Большой бас
| Большой бас | |
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Centrarchidae |
| Genus: | Micropterus |
| Species: | M. nigricans
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| Binomial name | |
| Micropterus nigricans (Cuvier, 1828)
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| Synonyms[3] | |
Крупный окунь ( Micropterus nigricans ) представляет собой плотоядную из пресноводную рыбу лучей в семье Centrarchidae (Sunfish), родом из восточной и центральной части Соединенных Штатов , юго-восточной Канады и северной Мексики . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 3 ] Он известен по множеству региональных имен, таких как бас -вас , Bigmouth Bass , Black Bass , Bucketmouth , Largie , Potter's Fish , Florida Bass , , Florida Largemouth , Green Bass, Bucketmouth Bass, зеленая форель, бас Gilsdorf, Oswego Bass,, Bucketmouth, зеленая форель, басс Gilsdorf, Oswego, бас, басс, бас, зеленая форель, бас Гилсдорфа, Освего, бас, бас, бас зеленая бас Гилсдорфа форель , , Освего бас, бас, зеленая форель , бас Гилсдорфа , Освего Бас , Бас . LMB , и южная крупногарная и северная крупногарная . [ 6 ]
Крупный бас, как известно сегодня, был впервые описан французским натуралистом Жоржесом Кювиером в 1828 году. Недавнее исследование [ 7 ] пришел к выводу, что правильным научным названием для баса Флориды является Micropterus salmoides , в то время как Bargemouth Bass - Micropterus nigricans . [ 7 ] Это самый большой вид черного окуня , с максимальной зарегистрированной длиной 29,5 дюйма (75 см) и неофициальным весом 25 фунтов 1 унции (11,4 кг).
Крупный бас - рыба Грузии государственная [ 8 ] и Миссисипи , [ 9 ] and the state freshwater fish of Florida[10] and Alabama.[11][12] Это высоко ценная спортивная рыба среди рыболовов за их энергичное сопротивление, когда его поймали, и была представлена во многих регионах из -за их популярности в рыбалке и терпимости к басу к городским потокам . Тем не менее, они стали инвазивным видом в некоторых областях, вызывая снижение, смещение или вымирание местных видов посредством хищничества и конкуренции .
Taxonomy
[edit]The largemouth bass was first formally described as Labrus salmoides in 1802 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède with the type locality given as the Carolinas.[13] Lacépède based his description on an illustration of a specimen collected by Louis Bosc near Charleston, South Carolina. Recent phylogenomic studies, however, place the type locality given by Lacépède as within the range of the Florida bass (M. floridanus) and outside that of the largemouth bass. This study concludes that Lacépède's name is the correct binomial for the Florida bass and that the oldest available binomial for the largemouth bass is Cuvier's Huro nigricans, which has a type locality of Lake Huron which is within the range of the largemouth bass.[14]
Description
[edit]The largemouth bass is an olive-green to greenish gray fish, marked by a series of dark, sometimes black, blotches forming a jagged horizontal stripe along each flank.[15] The upper jaw (maxilla) of a largemouth bass extends beyond the rear margin of the orbit.[16]
The largemouth bass is the largest of the black basses, reaching a maximum recorded overall length of 29.5 in (75 cm)[17] and a maximum unofficial weight of 25 lb 1 oz (11.4 kg).[17] Sexual dimorphism is found, with the female larger than the male.
