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Мамтаз Махал

(Перенаправлено из Arjumand Banu )
Для других видов использования см. Mumtaz Mahal (устранение неоднозначности) .

Мамтаз Махал
Императрица Консорт из Индостана
Императрицы Индостана Мать
Портрет Мамтаза Махала на слоновой кости, 17 века, проходил в музее Лахора в Лахоре , Пакистан
Падшах Бегум
Пребывание в должности 19 января 1628 - 17 июня 1631 г.
Предшественник Нур Джахан
Преемник Джаханара Бегум
Рожденный Арджуманд Бану Бегум
27 апреля 1593 года
Агра , империя Моголов
Умер 17 июня 1631 г. (1631-06-17) (в возрасте 37 лет)
Бурханпур , империя Моголов
Погребение
Тадж Махал , Агра , Уттар -Прадеш, Индия
Супруг
( м. 1612)
Проблема
среди других ...
Дом Timuried (по браку)
Отец Bou'l-Hassan Page Khan
Мать Диванджи Бегум
Религия Шиитский ислам [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]

Mumtaz Mahal ( Индусское дерьмо: [mʊmʊmˈtatta ˈmehoodo mie mid] ; доска.   « Возвышенный один из дворца » ; Родился Арджуманд Бунум Бегум ; 27 Apil 1593 - 17 июня 1631 г.) [ 6 ] Был линейным консортом империи Моголов с 1628 по 1631 год в качестве главного супруга пятого императора Моголов Шах Джахан . [ 7 ] Тадж -Махал в Агре , часто называемый одним из чудес света , [ 8 ] была поручена ее мужем выступить в качестве ее гробницы. [ 9 ]

Мамтаз Махал родился Арджуманд Бану Бегум в Агре в семье персидской дворянства . Она была дочерью Абу'л-Хасана Асафа Хана , богатого персидского дворянина, которая занимала высокую должность в империи Моголов, и племянница Императрицы Нур Джахана , главной жены императора Джахангира и власти позади Императора. [ 10 ] Она была замужем в возрасте 19 лет 10 мая 1612 или 16 июня 1612 года за принца Хуррама, [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Позже известен под его Реднал -именем Шах Джахан, который дал ей титул «Мамтаз Махал» .   « Возвышенный один из дворца » . [ 13 ] Хотя с 1607 года обручен Шах Джахан, [ 14 ] В конечном итоге она стала его второй женой в 1612 году. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] У Мамтаза и ее мужа было 14 детей, в том числе Джаханара Бегум (любимая дочь Шах Джахана), [ 17 ] и наследный принц Дара Шико , наследника , [ 18 ] Помазанный его отцом, который временно сменил его, пока он не свергнул шестым ребенком Мамтаза Махала, Аурангзебом , который в конечном итоге сменил своего отца в качестве шестого императора Моголов в 1658 году. [ 19 ]

Мамтаз Махал умер в 1631 году в Бурханпуре , Декан (современный Мадхья-Прадеш ) во время рождения ее 14-го ребенка, дочери по имени Гаухар Ара Бегум . [ 20 ] Шах Джахан построил для нее Тадж -Махал, которая считается памятником бессмертной любви. Как и в случае с другими королевскими женщинами Моголов, ни одного современного сходства ее не приняты, но воображаемые портреты были созданы с 19 -го века и далее.

Семья и ранняя жизнь

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Мамтаз Махал родился в роли Арджуманда Бану 27 апреля 1593 года [ 21 ] В Агре - Абул-Хаасан Асаф Хан [ 14 ] и его жена Диванджи Бегум, дочь персидского благородного, Хваджа Гиас-уд-дин из Казвина . [ 22 ] Асаф Хан был богатым персидским благородным, который занимал высокие должности в империи Моголов. Его семья приехала в Индию в 1577 году, когда его отец Мирза Гиас Бег (широко известный под его названием I'timad-ud-Daulah), [ 23 ] был взят на службу императора Акбара в Агре. [ 10 ]

Асаф Хан также был старшим братом императрицы Нур Джахана , делая Мумтаз племянницей, а затем и мачерительной невесткой Нур Джахана, главного супруга императора Джахангира , отца Шаха Джахана. [ 24 ] Ее старшая сестра, Парвар Ханум, вышла замуж за шейха Фарида, сына Наваба Кутубуддина Кока , губернатора Бадауна , который также был приемным братом императора Джахангира. [ 25 ] Mumtaz also had a brother, Shaista Khan, who served as the governor of Bengal and various other provinces in the empire during Shah Jahan's reign.[26]

