Paenungulata
| Paenungulata Временный диапазон: палеоцен - недавний,
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| Верх: Rock Hyrax ( Hyracoidea ), Arsinoitherium Zitheli ( Abrithopoda ); Внизу: азиатский слон ( progoscidea ), западно -индийский ламантин ( Sirenia ). | |
Научная классификация 
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| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Животное |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Superorder: | Afrotheria |
| Clade: | Paenungulatomorpha |
| Grandorder: | Paenungulata Simpson, 1945 |
| Subgroups | |
Paenungulata (от латинской пане "почти" + ungulātus "с копытами ") представляет собой кладу «субботних » , в которой три существующих млекопитающих приказы : Procosdea (включая слоны ), сириения ( морские коры , включая дугонов и ламантинов ), и и и и Hyracoidea ( Hyraxes ). По крайней мере, еще два возможных порядка известны только как окаменелости, а именно Embrithopoda и Des Yourshylia . [ А ]
Молекулярные данные указывают на то, что Paenungulata (или, по крайней мере, ее существующие члены) является частью когорты Afrotheria , древней собрания в основном африканских млекопитающих большого разнообразия. Другими членами этой когорты являются приказы Afrosoricida ( Tenrecs и Golden Poles ), Macroscelidea ( Seelphant Shres ) и Tubulididentata ( Aardvarks ). [ 2 ]
Из пяти орденов гираксы являются наиболее базальными, за которыми следуют обсел; Остальные приказы (сирены и слоны) более тесно связаны. Эти последние три сгруппированы как тетитерия , потому что считается, что их общие предки жили на берегах доисторического моря Тетис ; Тем не менее, недавние исследования миоглобина показывают, что даже у Hyracoidea был водный предок. [ 3 ]
History
[edit]In 1945, George Gaylord Simpson used traditional taxonomic techniques to group these spectacularly diverse mammals in the superorder he named Paenungulata ("almost ungulates"), but there were many loose threads in unravelling their genealogy.[4] For example, hyraxes in his Paenungulata had some characteristics suggesting they might be connected to the Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates, such as horses and rhinos). Indeed, early taxonomists placed the Hyracoidea closest to the rhinoceroses because of their dentition.
When genetic techniques were developed for inspecting amino acid differences among haemoglobin sequences the most parsimonious cladograms depicted Simpson's Paenungulata as an authentic clade and as one of the first groups to diversify from the basal placental mammals (Eutheria). The amino acid sequences reject a connection between extant paenungulates and perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates).[4]
However, a 2014 cladistic analysis placed anthracobunids and desmostylians, two major extinct groups that have been considered to be non-African afrotheres, close to each other within Perissodactyla.[5]
Phylogeny
[edit]| A cladogram of Afrotheria based on molecular evidence[6] |
Gallery
[edit]-
The rodent-like hyrax -
A bull bush elephant -
A manatee and her calf -
Ocepeia, a basal species -
Arsinoitherium, a rhino-like embrithopod -
Desmostylus, a member of desmostylia, the only extinct order of marine mammals.
Extinct orders
[edit]Each of the extinct orders, the Embrithopoda and Desmostylia,[a] was as unique in its members' ways of making a living as the three orders that survive. Embrithopods were rhinoceros-like herbivorous mammals with plantigrade feet, and desmostylians were hippopotamus-like amphibious animals. Their walking posture and diet have been the subject of speculation, but tooth wear indicates that desmostylians browsed on terrestrial plants and had a posture similar to other large hoofed mammals.[2]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Desmostylians, however, have been placed in Perissodactyla by a 2014 cladistic analysis,[5] and the taxonomic placement of embrithopods has also been questioned[7] though recently supported.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ Avilla, Leonardo S.; Mothé, Dimila (2021). "Out of Africa: A New Afrotheria Lineage Rises From Extinct South American Mammals". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.654302. ISSN 2296-701X.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Kleinschmidt, Traute; Czelusniak, John; Goodman, Morris; Braunitzer, Gerhard (1986). "Paenungulata: A comparison of the hemoglobin sequences from Elephant, Hyrax, and Manatee" (PDF). Mol. Biol. Evol. 3 (5): 427–435. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040411. PMID 3444412. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
- ^ "One Protein Shows Elephants and Moles Had Aquatic Ancestors". National Geographic Society. 13 June 2013. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Seiffert, Erik; Guillon, J.M. (2007). "A new estimate of Afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-224. PMC 2248600. PMID 17999766.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E.R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S.I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S.T.; Thewissen, J.G.M. (2014). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875.
- ^ Tabuce, R.; Asher, R. J.; Lehmann, T. (2008). "Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data" (PDF). Mammalia. 72: 2–14. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2008.004. S2CID 46133294.
- ^ Erdal, O.; Antoine, P.-O.; Sen, S.; Smith, A. (2016). "New material of Palaeoamasia kansui (Embrithopoda, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Turkey and a phylogenetic analysis of Embrithopoda at the species level" (PDF). Palaeontology. 59 (5): 631–655. doi:10.1111/pala.12247. S2CID 89418652.
- ^ E. Gheerbrant; A. Schmitt; L. Kocsis (2018). "Early African fossils elucidate the origin of embrithopod mammals". Current Biology. 28 (13): 2167–2173.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.032. PMID 30008332.
Sources
[edit]- Kleinschmidt, Traute; Czelusniak, John; Goodman, Morris; Braunitzer, Gerhard (1986). "Paenungulata: A comparison of the hemoglobin sequences from elephant, hyrax, and manatee" (PDF). Mol. Biol. Evol. 3 (5): 427–435. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040411. PMID 3444412. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
- McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S.K., eds. (1997). Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11013-8.
- Seiffert, Erik; Guillon, J.M. (2007). "A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-224. PMC 2248600. PMID 17999766.
- Simpson, G.G. (1945). "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals". American Museum of Natural History. 85: 1–350. hdl:2246/1104.
Further reading
[edit]- Gheerbrant, E. (2005). "Paenungulata (Sirenia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and Relatives)". In Rose, Kenneth D.; Archibald, J. David (eds.). The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and relationships of the major extant clades. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 84–105. ISBN 080188022X – via Google Books.
External links
[edit]- "Vertebrates: Paenungulata". Paleos.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-13.
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