Largemouth bass prefer habitats with abundant littoral vegetation and generally maintain relatively small home ranges in lakes.[18] They have an average lifespan of 10 to 16 years in the wild.[19]
Feeding
[edit]Juvenile largemouth bass consumes mostly small bait fish, scuds, water fleas, copepods, small shrimp, and insects.[20] Adults consume smaller fish (bluegill, banded killifish, minnows, juvenile bass), shad, worms, snails, crawfish, frogs, snakes, and salamanders. [citation needed] In larger lakes and reservoirs, adult bass occupy slightly deeper water than younger fish, and shift to a diet consisting almost entirely of smaller fish like shad, yellow perch, ciscoes, suckers, shiners, other cyprinids, freshwater silversides, and sunfish (such as bluegill and green sunfish).[20][21][22] It also consumes younger members of larger fish species, such as catfish, trout, walleye, white bass, striped bass, and even smaller black bass. Among the crayfish species preyed upon include Faxonius difficilis, F. harrisonii, F. hartfieldi, and Procambarus clarkii.[22] Prey items can be as large as 50% of the bass's body length or larger.[23]
Studies of prey utilization by largemouths show that in weedy waters, bass grow more slowly due to difficulty in acquiring prey. Less weed cover allows bass to more easily find and catch prey, but this consists of more open-water baitfish. With little or no cover, bass can devastate the prey population and starve or be stunted. Fisheries managers must consider these factors when designing regulations for specific bodies of water. Under overhead cover, such as overhanging banks, brush, or submerged structure, such as weedbeds, points, humps, ridges, and drop-offs, the largemouth bass uses its senses of hearing, sight, vibration, and smell to attack and seize its prey. Adult largemouth are generally apex predators within their habitat, but they are preyed upon by many animals while young, including great blue herons, larger bass, northern pike, walleye, muskellunge, yellow perch, channel catfish, northern water snakes, crappie, common carp, and American eels.[22][24] Multiple species of kingfishers, bitterns, and other herons feed on this bass, as well.[25] Both the young and adult largemouths are targeted by the bald eagle.[22]
Notably in the Great Lakes Region, Micropterus salmoides along with many other species of native fish have been known to prey upon the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Remains of said fish have been found inside the stomachs of largemouth bass consistently. This feeding habit may impact the ecosystem positively, but more research must be conducted to verify this. It is illegal to use or possess live Neogobius melanostomus as bait in the Great Lakes Region.[26]
Spawning
[edit]
Largemouth bass usually reach sexual maturity and begin spawning when they are about a year old.[27] Spawning takes place in the spring season when the water temperature first remains continuously above 60 °F (16 °C) for a sufficient period of time.[specify] In the northern region of the United States and Canada, this usually occurs anywhere from late April until early July. In the southern states, where the largest and healthiest specimens typically inhabit, this process can begin in March and is usually over by June.[28] Males form nests by moving debris from the bottom of the body of water using their tails. These nests are usually about twice the length of the males, although this can vary.[27] Bass prefer sand, muck, or gravel bottoms, but will also use rocky and weedy bottoms where there is cover for their nest, such as roots or twigs.[29] After finishing the nest, the males swim near the nest looking for a female to mate with. After one is found, the two bass swim around the nest together, turning their bodies so that the eggs and sperm that are being released will come in contact on the way down to the nest. Bass will usually spawn twice per spring, with some spawning three or four times, although this is not as common. The male will then guard the nest until the eggs hatch, which can take about two to four days in the southern US and Northern Mexico, and slightly longer in the northern part of its native range. Finally, depending on the water temperature, the male will stay with the nest until the infant bass are ready to swim out on their own, which can be about two more weeks after they hatch. After this, the male, female, and newborns will switch to more of a summer mode, in which they then focus more on feeding.[27]
Angling
[edit]
