Белохвост ястреб
| Белохвост ястреб | |
|---|---|
| |
| Взрослый в Сальвадорском зоопарке , Ондина, Сальвадор, Баия, Бразилия | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Accipitriformes |
| Family: | Accipitridae |
| Genus: | Geranoaetus |
| Species: | G. albicaudatus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Geranoaetus albicaudatus (Vieillot, 1816)
| |
| Subspecies[2] | |
| |
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Buteo albicaudatus | |
Белый хвост Hawk ( Geranoaetus albicaudatus ) представляет собой большую птицу видов хищных видов, обнаруженная в тропической и субтропической среде Америки .
Описание
[ редактировать ]Белохвольный ястреб-большой, коренастый ястреб . Он близок по размеру к Swainson's ( Buteo Swainsoni ) и красным хвостам ястребов ( Buteo jamaicensis ), его средние измерения немного опережают первое и немного позади последнего. Он может достичь общей длины 44–60 см (17–24 дюймов) и размах крыльев 118–143 см (46–56 дюймов). Масса тела 880–1,240 г (1,94–2,73 фунта) была зарегистрирована у B. a. Хисоподий и 865–1,010 г (1,907–2,227 фунта) у B. a. Колонос . Среди стандартных измерений аккорда крыла составляет 39–46,2 см (15,4–18,2 дюйма), хвост составляет 19,4–22 см (7,6–8,7 дюйма), а лапша составляет 8–9,2 см (3,1–3,6 дюйма). [ 3 ] Взрослые птицы серые и белые внизу и на крыло, со слабым бледно -серым или ручным за исключением. Короткий хвост белый с узкой черной полосой ближе к концу, которая заметна в полете. Ржаво-красное плечо так же характерно, когда птица сидит с закрытыми крыльями. Крылья темные выше, смешаны с серым возле основания черных первичных смягч . Подключение беловатого, с нечетким коричневатым за исключением нижних покрытий, которые распространяются на фланги и бедра. - Радужная оболочка Хейзел , Cere - бледно-зеленый, клюв черный с основой рога, а ноги желтые с черными когтями. [4]
Immature birds are somewhat darker than adults; they may appear nearly black in faint light, particularly individuals who have little white below. The wing lining is conspicuously spotted black-and-white; the rusty shoulder patch is absent in younger birds. The tail changes from brown with several dark bars to greyish with a hazy dark band as the bird approaches maturity. The bare parts are colored much like in the adult.[4]
In the Southern Hemisphere winter, young birds are sometimes mistaken for migrant red-backed hawks (Geranoaetus polyosoma).[4]
Call
[edit]Its call is a high-pitched cackling ke ke ke..., with a tinkling quality that reminds some of the bleating of a goat or the call of the laughing gull.[4]
Subspecies
[edit]Three subspecies are known:[4]
| Image | Subspecies | Description | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Geranoaetus albicaudatus hypospodius | Intermediate in size and coloration. No dark morph. | coastal Texas and the Rio Grande Valley[5] through Middle America to northern Colombia and western Venezuela. |
 |
Geranoaetus albicaudatus colonus | Small and pale. Dark morph is ashy grey all over, except for the tail and underwing coverts; sometimes extensively marked rufous on the underside. Dark-morph immatures are sometimes black all over, except for the tail. | Eastern Colombia to Suriname south to the mouth of the Amazon River, extending into the Caribbean. |
 |
Geranoaetus albicaudatus albicaudatus | Large and dark; throat usually black (except in western Argentina). The dark morph appears blackish above, blackish-brown below. | Southern Amazon rainforest to central Argentina |
Distribution and ecology
[edit]
The white-tailed hawk can be found anywhere from coastal Texas and the Rio Grande Valley[5] to central Argentina, as well as many Caribbean islands of the Lesser Antilles, and Trinidad and Tobago. For habitat, it prefers open or semi-open regions up to 2,000 ft (c. 600 m) ASL, with few trees to hinder its flight. It is not a migratory bird, though some populations may make regional movements when food is scarce. It likes to perch on bushes, trees, telephone poles, or even stand around on the ground, as well as soar. Generally, it prefers arid habitats and rarely occurs in very rainy locales.[4]
Though it will disappear from unsuitable locations after habitat fragmentation, it has a wide range and is not considered to be a globally threatened species by the IUCN.[6]
Its preferred hunting technique is to hover and observe the surroundings for signs of potential prey, gliding to another place when nothing is found. The diet of the white-tailed hawk varies with its environment. Rabbits make up the majority of the hawk's diet in southern Texas, while lizards of 12 in (30 cm) in length and more are the preferred prey in the Dutch West Indies. Other animals such as cotton rats, snakes, frogs, arthropods (especially grasshoppers, cicadas, and beetles), and smallish birds such as passerines or quails are also eaten; it will snatch chickens when no other source of food is available. In the open cerrado of Brazil, mixed-species feeding flocks will react to a white-tailed hawk with almost as much alarm as they do when seeing such dedicated predators of birds as the aplomado falcon.[7] The white-tailed hawk is also known to feed on carrion and to gather with other birds at brushfires to catch small animals fleeing the flames.[8] In the tropics, white-tailed hawks rank amongst the main predators of the small monkeys known as marmosets.[9]
Breeding pairs of white-tailed hawks build nests out of freshly broken twigs, often of thorny plants, 5–15 ft (1.5–5 m) or more above the ground on top of a tree or yucca, preferably one growing in an elevated location giving good visibility from the nest. The nest's interior is cushioned with dried grasses and other fine materials; green twigs of mesquite or other aromatic plants are often placed in the nest too, perhaps to deter parasites. Like many Accipitridae, white-tailed hawks do not like to abandon a nest site, and nests built up over the years can thus reach sizes of up to three feet (1 m) across. The eggs are white, often lightly spotted with brown or lavender; between one and three (usually two) are laid per clutch. When approached on the nest, the adults will get airborne and observe the intruder from above, unlike related hawks, which usually wait much longer to flush and then launch a determined attack.[4]
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Geranoaetus albicaudatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22695906A169001701. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695906A169001701.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2.
- ^ Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-8026-1.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g HCT (2008)
- ^ Jump up to: a b "White-tailed Hawk". The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
- ^ Faria et al. (2006), BLI (2008)
- ^ Ragusa-Netto (2000)
- ^ eNature (2007), HCT (2008)
- ^ "Callithrix kuhlii (Weid's black-tufted-ear marmoset)".
References
[edit]- eNature (2007): White-tailed Hawk. Retrieved 2008-NOV-19.
- Faria, Christiana M.A.; Rodrigues, Marcos; do Amaral, Frederico Q.; Módena, Érica & Fernandes, Alexandre M. (2006): Aves de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no alto Rio Doce, Minas Gerais: colonização e extinção [The birds of an Atlantic Forest fragment at upper Rio Doce valley, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil: colonization and extinction]. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23(4): 1217-1230 [Portuguese with English abstract]. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752006000400032 PDF fulltext
- Hawk Conservancy Trust (HCT) (2008): White-tailed Hawk – Buteo albicaudatus. Version of 2008-NOV-19. Retrieved 2008-NOV-19.
- Ragusa-Netto, J. (2000): Raptors and "campo-cerrado" bird mixed flock led by Cypsnagra hirundinacea (Emberizidae: Thraupinae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 60(3): 461-467 [English with Portuguese abstract]. doi:10.1590/S0034-71082000000300011 PMID 11188872 PDF fulltext
External links
[edit]
- White-tailed hawk Information eNature.com