Mumtaz was remarkable in the field of learning and was a talented and cultured lady.[27] She was well-versed in Arabic and Persian, and could compose poems in the latter.[28][27] She was reputed to have a combination of modesty and candor, a woman warmly straightforward yet bemusedly self-possessed. Early in adolescence, she attracted the attention of important nobles of the realm. Jahangir must have heard about her, since he readily consented to Shah Jahan's engagement with her.[29]

Marriage

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Mumtaz Mahal was betrothed to Shah Jahan around 5 April 1607,[30] when she was 14 years old at the time and he was 15. They were, however, married five years after the year of their betrothal on 10 May 1612 or 7 June 1612 in Agra.[11][12] After their wedding celebrations, Shah Jahan, "finding her in appearance and character elect among all the women of the time", gave her the title Mumtaz Mahal (Persian: ممتاز محل, lit. 'the exalted one of the Palace').[31][32] During the intervening years between their betrothal and marriage, Shah Jahan had married his first wife, Princess Kandahari Begum in 1610 and in 1617, after marrying Mumtaz, took a third wife, Izz-un-Nissa Begum (titled Akbarabadi Mahal),[33] the daughter of a prominent Mughal courtier.[34][35] According to the official court historians, both the marriages were political alliances.[34]

By all accounts, Shah Jahan was so taken with Mumtaz that he showed little interest in exercising his polygamous rights with his two other wives, other than dutifully siring a child with each.[36] According to the official court chronicler, Motamid Khan, as recorded in his Iqbal Namah-e-Jahangiri, the relationship with his other wives "had nothing more than the status of marriage. The intimacy, deep affection, attention and favour which Shah Jahan had for Mumtaz exceeded what he felt for his other wives."[32][37] Likewise, Shah Jahan's historian Inayat Khan commented that 'his whole delight was centered on this illustrious lady [Mumtaz], to such an extent that he did not feel towards the others [i.e. his other wives] one-thousandth part of the affection that he did for her.'[38]

Mumtaz had a loving marriage with Shah Jahan. Even during her lifetime, poets would extol her beauty, grace, and compassion. Despite her frequent pregnancies, Mumtaz travelled with Shah Jahan's entourage throughout his earlier military campaigns and the subsequent rebellion against his father. She was his constant companion and trusted confidant, leading court historians to go to unheard lengths to document the intimate and erotic relationship the couple enjoyed. In their 19 years of marriage, they had 14 children together (eight sons and six daughters),[38] seven of whom died at birth or at a very young age.[20]

Mughal empress

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Upon his accession to the throne in 1628 after subduing his half-brother, Shahryar Mirza,[39] Shah Jahan designated Mumtaz as his chief empress with the title of Padshah Begum '(First Lady or Queen of the Great)', 'Malika-i-Jahan' ("Queen of the World")[40] and 'Malika-uz-Zamani' ("Queen of the Age")[41] and 'Malika-i-Hindustan ("Queen of the Hindustan").[42] Mumtaz's tenure as empress was brief, spanning only three years due to her untimely death. Nonetheless, Shah Jahan bestowed her with magnanimous luxuries. She was also the only wife of Shah Jahan to be addressed as "Hazrat" being the mother of the heir apparent. For example, no other empress' residence was as decorated as Khas Mahal (part of Agra Fort), where Mumtaz lived with Shah Jahan. It was decorated with pure gold and precious stones and had rose-water fountains of its own. Each wife of the Mughal emperor was given a regular monthly allowance for her gastos (housekeeping or travelling expenses); the highest such allowance on record is the one million rupees per year given to Mumtaz Mahal by Shah Jahan. Apart from this income, he gave her a lot of high-income lands and properties.[43]

Shah Jahan consulted Mumtaz in both private matters and the affairs of the state, and she served as his close confidant and trusted adviser and because of this, she had enormous political power. Like her predecessor and aunt Nur Jahan, Mumtaz sat next to the emperor in the Hall of Private Audience and Hall of Public Audience (Dīwān-e-Khās and Dīwān-e-Ām). She was hidden behind a curtain; if she did not agree with something, she would place her hand on his back, out of sight. At her intercession, he forgave enemies or commuted death sentences.[44] His trust in her was so great that he gave her the highest honour of the land – his imperial seal, the Mehr Uzaz,[45] which validated imperial decrees and nothing could be done without her consent.[46] Mumtaz was portrayed as having no aspirations to political power, in contrast to her aunt, Empress Nur Jahan, the chief consort of Emperor Jahangir, who had wielded enormous power and considerable influence in the previous reign.[47]