Largemouth bass are keenly sought after by anglers and are noted for the excitement of their 'fight', meaning how vigorously the fish resists being hauled into the boat or onto shore after being hooked. The fish will often become airborne in their effort to throw the hook, but many say that their cousin species, the smallmouth bass, is even more aggressive.[30] Anglers most often fish for largemouth bass with lures such as Spinnerbait, plastic worms (and other plastic baits), jigs, crankbaits, and live bait, such as worms and minnows. A recent trend is the use of large swimbaits to target trophy bass that often forage on juvenile rainbow trout in California. Fly fishing for largemouth bass may be done using both topwater and worm imitations tied with natural or synthetic materials. Other live baits, such as frogs or crawfish, can also be productive. Large golden shiners are a popular live bait used to catch trophy bass, especially when they are sluggish in the heat of summer or in the cold of winter.[31] Largemouth bass usually hang around big patches of weeds and other shallow water cover. These fish are very capable of surviving in a wide variety of climates and waters. They are perhaps one of the world's most tolerant freshwater fish.[citation needed]
The world record largemouth according to the IGFA is shared by Manabu Kurita and George W. Perry. Kurita's bass was caught from Lake Biwa in Japan on July 2, 2009, and weighed 10.12 kilograms (22 lb 5 oz). Perry's bass was caught on June 2, 1932, from Montgomery Lake in Georgia and weighed 10.09 kilograms (22 lb 4 oz). This record is shared because the IGFA states a new record must beat the old record by at least 2 ounces.[32]
Strong cultural pressure among largemouth bass anglers encourages the practice of catch and release, especially the larger specimens, mainly because larger specimens are usually breeding females that contribute heavily to future sport fishing stocks. Largemouth bass respond well to catch and release, with a very high survival rate after release, especially if the fish is handled with care and is loosely hooked in the side or top of the mouth.[citation needed] However, if the fish swallows the hook, survival odds greatly decrease. [citation needed] Largemouth bass have a white, slightly mushy meat, lower quality than that of the smallmouth bass, bluegill, yellow perch, crappie or walleye. Small largemouth, of 10–14 inches, can contain higher quality meat, especially during the spring.[citation needed]
Given largemouth bass' prevalence across North America and their accessibility to the everyday angler, largemouth bass are often viewed as an introductory fish. Fishing for largemouth bass can help beginner anglers transition away from traditional "worm on a hook" angling towards fishing with artificial lures and strategies. It is often the case that recreational fishermen become "addicted to fishing" shortly after they make largemouth bass their target species. [citation needed] The cultural implications of largemouth bass are quite significant, as there are even competitions and tournaments specifically targeting largemouth bass in North America.
Invasive species
[edit]The largemouth bass has been introduced into many other regions and countries due to its popularity as a sport fish and tolerance to urban environments. It causes the decline, displacement or extinctions of species in its new habitat through predation and competition,[33] for example in Namibia. They are also an invasive species in the Canadian province of New Brunswick, and are on the watch list across much of the far northern US and Canada. In colder waters, these fish are often a danger to native fish fry such as salmon and trout.[34] They have also been blamed for the extinction of the Atitlan grebe, a large waterbird which once inhabited Lake Atitlan, Guatemala.[35] In 2011, researchers found that in streams and rivers in the Iberian Peninsula, juvenile largemouth bass were able to demonstrate trophic plasticity, meaning that they were able to adjust their feeding habits to obtain the necessary amount of energy needed to survive. This allows them to be successful as an invasive species in relatively stable aquatic food webs.[36] Similarly, a study done in Japan showed that the introduction of both largemouth bass and bluegill into farm ponds have caused increases in the numbers of benthic organisms, resulting from the predation on fishes, crustaceans, and nymphal odonates by the bass.[37] The largemouth bass has been causing sharp decreases in native fish populations in Japan since 1996, especially in bitterling fish in Lake Izunuma-Uchinuma.[38]
Conservation
[edit]To better understand the effects of angling on largemouth bass populations, researchers have studied physiological variation in the largemouth bass. One study found that in areas where angling was high, there was a significant effect on bass physiology. In stress tests, bass from protected areas had increased cortisol responsiveness compared to those in the highly active fisheries.[39] The largemouth bass in Freshwater Protected Areas also had a higher aerobic scope, potentially providing them with more energy for growth, reproduction, and responding to environmental change.[39] Another study found that maternal exposure to the stress hormone cortisol resulted in a lower responsiveness to angling stressors in their progeny.[40] These studies in tandem provide evidence that repeated exposure to stress hormones and high angling pressure can bring out suboptimal phenotypes in largemouth bass populations.
