- Kildin Sami: Мурман е̄ммьне, romanized: Murman jemm'ne
- Norwegian: Murmansk fylke[12][13]
Sources
[edit]- Мурманская областная Дума. Закон от 26 ноября 1997 г. «Устав Мурманской области», в ред. Закона №1448-01-ЗМО от 27 декабря 2011 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 58 Устава Мурманской области». Вступил в силу на двенадцатый день со дня официального опубликования в газете "Мурманский Вестник". Опубликован: "Мурманский Вестник", №235, стр. 6–7, 6 декабря 1997 г. (Murmansk Oblast Duma. Law of November 26, 1997 Charter of Murmansk Oblast, as amended by the Law #1448-01-ZMO of December 27, 2011 On Amending Article 58 of the Charter of Murmansk Oblast. Effective as of the day twelve days after the official publication in the Murmansky Vestnik newspaper.).
- Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 28 мая 1938 г. «Об образовании Мурманской области». Опубликован: "Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР", №7, 1938. (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of May 28, 1938 On Establishing Murmansk Oblast. ).
- Министерство транспорта Российской Федерации. Федеральное агенство геодезии и картографии (2007). Мурманская область. Атлас. Санкт-Петербург: ФГУП "Геодезия".
- Ratcliffe, Derek A. (2005). Lapland: A Natural History. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11553-9.
- Wm. O. Field, Jr. The Kola Peninsula. Gibraltar of the Western Arctic. The American Quarterly on the Soviet Union. July 1938. Vol. I, No. 2.
External links
[edit]
- Official website of Murmansk Oblast Archived November 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- Directory of organizations in Murmansk (in Russian)