An uncontested and great influence on him, often intervening on behalf of the poor and destitute, she also enjoyed watching elephant and combat fights[clarification needed] performed for the court. Mumtaz also patronized a number of poets, scholars and other talented persons. A noted Sanskrit poet, Vansidhara Mishra, was the Empress's favourite.[27] On the recommendation of her principal lady-in-waiting, Sati-un-Nissa, Mumtaz Mahal provided pensions and donations to the daughters of poor scholars, theologians, and pious men.[48] It was quite common for women of noble birth to commission architecture in the Mughal Empire, so Mumtaz devoted some time to a riverside garden in Agra, which is now known as Zahara Bagh. It is the only architectural foundation that can be connected to her patronage.[49]

Death and aftermath

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A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Taj Mahal is the final resting place of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan.

Mumtaz Mahal died from postpartum hemorrhage in Burhanpur on 17 June 1631[50] while giving birth to her 14th child, after a prolonged labor of around 30 hours.[20][21] She had been accompanying her husband while he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau. Her body was temporarily buried at Burhanpur in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad originally constructed by Shah Jahan's uncle Daniyal on the bank of the Tapti River.[51] The contemporary court chroniclers paid an unusual amount of attention to Mumtaz Mahal's death and Shah Jahan's grief at her demise. In the immediate aftermath of his bereavement, the emperor was reportedly inconsolable.[52] Apparently, after her death, he went into secluded mourning for a year.[52] When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn.[53] Mumtaz's eldest daughter, Jahanara Begum, gradually brought her father out of grief and took her mother's place at court.[54]

Mumtaz Mahal's personal fortune (valued at 10 million rupees) was divided by Shah Jahan between Jahanara Begum, who received half, and the rest of her surviving children.[55] Burhanpur was never intended by her husband as his wife's final resting spot. As a result, her body was disinterred in December 1631 and transported in a golden casket escorted by her son Shah Shuja, the deceased empress's head lady-in-waiting, and the distinguished courtier Wazir Khan, back to Agra.[56][57] There, it was interred in a small building on the banks of the Yamuna River. Shah Jahan stayed behind in Burhanpur to conclude the military campaign that had originally brought him to the region. While there, he began planning the design and construction of a suitable mausoleum and funerary garden in Agra for his wife. It was a task that would take 22 years to complete, the Taj Mahal.[58]

Taj Mahal

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Cenotaph of Mumtaz Mahal
Tomb of Mumtaz Mahal in the Taj Mahal, alongside her husband Shah Jahan

The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan to be built as a mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal. It is seen as an embodiment of undying love and marital devotion. English poet Sir Edwin Arnold describes it as "Not a piece of architecture, as other buildings are, but the proud passion of an emperor's love wrought in living stones." The beauty of the monument is also taken as a representation of Mumtaz Mahal's beauty and this association leads many to describe the Taj Mahal as feminine.[59] Since Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decorations on graves, the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan are placed in a relatively plain crypt beneath the inner chamber with their faces turned to the right and towards Mecca.[60]

The Ninety Nine Names of God are found as calligraphic inscriptions on the sides of the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal in the crypt including, "O Noble, O Magnificent, O Majestic, O Unique, O Eternal, O Glorious...".[61] There are many theories about the origin of the name of this tomb and one of them suggests that 'Taj' is an abbreviation of the name Mumtaz. European travelers, such as François Bernier, who observed its construction, were among the first to call it the Taj Mahal. Since they are unlikely to have come up with the name, they might have picked it up from the locals of Agra who called the Empress 'Taj Mahal' and thought the tomb was named after her and the name began to be used interchangeably, but no firm evidence suggests this. Shah Jahan had not intended to entomb another person in the Taj Mahal;[62] however, Aurangzeb had Shah Jahan buried next to the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal rather than build a separate tomb for his father.[63][64] This is evident from the asymmetrical placement of Shah Jahan's grave on one side of his wife's grave which is in the centre.[65][66]

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Astronomy

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Literature

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  • A cat named after Mumtaz Mahal ("Princess Arjumand")[68] plays a major role in Connie Willis's 1997 novel To Say Nothing of the Dog.
  • Arjumand Banu (Mumtaz Mahal) is a principal character in Indu Sundaresan's novel The Feast of Roses (2003) and its sequel, Shadow Princess (2010), begins with her death.[69]
  • Mumtaz Mahal is a main character in Sonja Chandrachud's novel Trouble at the Taj (2011). She appears in the book as a ghost.[70]
  • In John Shors' novel Beneath a Marble Sky (2013), Mahal's daughter, Princess Jahanara, tells the extraordinary story of how the Taj Mahal came to be, describing her own life as an agent in its creation and as a witness to the fateful events surrounding its completion.[71]
  • Manahil Bandukwala's debut poetry collection Monument (2022) is a conversation with Mumtaz Mahal. It explores themes of love, monumentalisation, legacy, family, and empire.[72]