References
[edit]- ^ NatureServe (2019). "Micropterus salmoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61265A58310038. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61265A58310038.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
- ^ "Micropterus nigricans". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Micropterus salmoides". FishBase. December 2019 version.
- ^ Page, Lawrence M.; Bemis, Katherine E.; Dowling, Thomas E.; Espinosa-Pérez, Héctor S.; Findley, Lloyd T.; Gilbert, Carter R.; Hartel, Karsten E.; Lea, Robert N.; Mandrak, Nicholas E., eds. (2013). Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico, 8th edition (8 ed.). American Fisheries Society. doi:10.47886/9781934874691. ISBN 978-1-934874-69-1.
- ^ Kim, Daemin; Taylor, Andrew T.; Near, Thomas J. (June 6, 2022). "Phylogenomics and species delimitation of the economically important Black Basses (Micropterus)". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 9113. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.9113K. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11743-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9170712. PMID 35668124.
- ^ "Black Bass". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission: Division of Freshwater Fisheries. Archived from the original on April 23, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2007.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Kim, Daemin; Taylor, Andrew T.; Near, Thomas J. (June 6, 2022). "Phylogenomics and species delimitation of the economically important Black Basses (Micropterus)". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 9113. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11743-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9170712. PMID 35668124.
- ^ Georgia Symbols, State of Georgia, retrieved May 8, 2019
- ^ "State Symbols", Ms.gov, retrieved May 8, 2019
- ^ "State Freshwater Fish", Florida State Symbols, Florida Department of State, retrieved May 8, 2019
- ^ "Official Alabama Fresh Water Fish". Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama. Alabama Department of Archives and History. November 17, 2003. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
- ^ "Bass fishing terms and expressions". Bassmaster.com. June 11, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Micropterus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
- ^ Daemin Kim; Эндрю Т. Тейлор и Томас Дж. Рядом (2022). «Филогеномика и разграничение видов экономически важных черных басов (микроптер)» . Научные отчеты . 12 (9113): 9113. BIBCODE : 2022NATSR..12.9113K . doi : 10.1038/s41598-022-11743-2 . PMC 9170712 . PMID 35668124 .
- ^ "Какого цвета у тебя крупный бас?" Полем Takemefishing.org . Получено 30 июля 2018 года .
- ^ "Крупный бас1" . 2 января 2011 года. Архивировано с оригинала 2 января 2011 года . Получено 9 июня 2022 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Всемирно известный бас Эскондидо нашел мертвым» . Сан-Диего Юнион-Трибьюн . Архивировано из оригинала 5 октября 2013 года . Получено 27 мая 2009 г.
- ^ Ahrenstorff, Tyler D.; Sass, Greg G.; Хельмус, Мэтью Р. (1 мая 2009 г.). «Влияние прибрежной зоны грубой древесной среды обитания на размеры домашнего диапазона, пространственное распределение и питание экологии басов с большим количеством младшего (микроптер Salmoides)» . Гидробиология . 623 (1): 223–233. doi : 10.1007/s10750-008-9660-1 . ISSN 0018-8158 . S2CID 2812920 .
- ^ «Большой бас (микроптер Salmoides)» . Техасские парки и дикая природа . Получено 3 октября 2008 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Micropterus salmoides (Bargemouth Bass)» . Архивировано с оригинала 27 ноября 2020 года . Получено 29 декабря 2020 года .
- ^ «Micropterus salmoides (Bargemouth Bass)» . Cabi.org .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый «Micropterus salmoides (американский черный бас)» . Animaldiversity.org .
- ^ Дассоу, Колин Дж.; Кольер, Алекс; Ходжсон, Джей Юс; Буело, Кэл Д.; Ходжсон, Джеймс Р. (2018). «Филиальный каннибализм от баса с большим количеством ( микроптерс-сальмоид ): трехлетняя запись естественной истории из небольшого северного умеренного озера» . Журнал пресноводной экологии . 33 (1): 361–379. Bibcode : 2018jfeco..33..361d . doi : 10.1080/02705060.2018.1477691 . ISSN 0270-5060 .
