Operation Tannenberg

Operation Tannenberg
*Unternehmen Tannenberg*
Operation Tannenberg; Unternehmen Tannenberg
Part of Generalplan Ost
	Operation Tannenberg, 20 October 1939. The mass murder of Polish townsmen in Reichsgau Wartheland (western Poland)
Location	German-occupied Poland
Date	September 1939 – January 1940
Target	Poles
Attack type	Genocidal massacre, mass shooting
Weapons	Firearms
Deaths	20,000 deaths (during 1–2 months) in 760 mass executions by SS Einsatzgruppen
Perpetrators	Nazi Germany

Operation Tannenberg (German: Unternehmen Tannenberg) was a codename for one of the anti-Polish extermination actions by Nazi Germany.^[3] The shootings were conducted with the use of a proscription list (Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen) targeting Poland’s elite, compiled by the Gestapo in the two years before the invasion of Poland.^[4]

The secret lists identified more than 61,000 members of the Polish elite: activists, intelligentsia, scholars, clergy, actors, former officers and others, who were to be interned or shot. Members of the German minority living in Poland assisted in preparing the lists.^[4]

Operation Tannenberg was followed by the shooting and gassing of hospital patients and disabled adults, as part of the wider Aktion T4 programme.^[5]^[a]

Implementation

Following the orders of Adolf Hitler, a special unit dubbed Tannenberg was created within the Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt). It commanded a number of Einsatzgruppen units formed with Gestapo, Kripo and Sicherheitsdienst (SD) officers and men who were theoretically to follow the Wehrmacht (armed forces) into occupied territories. Their task was to track down and arrest all the people listed on the proscription lists exactly as it had been compiled before the outbreak of war. The plan was finalized in May 1939 by the Central Office II P (Poland).^[7]

The first phase of the action occurred in September 1, 1939, and was perpetrated by the Einsatzgruppen, with assistance from the Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz and local SA militias. Many listed targets were killed. Some officials were beaten and mutilated. Pregnant women were also not spared.^[5]

Massacres of hospital patients

After the extermination of the Polish elite, patients from Polish hospitals were murdered in Wartheland (Wielkopolska) by Einsatzgruppe VI men. They were led by Herbert Lange, who was under the command of Erich Naumann. He was appointed commandant of the first Chełmno extermination camp soon thereafter.^[8] By mid-1940, Lange and his men were responsible for the murder of about 1100 patients in Owińska, 2750 patients at Kościan, 1558 patients and 300 Poles at Działdowo who were shot in the back of the neck; and hundreds of Poles at Fort VII where the mobile gas-chamber (Einsatzwagen) was first developed along with the first gassing bunker.^[9]

According to the historian Peter Longerich, the hospital massacres were conducted on the initiative of Einsatzgruppen, because they were not ordered by Himmler.^[10] Lange's experience in the mass killing of Poles during Operation Tannenberg was the reason why Ernst Damzog, the Commander of Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) and SD stationed in occupied Poznań (Posen) placed him in charge of the SS-Sonderkommando Lange (special detachment) for the purpose of mass gassing operations which led to the eventual annihilation of the Łódź Ghetto.^[11]

Notes

^ The second phase of Operation Tannenberg referred to as the Unternehmen Tannenberg by Heydrich's Sonderreferat began in late 1939 under the codename Intelligenzaktion and lasted until January 1940, in which 36,000–42,000 people, including Polish children, were killed in Pomerania before the end of 1939.^[6]

Footnotes and references

^ Lazar, Seth (2015). Sparing Civilians. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780198712985.
^ Bloxham, Donald; Gerwarth, Robert, eds. (10 March 2011). Political Violence in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 71. ISBN 9781107005037.
^ Brewing, Daniel (2022). In the Shadow of Auschwitz German Massacres against Polish Civilians, 1939–1945. Berghahn Book. pp. 141–142. ISBN 9781800730892.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Unternehmen Tannenberg - August 1939: Wie der SD den Überfall auf Polen vorbereitete (III) bei wissen.spiegel.de (PDF file, direct download). Archived 2009-07-06 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Semków, Piotr (2006). "Martyrologia Polaków z Pomorza Gdańskiego w latach II wojny światowej" (PDF). IPN Bulletin (in Polish) (8–9). Institute of National Remembrance: 46–48. ISSN 1641-9561. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-17.
^ Semków 2006, pp. 42–50.
^ Peter Longerich (2012), War and Settlement in Poland. Heinrich Himmler: A Life. OUP Oxford, pp. 425–429. ISBN 0199592322.
^ Artur Hojan; Cameron Munro (2015). "Nazi Euthanasia Programme in Occupied Poland 1939-1945". Overview of the liquidation of the mentally ill during actions on the Polish territory (1939-1945). The Tiergartenstrasse 4 Association, international centre for the documentation, study and interpretation of Nazi crimes. Nazi Euthanasia in European Perspective conference, Berlin, Kleisthaus, Feb. 28-30, 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
^ Holocaust Research Project.org (2007). "Lange, Herbert; SS-Hauptsturmführer". Chelmno Death Camp Dramatis Personae. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
^ Longerich 2012, p. 430.
^ Epstein, Catherine (2010). "A Blonde Province: Resettlement, Deportation, Murder". Model Nazi: Arthur Greiser and the Occupation of Western Poland. Oxford University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-19-161384-5. Retrieved 8 November 2015.

Bibliography

Verbatim transcript of Part I of the book The German New Order in Poland published for the Polish Ministry of Information by Hutchinson & Co., London, in late 1941. The period covered by the book is September, 1939 to June, 1941.

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Related articles	Occupation of Poland (1939–1945) Nazi German crimes against the Polish nation Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz Unternehmen Tannenberg Prisoner-of-war massacres Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen Intelligenzaktion Intelligenzaktion Pommern Sonderaktion Krakau AB-Aktion Aktion T4 Persecution of the Catholic Church Pacification actions Destruction of Warsaw Kidnapping of children Lebensborn Expulsion of Poles Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany Action Saybusch Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna Polish decrees Forced labour Human experimentation Concentration camps Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946) NKVD prisoner massacres Katyn massacre Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia Volhynian Bloody Sunday National Day of Remembrance World War II casualties of Poland

Operation Tannenberg

Implementation

Massacres of hospital patients

See also

Notes

Footnotes and references

Bibliography

Further reading