Films

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Other

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Issue

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Children of Mumtaz Mahal

Ancestry

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References

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  3. ^ Srivastava, Piyush (27 November 2014). "Battle for Taj Mahal continues between Shia and Sunni sect leaders". India Today. Lucknow. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
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  5. ^ DHNS (24 November 2014). "After Sunnis, now Shias too claim Taj Mahal". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
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  28. ^ Sharma, Sudha (2016). The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India. India: Sage Publications. ISBN 9789351505655. Mumtaz Mahal was equally adept in Persian and Arabic as well as in writing poetry, besides being a patron of the learned and scholars.
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  68. ^ Willis, Connie (2013). To Say Nothing of the Dog. Orion. p. 97. ISBN 978057513113-2. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2021. Tossie? "Then who's Princess Arjumand?" I said. "Her cat. It's named after the Indian maharani they named the Taj Mahal after, though one would think it would be called the Taj Arjumand in that case.
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  71. ^ Shors, John (2013). Beneath a Marble Sky. McPherson. ISBN 978-0929701974.
  72. ^ Манахиль Бандуквала (5 апреля 2022 года). "Памятник" . Кирпичные книги. Архивировано из оригинала 30 августа 2023 года . Получено 28 февраля 2023 года .
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  75. ^ Кардар, Абдул Рашид (1 января 2000 г.). «Шахджехан» . IMDB . Архивировано из оригинала 13 апреля 2017 года . Получено 12 апреля 2017 года .
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  77. ^ «Тадж Махал - памятник любви» . БЛИ . 2003. Архивировано из оригинала 15 апреля 2023 года . Получено 3 марта 2021 года .
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  79. ^ «Герлен рассказывает о очаровательной легенде о Шалимаре» . lvmh.com . 30 августа 2013 года. Архивировано с оригинала 26 апреля 2019 года . Получено 26 апреля 2019 года .
  80. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Мосви, Ширин (2008). Люди, налогообложение и торговля в Могольской Индии . Оксфорд: издательство Оксфордского университета. п. 115. ISBN  9780195693157 .
  81. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Саркер, Кобита (2007). Шах Джахан и его рай на земле: история о творениях Шаха Джахана в Агре и Шахджаханабаде в золотые дни Моголов (1. Издательство изд.). Калькутта: KP Bagchi & Co. p. 40. ISBN  9788170743002 .
  82. ^ Рапсон, Эдвард Джеймс, изд. (1962). Кембриджская история Индии . Кубок Архив. п. 228. Архивировано из оригинала 30 августа 2023 года . Получено 16 августа 2019 года .
  83. ^ Тадж-Махал: Прозрачная могила: антология моголов семнадцатого века и европейских документальных источников . Составлено и переведено We Begley и Za Desai. Кембридж, Массачусетс: Программа Ага Хан для исламской архитектуры. 1989. с. 23. ISBN  9780295969442 . {{cite book}}: Cs1 maint: другие ( ссылка )
  84. ^ Сунита Шарма, Вуаль, Скипетр и Квилл: профили выдающихся женщин, 16–18 веков (2004), с. 45
  85. ^ Shujauddin (1967 , стр. 1)
  86. ^ Ахмад (1924 , стр. 101)

Библиография

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  • Кох, Эбба (2006). Полный Тадж -Махал: и набережные сады Агры (твердый перелет) (1 -е изд.). Thames & Hudson Ltd. с. 288 страниц . ISBN  0500342091 .
  • Престон, Диана и Майкл (2007). Слеза на щеке времени (в твердом переплете) (1 -е изд.). Лондон: Doubleday. С. 354 страницы. ISBN  978-0385609470 .
  • Тиллотсон, Джайлс (2008). Тадж Махал . Кембридж, Массачусетс: издательство Гарвардского университета. ISBN  978-0674063655 .
  • Бэнкс Финдли, Эллисон (1993). Нур Джахан: Императрица Моголов Индии . Оксфорд, Великобритания: Нур Джахан: Императрица Моголов Индии. ISBN  978-0195074888 .
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