- ^ «Баргемут бас» . 10 апреля 2011 года. Архивировано с оригинала 10 апреля 2011 года . Получено 9 июня 2022 года .
- ^ Micropterus Salmoides Сводная страница. (ND). Рыбная база. https://www.fishbase.se/summary/micropterus-salmoides
- ^ «Выдержка из Закона о природных ресурсах и охране окружающей среды Мичигана» (PDF) . Законодательное собрание.mi.gov . Получено 19 мая 2015 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Дэвис, Лок, Джеймс, Джо (август 1997 г.). «Большой бас: биология и история жизни» (PDF) . Южный региональный центр аквакультуры . Архивировано (PDF) из оригинала 28 августа 2006 года.
{{cite web}}: Cs1 maint: несколько имен: список авторов ( ссылка ) - ^ Уиткомб, Энди (28 февраля 2016 г.). «Большой окунь нереста и рыбалка» . Takemefishing.org .
- ^ «Рыбы из Висконсина: крупный бас» . Висконсин Департамент природных ресурсов . 31 августа 2012 г.
- ^ «Маленький бас: Миннесота ДНР» . 11 ноября 2013 года. Архивировано с оригинала 11 ноября 2013 года . Получено 9 июня 2022 года .
- ^ «Советы по рыбалке на бас - советы о том, как поймать бас с большим ростом» . Fishingtipsdepot.com . Получено 19 мая 2015 года .
- ^ «Бас, крупный юг ( Micropterus nigricans )» . Международная игровая рыбная ассоциация. 12 апреля 2022 года . Получено 9 июня 2022 года .
- ^ «База данных ISSG: информация о воздействии на микроптерс Salmoides» . Issg.org . Получено 22 января 2016 года .
- ^ «Инвазивные виды оповещения! Bargemouth Bass ( Micropterus salmoides )» (PDF) . Канада: правительство Британской Колумбии.
- ^ Корни, Клайв (1 января 2006 г.). Безлетные птицы . Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313083945 .
- ^ Алмейда, Дэвид; Альмодовар, Ана; Никола, Грасиэла Г.; Эльвира, Бениньо; Гроссман, Гэри Д. (1 января 2012 г.). «Трофическая пластичность инвазивных ювенильных ларгемут бас -убийств Mcropterus в иберийских ручьях» рыболовства Исследование 113 (1): 153–1 Doi : 10.1016/ j.fishres.2011.11.0
- ^ Maezono, Yasunori; Мияшита, Тадаши (1 января 2003 г.). «Воздействие на уровне сообщества, вызванное введенным басом и голубым басом и голубым, в фермерских прудах в Японии». Биологическое сохранение . 109 (1): 111–121. Bibcode : 2003bcons.109..111m . doi : 10.1016/s0006-3207 (02) 00144-1 .
- ^ «Проекты по восстановлению природы в Японии: озеро Изунума-Охнума» (PDF) . Министерство окружающей среды . Правительство Японии. Март 2009 г. Получено 22 января 2016 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Золдердо (16 марта 2023 г.). «Защищенные пресноводные зоны могут сохранить высокопроизводительные фенотипы в популяциях популярной спортивной рыбы» . Физиология сохранения . 11 (1): coad004. doi : 10.1093/conphys/coad004 . PMC 10019442 . PMID 36937992 .
- ^ Редферн, Джулия (15 октября 2017 г.). «Влияние лечения материнского кортизола на размер потомства, реакции на стресс и связанное с тревогой поведение у дикого красочного окуня (микроптер Salmoides)». Физиология и поведение . 180 : 15–24. doi : 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.001 . PMID 28782525 . S2CID 38768461 .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
СМИ, связанные с Micropterus salmoides в Wikimedia Commons 
Данные, связанные с большим басом в Wikispecies - Иллюстрация: Табличка 45 в Cuvier & Valenciennes (около 1834), иллюстрация Werner & Smith.
